Secession in China

Secession in China refers to several secessionist movements in the People's Republic of China.^[a] Many current separatist movements in China arise from the country's ethnic issues. Some of the factors that have created these ethnic issues include history, nationalism, economic and political disparity, religion, and other factors. China has historically had tensions between the majority Han and other minority ethnic groups, particularly in rural and border regions. Historically other ruling ethnicities, such as the Manchu of the early-Qing dynasty, experienced ethnic issues as well.^[1]

Legal basis

Republic of China

Kuomintang leader Sun Yat-sen issued a statement calling for the right of self-determination of all Chinese ethnic groups at a party conference in 1924:

“The Kuomintang can state with solemnity that it recognizes the right of self-determination of all national minorities in China and it will organize a free and united Chinese republic.”^[2]

People’s Republic of China

The 1931 constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic accepted secession as legal with article 14 stating

“The Soviet government of China recognizes the right of self-determination of the national minorities in China, their right to complete separation from China, and to the formation of an independent state for each national minority.”

However, the CCP's change from a revolutionary group to the dominant state power in 1949 led to this language being left out of later constitutions and any legal chance for secession disappeared from Chinese law.^[3]

List of secessionist movements in the People's Republic of China

Proposed state	Current political status within the PRC	Capital city of region	Area (km^2) of region	Total population of region	Main independence movement	Main ethnic group seeking independence	Map
East Turkestan (Xinjiang)	Autonomous Region	Ürümqi	1,664,897	24,870,000	East Turkestan independence movement	Uyghur people
Hong Kong	Special Administrative Region	Hong Kong	2,755	7,500,700	Hong Kong independence movement	Han Chinese of Hong Kong
Tibet (Xizang, Qinghai, Parts of Sichuan)	Autonomous Region; Province (Qinghai, Parts of Sichuan)	Lhasa	1,948,400	8,806,722	Tibetan independence movement	Tibetan people

Minor movements

•   Bashu nationalism or Basuria independence movement^[4][5]
•   Shanghainese nationalism, Shanghai independence movement or Nguyuit Republic independence movement^[6][7][4]
•   Inner Mongolian independence movement, also known as the South Mongolian independence movement
• Macau independence movement

Historical

Xiang nationalism or Hunan independence movement^[8][9]

• Liangguang Republic, 1900
  • The term "Liangguang" refers to a combination of the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. It was an historical administrative division of China during the Qing dynasty era. The island province of Hainan also used to be part of Guangdong and, by extension, Liangguang.

Movements

Further information: Autonomous administrative divisions of China; Special administrative regions of China; and One country, Two systems

Hong Kong

In 1997 the colony of Hong Kong was retroceded to China, leading to the creation of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Under the jointly agreed upon Hong Kong Basic Law, the Hong Kong SAR would maintain its autonomy for 50 years until 2047, after which point the region would assume full control by China. Hong Kong's autonomy, and its end in 2047, has created contention between those who support the Chinese government, and those who do not.^[10] A particular source of contention in recent years is with the structure of the Hong Kong government, where the Chief Executive is appointed by the Chinese government while local elections are held directly.^[11]

In 2019 the Hong Kong extradition bill was proposed, which sparked protests throughout Hong Kong.^[12] During the protests which followed, the pro-democracy camp gained general support alongside the Hong Kong independence movement to a small extent as well. Many of the anti-governmental groups supported localism and universal suffrage in all Hong Kong elections. In May 2020 the National People's Congress of China passed a decision concerning Hong Kong national security legislation, whereby "secession" and "subversion" were made illegal. This move has meant that pro-independence calls are now illegal by the new decision, although some still do call for independence despite the changes to the law. In Hong Kong, the pro-democracy camp enjoys general support, though the passing of the decision by the NPC has made protesting and the organization of protests more difficult.^[13]

Macau

The Macau independence movement is the political movement that advocates for the independence of Macau from China. Despite receiving little attention within Macau, the issue was raised in the Legislative Assembly of Macau following the Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy. In 2017, several Chinese media outlets warned against discussion of Macau independence, fearing that speculation would lead to further action.^[14][15][16] The Swedish magazine The Perspective speculated that the relative lack of independence sentiment in Macau stems from the SAR's reliance on gaming and tourism revenue from the Mainland. Macau is currently one of the richest regions in the world, and its wealth is derived almost entirely from gambling, which is illegal in the PRC.^[17][18][15]

Tibet

Main article: Tibetan independence movement

After the failed Tibetan uprising, some Tibetans followed the Dalai Lama into India, establishing a government-in-exile called the Central Tibetan Administration.^[19]

