fbpx
Wikipedia

SEAL Team Six

March 04, 2023

"Team 6" redirects here. For the news organization in Miami, see WTVJ.
For the multinational police force, see Special Team Six. For the television series, see SEAL Team (TV series) and Six (TV series).

The Naval Special Warfare Development Group (NSWDG), abbreviated as DEVGRU ("Development Group")[note A] and commonly known as SEAL Team Six,[3][4] is the United States Navy component of the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). The unit is often referred to within JSOC as Task Force Blue.[4] DEVGRU is administratively supported by Naval Special Warfare Command and operationally commanded by JSOC. Most information concerning DEVGRU is designated as classified, and details of its activities are not usually commented on by either the United States Department of Defense or the White House.[5] Despite the official name changes, "SEAL Team Six" remains the unit's widely recognized moniker.

Naval Special Warfare Development Group
ActiveNovember 1980 – present
Country United States of America
Branch United States Navy
TypeSpecial operations force
Special mission unit
RoleSpecial operations
Size1,787 personnel authorized:[1]
  • 1,342 military personnel
  • 445 civilian personnel
Part of Joint Special Operations Command
United States Naval Special Warfare Command
HeadquartersDam Neck Annex
NAS Oceana, Virginia Beach, Virginia, U.S.
Nickname(s)"SEAL Team Six", "DEVGRU", "Task Force Blue", "NSWDG"
EngagementsInvasion of Grenada
TWA Flight 847 hijacking
Achille Lauro hijacking
Operation Prime Chance
Operation Just Cause
Gulf War
Somali Civil War

Operation Uphold Democracy
Yugoslav Wars

War on Terror

Unit awardsPresidential Unit Citation[2]

DEVGRU and its Army and Air Force counterparts, Delta Force and 24th Special Tactics Squadron, are the U.S. military's primary Tier 1 special mission units tasked with performing the most complex, classified, and dangerous missions directed by, until 2002, the National Command Authority, and since then, directly from the President or the Secretary of Defense.[6][7] DEVGRU conducts various specialized missions such as counterterrorism, hostage rescue, special reconnaissance, and direct action (short-duration strikes or small-scale offensive actions), often against high-value targets.[8]

History

Main article: List of operations conducted by SEAL Team Six

The origins of DEVGRU are in SEAL Team Six, a unit created in the aftermath of Operation Eagle Claw.[9][10][11] During the Iran hostage crisis in 1979, Richard Marcinko was one of two U.S. Navy representatives for a Joint Chiefs of Staff task force known as the TAT (Terrorist Action Team). The purpose of the TAT was to develop a plan to free the American hostages held in Iran. In the wake of the disaster at the Desert One base in Iran, the Navy saw the need for a full-time counter-terrorist unit and tasked Marcinko with its design and development.

 
Navy Unit Commendation awarded to SEAL TEAM SIX for exceptionally meritorious service from November 1980 to October 1982
 
SEAL Team Six Patch

Marcinko was the first commanding officer of this new unit. At the time, there were two SEAL Teams, SEAL Team ONE and SEAL Team TWO. Marcinko named the unit SEAL Team Six in order to confuse Soviet intelligence as to the number of actual SEAL teams in existence.[11][12][13] The unit's plankowners (founding members) were interviewed and hand-picked by Marcinko from throughout the UDT/SEAL community. SEAL Team Six was formally commissioned in November 1980, and an intense, progressive work-up training program made the unit mission-ready six months later.[13] SEAL Team Six became the U.S. Navy's premier hostage rescue and counter-terrorism unit. It has been compared to the U.S. Army's elite Delta Force.[5][10] Marcinko held the command of SEAL Team Six for three years, from 1980 to July 1983, instead of the typical two-year command in the Navy at the time.[11] SEAL Team Six started with 75 shooters. The unit has virtually unlimited resources at its disposal.[14] In 1984, Marcinko and a dozen members of SEAL Team Six would go on to form "Red Cell" (also known as OP-06D), a special unit designed to test the security of American military installations.

In 1987, SEAL Team Six was dissolved. A new unit named the "Naval Special Warfare Development Group" was formed, essentially as SEAL Team Six's successor.[3][15][16] Reasons for the disbanding are varied,[11] but the name SEAL Team Six is often used in reference to DEVGRU.

