A second-class citizen is a person who is systematically and actively discriminated against within a state or other political jurisdiction, despite their nominal status as a citizen or a legal resident there. While not necessarily slaves, outlaws, illegal immigrants, or criminals, second-class citizens have significantly limited legal rights, civil rights and socioeconomic opportunities, and are often subject to mistreatment and exploitation at the hands of their putative superiors. Systems with de facto second-class citizenry are widely regarded as violating human rights.[1][2]
Typical conditions facing second-class citizens include but are not limited to:
A resident alien or foreign national, and children in general, fit most definitions of a second-class citizen. This does not mean that they do not have any legal protections, nor do they lack acceptance by the local population, but they lack many of the civil rights commonly given to the dominant social group.[3] A naturalized citizen on the other hand essentially carries the same rights and responsibilities as any other citizen, except for possible exclusion from certain public offices, and is also legally protected.
Rights are neither given nor withdrawn from the individual.
Non-Assessable
Internationally recognized
Outlaws, criminals
No rights to outlaws, or criminals in normal citizenry classes, however, certain countries have constitutional sets and legal standards for criminals and outlaws
Adults under the age of 21 in many places in the United States are not legally allowed to purchase certain goods or services including but not limited to hotel/motel rooms, tobacco, cannabis, alcohol, firearms, and use of casinos.
Proposals for a U.S. guest worker program—which would provide legal status to and admit foreign workers to the U.S., but provide no path to citizenship for them—has been criticized on the ground that such a policy would create second-class non-citizens.[4][5][6]
Latvian non-citizens constitute a group similar to second-class citizens.[7] Although they are not considered foreigners (they hold no other citizenship, have Latvian IDs), they have reduced rights compared to full citizens. For example, non-citizens are not eligible to vote or hold public office. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance has described their status as making "people concerned feel like “second-class citizens”.[8]Estonian non-citizens are in a similar position.
New Zealanders receive automatically a "Special Category Visa" upon entering Australia, which presents no pathway to Australian citizenship. New Zealanders are denied access to Centrelink, to name just one of the services. This means that if, for example, a New Zealand person came to Australia to live with their Australian spouse, and that spouse committed domestic violence upon them, the New Zealander could not then turn to Centrelink to provide them with funds to leave the abusive spouse.
Mainland Chinese citizens who are settling in Hong Kong or Macau by means of a one-way permit do not have citizenship rights (such as obtaining a passport) in both the mainland or the SAR after settling but before obtaining the permanent resident status, effectively rendering them second-class citizens.
Burakumin (部落民) is a designation of Japanese Second-class status meaning the people who are from a place called a "buraku." “Buraku” basically means a village or small district. For a long time, people have discriminated against people from a "buraku" even though they belong to the same race, and there are no differences between ordinary Japanese people and people who are called burakumin. It is not clear when and why this started, but it is said that it was most common in the Edo period.[10] They are often called eta (穢多) or hinin (非人) meaning polluted or not a human. Even though in Meiji 4 (1871), this discrimination was officially ended by kaihourei (解放令), many people resisted it and continued treating them as burakumin. Today, fewer people are discriminate towards burakumin, however, the term burakumin is still recognized as a discriminating word while there are certain amount of recent young generations who do not even know the term and idea of burakumin. Also, in some cases, people still happen to be discriminated against, especially when they get a job or get married.[11] These cases often reported as problems.
Apartheid in South Africa from 1948 until 1991 was a nationwide institutional racially segregated multi-level system in which European residents of the nation had more rights and privileges than Indians, who in turn had more rights than those of mixed descent, who had more rights than the majority of the populace comprised by Black Africans. This segregation included having separate events for those of different races, separate walkways and modes of transportation, separate hospitals, Blacks being banned from voting, and compelling those of separate races to live in separate townships. The international condemnation of apartheid that led to its end largely began in the aftermath of the Sharpeville massacre, in which 69 protesters were killed and more than 175 were injured when police opened fire on a crowd of thousands on March 21, 1960.
^"the definition of second-class citizen". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
^"Definition of SECOND-CLASS CITIZEN". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
^"the definition of second-class citizen". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
^"That's Hospitality | New Republic". The New Republic. April 17, 2006.
