Wikipedia
Ottilien languages
The Ottilien or Watam-Awar-Gamay languages are a small family of clearly related languages,
| Ottilien | |
|---|---|
| Ramu Coast Watam-Awar-Gamay | |
| Geographic distribution | Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Ramu
|
| Glottolog | wagg1235 |
They are generally classified among the Ramu languages of northern Papua New Guinea.
The Ottilien languages are all spoken in Yawar Rural LLG, in locations mostly along the coast of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.[1][2]
Watam and Bosman share plural morphology with Lower Sepik (Nor–Pondo), supporting the Ramu – Lower Sepik language-family proposal.
The family is named for the mouth of the Ottilien River, now known as the Ramu.
Phonemes edit
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[3]
*m *n *ŋ *p *t *s *k *mb *nd *ndz *ŋg *w *ɾ *j *ɣ
*i *ɨ *u *e *ɐ *o *a
Pronouns edit
Pronouns in proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) reconstructed by Foley (2005) are:[4]
singular dual plural 1st person *aŋga *ai 2nd person *(n)oŋgo(a) *ne 3rd person *ma(n) *maniŋg *mi(n)
See also Lower Ramu languages#Pronouns.
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[3]
sg du pl 1 *ŋg[o] *aŋga *ai 2 *[n]oŋga *ne(-n) 3 *ma(-n)
Proto-Ottilien edit
A phonological reconstruction of proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) has been proposed by Foley (2005).[4]
- proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions (Foley 2005)
gloss proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay Watam Kaian Gamay Bosmun Awar one *kaku kaku kaku kabe koku mbɨnə two *mbuniŋ mbwoini mbuniŋ mbuniŋ mbuniŋ mbuni three giramot giramaut mbonkak bonkak mbribin person *namot namot namot ramot mot mot woman/mother aem meak meak mes/mam məri/mam father aes aes aet sate sat water arum ŋarum puk mok mok fire *s(u)ək sak sak tak suək suək sun *ra(u) nau/ra ra ra lau rau moon *kər(v)i ndoŋar kare karvɨi kərvi kəri star gwi gwae gwi ɲjem pot canoe *kor kor kor kor kor kor house endau endau kak tomuŋ to village n(a)oŋ noŋ auŋ wunis ŋuni breast *mɨr mur mur mɨr mɨr mɨr tooth *nda(r) ndakai ndakai ndar dar ndar blood rumb yakaind rakaind nimbit rerik bone *ɣar gagar gagar gagar ɣar ɣarɣar tongue *mi(m) mi memraŋ mim eitap ɲjiekpun ear *kwar kwar kwar kwar kur kur eye *rəmeak namak rameak lamŋeak rəmak rəmaʔ nose *ŋgum ŋgum ŋgum ŋgum ŋgum ŋgum leg *or ? or or or or rue hair mbunat sabrit yakwar twakarɨ dəmbar egg yor yor lor nuok nuʔ bird *ŋgwarak ŋgorak ŋgorak ŋgorak gwarak ŋgorak leaf *(ra)par rapar rapar rapar par par tree padoŋ paraŋ ik kən kən yesterday *ɣur ŋur ŋaup ŋaur ɣur gur tomorrow *ɣurap ? ŋarap ŋorap ŋorap vuarap gurap oar *anup anup anup nup nuap nop betelnut *mbok meɲjak mbok mbok mbok mbok lime *awi(r) ai aipak avir verpak virwa sago *veak wak weak veak ves vek pig *rəkəm markum markum markəm rəkəm rəgəm crocodile namkai nomgai mugmai ŋgome ŋgumi snake *ndop mindop mindop nduop ndup kondok name *ɣi wi wi i ji gi mosquito *ŋgit naŋgit naŋgit