Controversies

Main articles: Death of Linda Norgrove and Death of Logan Melgar

In 2010, during the attempted rescue of British aid worker Linda Norgrove from Taliban kidnappers in Afghanistan, she died as a result of injuries sustained from a SEAL's errant hand grenade. In 2017, Army Special Forces Staff Sergeant Logan Melgar died from trauma received during an apparent on-base hazing incident in Mali that resulted in the criminal prosecutions of two DEVGRU members and two Marine Raiders.

Following a two year investigation by The Intercept, a report was released in 2017, accusing SEAL Team Six and its commanding officers of abuses, crimes and coverups. The investigation included interviews with numerous members and officers of the unit, who recounted the group's involvement in abuses, including what some members described as war crimes. Former unit members and officers said that commanding officers tolerated and covered up abuses.[17][18]

Recruitment, selection and training

 
NSWDG recruiting support personnel,[19] 2007

In the early stages of creating SEAL Team Six, Marcinko was given a six-month window to produce the team. Had he failed to do so, the project would have been canceled. Consequentially, Marcinko had little time to create a proper selection course on par with Delta Force's process. To get around this, recruits were selected after assessing their Navy records, followed by individual interviews. According to Marcinko's book Rogue Warrior, SEAL Team Six members were chosen if they had initial struggles qualifying in aspects of training, but subsequently qualified, as the determination of these candidates was seen as more valuable than a candidate that breezed through his training. Originally, applicants came only from the east coast and west coast SEAL teams and the Underwater Demolition Teams.

Although much of the training and recruitment is classified, there are some requirements and training exercises that are now public knowledge. The requirements to apply for DEVGRU states that applicants must be male, be 21 years old or older, have served at least 2 deployments on their previous assignments, and be eligible for Secret clearance. Candidates come from the East/West Coast SEAL teams, SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) teams, the Special Boat teams (for Gray Squadron), the Navy explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams, and Navy SARCs. Enlisted candidates must be in the pay grades of E-4 through E-8 and Officer candidates need to be O-3 through O-4 to apply. Candidates must undergo physical screening, psychological testing and are then interviewed to deem whether they are suitable for assignment to NSWDG.[20] Those who pass the stringent recruitment process will attend an eight-month selection and training course with the unit's training department known as "Green Team". The training course attrition rate is high, usually around 50%; during one selection course, out of the original 20 candidates, 12 completed the course.[21] All candidates are watched closely by DEVGRU instructors and evaluated on whether they are suitable to join the individual squadrons. Howard E. Wasdin, a former member of SEAL Team Six said in a 2011 interview that 16 applied for SEAL Team Six selection course and two were accepted.[22] Those who do not pass the selection phase are returned to their previous assignments and are able to try again in the future.[23]

Like all special operations forces units that have an extremely intensive and high-risk training schedule, there can be serious injuries and deaths. SEAL Team Six/DEVGRU has lost several operators during training, including parachute accidents and close-quarters battle training accidents. It is presumed that the unit's assessment process for potential new recruits is different from what a SEAL operator experienced in his previous career, and much of the training tests the candidate's mental capacity rather than his physical condition. Every candidate chosen will have already completed their respective advanced training pipelines; Basic Underwater Demolitions/SEAL training, the Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewman training, Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman training, the Navy EOD training or Navy Dive School.

Candidates are put through a variety of advanced training courses led by civilian or military instructors. These can include free climbing, land warfare, advanced unarmed combat techniques, defensive and offensive advanced driving, advanced diving, communications and Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape training. Candidates are also taught how to pick locks on cars, doors, and safes. All candidates must perform at the top level during selection, and the unit instructors evaluate the candidate during the training process. Selected candidates are assigned to one of the Tactical Development and Evaluation Squadrons. Unlike regular SEAL Teams, SEAL Team Six operators can attend almost any other military course to receive further training depending on the unit's requirements.

Like Delta Force, live-fire marksmanship drills in both long-range and close-quarter battle drills are done with hostage roles being played by other students to help build the candidates' trust between each other.