^Conor Friedersdorf, Reform Immigration, but Don't Create Second-Class Non-Citizens, The Atlantic (January 17, 2013).
^Anna Stilz, Guestworkers and second-class citizenship 2017-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, Policy and Society, Vol. 29, Issue 4 (November 2010), pp. 295–307.
^"Walk like a Latvian". New Europe. 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^Third report on Latvia. CRI(2008)2 2009-05-09 at the Wayback Machine Executive summary
^Chew, Amy. "Malaysia's dangerous racial and religious trajectory". Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^Roth, Louis Frédéric ; translated by Käthe (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap. pp. 93–94. ISBN9780674017535.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Saito (齋藤）), Naoko(直子) (29 September 2014). "部落出身者と結婚差別".
^Regina Ip (2008). 四個葬禮及一個婚禮 - 葉劉淑儀回憶錄. 明報出版社. ISBN9789628993628. from the original on 2019-11-29. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
February 15, 2024
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For the usage in computer science see First class citizen A second class citizen is a person who is systematically and actively discriminated against within a state or other political jurisdiction despite their nominal status as a citizen or a legal resident there While not necessarily slaves outlaws illegal immigrants or criminals second class citizens have significantly limited legal rights civil rights and socioeconomic opportunities and are often subject to mistreatment and exploitation at the hands of their putative superiors Systems with de facto second class citizenry are widely regarded as violating human rights 1 2 Typical conditions facing second class citizens include but are not limited to disenfranchisement a lack or loss of voting rights limitations on civil or military service not including conscription in every case restrictions on language religion education lack of freedom of movement expression and association limitations on the right to keep and bear arms restrictions on marriage restrictions on housing restrictions on property ownershipThe category is normally unofficial and mostly academic and the term itself is generally used as a pejorative by commentators Governments will typically deny the existence of a second class within its polity and as an informal category second class citizenship is not objectively measured but cases such as the Southern United States under racial segregation and Jim Crow laws the repression of Aboriginal citizens in Australia prior to 1967 deported ethnic groups designated as special settlers in the Soviet Union the Apartheid regime in South Africa women in Saudi Arabia under Saudi Sharia law and Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland during the Parliamentary era are all examples of groups that have been historically described as having second class citizenry and being victims of state sponsored discrimination Historically before the mid 20th century this policy was applied by several European colonial empires on colonial residents of overseas possessions A resident alien or foreign national and children in general fit most definitions of a second class citizen This does not mean that they do not have any legal protections nor do they lack acceptance by the local population but they lack many of the civil rights commonly given to the dominant social group 3 A naturalized citizen on the other hand essentially carries the same rights and responsibilities as any other citizen except for possible exclusion from certain public offices and is also legally protected Contents 1 Relationship with citizenry class 2 Examples 3 See also 4 ReferencesRelationship with citizenry class editCitizenry class Freedoms Limitations Legal statusFull and equal citizenship Freedom to reside and work freedom to enter and leave the country freedom to vote freedom to stand for public office No limitations Internationally recognizedSecond class citizenry Restrictions on freedom of language religion education and property ownership and other material or social needs Largely limited Internationally recognizedNon citizens Rights are neither given nor withdrawn from the individual Non Assessable Internationally recognizedOutlaws criminals No rights to outlaws or criminals in normal citizenry classes however certain countries have constitutional sets and legal standards for criminals and outlaws Completely limited Widely unrecognizedExamples editAdults under the age of 21 in many places in the United States are not legally allowed to purchase certain goods or services including but not limited to hotel motel rooms tobacco cannabis alcohol firearms and use of casinos Proposals for a U S guest worker program which would provide legal status to and admit foreign workers to the U S but provide no path to citizenship for them has been criticized on the ground that such a policy would create second class non citizens 4 5 6 Latvian non citizens constitute a group similar to second class citizens 7 Although they are not considered foreigners they hold no other citizenship have Latvian IDs they have reduced rights compared to full citizens For example non citizens are not eligible to vote or hold public office The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance has described their status as making