ŋgit ɲjet ŋget ground wakar wakar tiakar tesin terik feces *yu/o yo yupak lo yuwur ɲjit hear *varak warak warak warak vai vai hit ruŋ pi pi ŋara ŋa eat *amb amb amb amb mba mba go *saŋg saŋg saŋg taŋg saŋg saŋg come *kɨp rukup rukup kɨp kɨp kɨp sit *mbirak mbirak mbirak mbirak berak mbirak stand *-tik utik utik wɨtɨk tis tik big nakan aneak aɲek ɣor vret good *ya(o)ŋ yaoŋ yaoŋ laŋ yaŋ yandi black *mbəkmbək mbukmbuk mbukmbuk mbəkmbək bəkbək mbəkmbək hot wiwi wai ovai vɨvi gɨgɨr cold gagau gagau gagau ɣiɣiat rivut
Below, proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay is listed in comparison with four other Ramu languages that are closely related to, but not part of, Watam-Awar-Gamay: the Misegian languages Kire and Mikarew, and the Tanggu languages Tangu and Igom.[4]
- Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay and Ramu comparisons (Foley 2005)
gloss proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay Kire Mikarew Tangu Igom one *kaku ibabira aməra wunwan unuʔaka two *mbuniŋ pʰunini poni munai mokupea three pʰuni pomənimkasam munainwan mokupea unuʔa person *namot guma guma wanik wuɣu woman/mother mbik aim/ami məin məin father ndia apisi yavai yap water mbɨ cup niam niam fire *s(u)ək vap ariv ruwuv/rogup lugu sun *ra(u) ra are gar ŋgar moon *kər(v)i kəniŋ ekini mənam mənam star kam mukope riyɨndɨk likian canoe *kor kem agiam house vun/pen tɨpeŋ taŋ taŋ village ŋgu uŋip məŋ miaŋ breast *mɨr ta ote ŋgyuav gii tooth *nda(r) thar atarim andar dər blood vusun wusi irien məy bone *ɣar xar aɣar ɣavaŋ ɣavaŋ tongue *mi(m) ze mɨzm mamiakɨ mimiaŋ ear *kwar kwar kwar wukwar ɣukwar eye *rəmeak rumaʔ tama raik raik nose *ŋgum kwom winiba munwam eɲjia leg *or ? ruu sue miɲaŋ mbwan hair rugun tapanari ɣasia/ŋgasia rɨgesn egg rer aror mɨnduapen warɨan bird *ŋgwarak kworak kwara ŋgwarak ŋgwarak leaf *(ra)par far tafarim rapar pat tree kʰa tep gək ɣək yesterday *ɣur gurmun pɨkɨm ruar mugisi tomorrow *ɣurap ? gurmun kuromu wumasan mom oar *anup (n)dab iŋgap betelnut *mbok puk mis miak miak lime *awi(r) rwi iwim uwuren uɣum sago *veak vik wisim giav/ŋiav yaŋgia pig *rəkəm dam ta ram ram crocodile kum koa viari laisaŋ snake *ndop kuruk kuru kyuok kiak name *ɣi zin izi rigiav rigiaŋ mosquito *ŋgit ket ci ŋgwan gwan ground nwiaʔan ŋwas nduv ʃa feces *yu/o vi(r) buarim gavig miɲaŋ hear *varak mbara? orak vara/bara mwiari hit soʔ sos ŋak mənaramu eat *amb mbɨ tama ɣam/mi kam go *saŋg vu/ŋgu usi maŋ/wugi gi come *kɨp zə si/sa iɣ/giji karigi sit *mbirak peraʔ apria ipi/pindi pwiaŋge stand *-tik tʰək cu ɣambi/ləmbe rambia big bakume aruʔa ruma/arum arum good *ya(o)ŋ vuŋ aŋwi swari/ara yara black *mbəkmbək pək pək ŋes/nəs ŋiatʃ hot qurgur fei uŋtiki varip
References edit
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
- ^ United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
- ^ a b New Guinea World, Ramu Coast
- ^ a b c Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
External links edit
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Ramu Coast