The movement is no longer supported by the 14th Dalai Lama, who although having advocated it from 1961 to the late 1970s, proposed a sort of high-level autonomy in a speech in Strasbourg in 1988,^[20] and has since then restricted his position to either autonomy for the Tibetan people in the Tibet Autonomous Region within China,^[21] or extending the area of the autonomy to include parts of neighboring Chinese provinces inhabited by Tibetans.^[22]

Xinjiang

Main articles: Xinjiang conflict and East Turkestan independence movement

Several armed insurgency groups are fighting the Chinese (PRC) government in Xinjiang, namely the Turkestan Islamic Party and the East Turkestan Liberation Organization, which some people consider to be associated with Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State.^[23]

Inner Mongolia

Main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement

South Mongolian independence is supported by these political parties: the Inner Mongolian People's Party, a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization; the Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance;^[24] and the Mongolian Liberal Union Party.^[25]

Manchukuo

The Manchukuo Government (formerly known as the Manchukuo Temporary Government until 2019) is an organisation established in 2004 in Hong Kong.^[26] On its website, it claims to be the government in exile of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state with limited recognition which controlled Manchuria from 1932 to 1945; it seeks to revive the state and to separate it from the People's Republic of China, which controls its claimed territory.^[27] On its website, it claims to have merged with other Manchu independence organizations as of 2019.

See also

•  China portal

• Cantonese nationalism
• Language Atlas of China
• China proper
• List of active separatist movements in Asia

References

1. Feuerwerker, Albert (1975). Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 60.
2. Quoted from National and Minority Policies, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science: Report of China 277, 1951, pp148-149
3. Hales, Ben. "The Tangled History of the 'Tibet Card'". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
4. "Chinese Regional Separatist Movements". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
5. tibetanreview (2022-08-06). "Sinicization will not succeed, Basuria will be free again". Tibetan Review. Retrieved 2022-12-19.
6. "Chinese Regional Separatist Movements".
7. Areddy, James T. (23 April 2022). "Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement". Wall Street Journal.
8. "《实录毛泽东 1 早年奋斗史 1893-1927版》". 李捷，于俊道主编 北京联合出版公司 2018 第144页.
9. . 立場新聞. 2015-05-07. Archived from the original on 2019-08-17. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
10. Chan, Wilfred; Yu, Elaine (16 June 2015). "Is Hong Kong's fight for democracy in its final round?". CNN. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
11. "Is universal suffrage as out of reach as ever for Hong Kong?". South China Morning Post. 2019-09-26. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
12. Creery, Jennifer (2019-06-09). "Over a million attend Hong Kong demo against controversial extradition law, organisers say". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
13. "'Impossible to allow' discussions on Hong Kong independence in schools". South China Morning Post. 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
14. 葉靖斯 (18 September 2017). "澳門選舉：民主派保議席 天鴿風災與「港獨」吹出來的？". BBC中文網. from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
15. 甄樹基 (16 September 2017). "環球時報炮製"澳獨"標籤澳門反對派立法會候選人". 法國國際廣播電台. from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
16. "公務員「被組團」參觀國安展 雖自由報名 但有調侃：當然冇幾個唔去". 論盡媒體. 22 April 2018.
17. Rick Huisman (10 November 2016). "Why prosperous Macau does not follow Hong Kong's gamble for independence". The Perspective.
18. 李展鵬 (9 June 2017). . 天下雜誌. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
19. . The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 14 October 2001. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
20. Smith, Warren W. (2008). China's Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-7425-3989-1.
21. McDonald, Hamish (15 March 2005). "Tibet part of China: Dalai Lama". The Age. Fairfax. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
22. Reasonable Demands Needed From Dalai Lama
23. "Al-Qaeda and Islamic State Take Aim at China. Why have both groups turned their attention to Beijing?". The Diplomat. from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
24. ""Inner Mongolian People's Party" and the basic facts about its key members". Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center. from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
25. "モンゴル自由連盟党". from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.(JP)
26. , NOWNews, 2009-12-10, archived from the original on 2012-03-25, retrieved 2011-09-26
27. 孫亨利 [Henry Sun] (2009-09-16), , NOWNews, archived from the original on 2012-03-25, retrieved 2011-09-26

1. Taiwan, the continuation of the original Republic of China, and is a state with limited recognition whose territory is claimed as China's 23rd province, is not included in this list because it has never been governed by the People's Republic of China, the government that was established in mainland China in 1949. For more information, see articles; political status of Taiwan and Taiwan independence movement.