people concerned feel like second class citizens 8 Estonian non citizens are in a similar position New Zealanders receive automatically a Special Category Visa upon entering Australia which presents no pathway to Australian citizenship New Zealanders are denied access to Centrelink to name just one of the services This means that if for example a New Zealand person came to Australia to live with their Australian spouse and that spouse committed domestic violence upon them the New Zealander could not then turn to Centrelink to provide them with funds to leave the abusive spouse In Malaysia as part of the concept of Ketuanan Melayu lit Malay supremacy a citizen that is not considered to be of Bumiputera status face many roadblocks and discrimination in matters such as economic freedom education healthcare and housing 9 Mainland Chinese citizens who are settling in Hong Kong or Macau by means of a one way permit do not have citizenship rights such as obtaining a passport in both the mainland or the SAR after settling but before obtaining the permanent resident status effectively rendering them second class citizens Special permanent resident 特別永住者 is a type of Japanese resident with ancestry usually related to its former colonies Korea or Taiwan They have usually afforded additional rights and privileges beyond those of normal Permanent Residents but still unable to vote in Japanese elections Burakumin 部落民 is a designation of Japanese Second class status meaning the people who are from a place called a buraku Buraku basically means a village or small district For a long time people have discriminated against people from a buraku even though they belong to the same race and there are no differences between ordinary Japanese people and people who are called burakumin It is not clear when and why this started but it is said that it was most common in the Edo period 10 They are often called eta 穢多 or hinin 非人 meaning polluted or not a human Even though in Meiji 4 1871 this discrimination was officially ended by kaihourei 解放令 many people resisted it and continued treating them as burakumin Today fewer people are discriminate towards burakumin however the term burakumin is still recognized as a discriminating word while there are certain amount of recent young generations who do not even know the term and idea of burakumin Also in some cases people still happen to be discriminated against especially when they get a job or get married 11 These cases often reported as problems The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified the British national classes as British Overseas Territories citizen British Nationals Overseas and British Overseas citizens in addition to the British citizens Martin Lee of Hong Kong claimed it is One country six citizenships The creation of British Nationals Overseas BNO class was satirized as British NO by some Hong Kong media 12 40 Despite its status as a British national holders do not have the right of abode in the United Kingdom with its application and status similar to a general Commonwealth citizen of other sovereign countries Apartheid in South Africa from 1948 until 1991 was a nationwide institutional racially segregated multi level system in which European residents of the nation had more rights and privileges than Indians who in turn had more rights than those of mixed descent who had more rights than the majority of the populace comprised by Black Africans This segregation included having separate events for those of different races separate walkways and modes of transportation separate hospitals Blacks being banned from voting and compelling those of separate races to live in separate townships The international condemnation of apartheid that led to its end largely began in the aftermath of the Sharpeville massacre in which 69 protesters were killed and more than 175 were injured when police opened fire on a crowd of thousands on March 21 1960 See also editBlacklisting Degradation nationale Involuntary unemployment Loss of rights due to felony convictionReferences edit the definition of second class citizen Dictionary com Retrieved 2017 05 11 Definition of SECOND CLASS CITIZEN merriam webster com Retrieved 2017 05 11 the definition of second class citizen Dictionary com Retrieved 2017 05 12 That s Hospitality New Republic The New Republic April 17 2006 Conor Friedersdorf Reform Immigration but Don t Create Second Class Non Citizens The Atlantic January 17 2013 Anna Stilz Guestworkers and second class citizenship Archived 2017 08 10 at the Wayback Machine Policy and Society Vol 29 Issue 4 November 2010 pp 295 307 Walk like a Latvian New Europe 2013 06 01 Retrieved 2013 10 03 Third report on Latvia CRI 2008 2 Archived 2009 05 09 at the Wayback Machine Executive summary Chew Amy Malaysia s dangerous racial and religious trajectory Retrieved 11 November 2021 Roth Louis Frederic translated by Kathe 2005 Japan encyclopedia Cambridge Massachusetts Belknap pp 93 94 ISBN 9780674017535 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Saito 齋藤 Naoko 直子 29 September 2014 部落出身者と結婚差別 Regina Ip 2008 四個葬禮及一個婚禮 葉劉淑儀回憶錄 明報出版社 ISBN 9789628993628 Archived from the original on 2019 11 29 Retrieved 2018 03 20 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Second class citizen amp oldid 1194880624, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