DEVGRU regularly trains and operates with special forces units from other countries such as the British Special Air Service and Special Boat Service, Australia’s Special Air Service Regiment and 2nd Commando Regiment, Israel’s Shayetet 13 and Canada’s Joint Task Force 2.[24][25][26]

Structure

DEVGRU is divided into color-coded line squadrons:[27]

  • Red Squadron (Assault)
  • Blue Squadron (Assault)
  • Gold Squadron (Assault)
  • Silver Squadron (Assault)
  • Black Squadron (Intelligence, Reconnaissance, & Surveillance)
  • Gray Squadron (Mobility Teams, Transportation/Divers, QRF)
  • Green Team (Selection/Training)[28]

Each assault squadron, usually led by a Commander (O-5), is divided into three troops of enlisted SEALs, often called assaulters. Each of these troops is commanded by a senior commissioned officer, which is usually a Lieutenant Commander (O-4). A troop chief also serves as an adviser to the troop commander and is the highest-enlisted SEAL in the troop, usually a Master Chief Petty Officer (E-9). A DEVGRU troop is further divided into smaller teams of SEALs. Each troop has around 16 members and is led by a senior commissioned officer, as well as a troop chief.[29] These individual teams of assaulters are led by senior enlisted SEALs; usually a Senior Chief Petty Officer (E-8), sometimes a Chief Petty Officer (E-7). The rest of these teams are filled out with more Chief Petty Officers (E-7), Petty Officers First Class (E-6), and Petty Officers Second Class (E-5); each member with a respective role.

Each assault squadron also has a specific nickname. Examples include Gold Squadron's Crusaders, Red Squadron's Indians, Blue Squadron's Pirates, Silver Squadron's Headhunters, and Gray Squadron's Vikings.[27][30][31] The assault squadrons are supported by a variety of support personnel, including cryptologists, communicators, EOD technicians, dog handlers, and sometimes airmen from the United States Air Force 24th Special Tactics Squadron, the Air Force's JSOC element.

According to the Government Accountability Office report on special operations forces, in the fiscal year of 2014, DEVGRU had a total of 1,787 authorized positions, of which 1,342 are military and 445 are civilian.[32][33]

Firearms

The following is a list of firearms known to be used by DEVGRU, but because of the unit's secretive nature, this list is not exhaustive.

Carbines
Sniper and anti-materiel rifles
Sidearms

Commanding Officers

Commanders of
SEAL Team Six & DEVGRU
Commander Class Time as CO Note
(SEAL Team Six)
Richard Marcinko UDT/R class 26 1980 to 1983 [36]
Robert A. Gormly UDT/R class 31 1983 to 1986 [37]
Thomas E. Murphy UDT/R class 35 1986 to 1987[failed verification] [38][additional citation(s) needed]
(DEVGRU)
Richard Woolard UDT/R class 38 1987 to 1990[failed verification] [39][additional citation(s) needed]
Ronald E. Yeaw UDT/R class 42 1990 to 1992 [40]
Thomas G. Moser BUD/S class 55 1992 to 1994[failed verification] [41]
Eric T. Olson BUD/S class 76 1994 to 1997[failed verification] [42][additional citation(s) needed]
Albert M. Calland III BUD/S class 82 1997 to 1999 [43]
Joseph D. Kernan BUD/S class 117 1999 to 2003 [43]
Edward G. Winters, III BUD/S class 112 2003 to 2005 [44]
Brian L. Losey BUD/S class 126 2005 to 2007 [45]
Scott P. Moore BUD/S class 126 2007 to 2009[failed verification] [46][47][additional citation(s) needed]
Perry F. Van Hooser BUD/S class 137 2009 to 2011 [48][49]
Hugh W. Howard III BUD/S class 172 2011 to 2013 [50]
Frank M. Bradley BUD/S class 179 2013[failed verification] to 2015 [51][52][53][additional citation(s) needed]
Jeromy B. Williams BUD/S class 191 2015 to 2017 [54][55]
Matthew J. Burns BUD/S class 158 2018 to 2020 [56]

The unit's first commanding officer was a Commander (O-5). Following his departure, the billet was changed to that of a Captain (O-6), and remains so currently.

Roles and responsibilities

 
Secretary of the Navy, Donald C. Winter is briefed on the Sentry HP UAV at Dam Neck, 2007

DEVGRU's full mission is classified but is thought to include pre-emptive, pro-active counter-terrorist operations, counter-proliferation (efforts to prevent the spread of both conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction), as well as the elimination or recovery of high-value targets from unfriendly nations.[57][58] DEVGRU is one of a handful of U.S. Special Mission Units authorized in the use of pre-emptive actions against terrorists and their facilities.[59]

When SEAL Team Six was first created in 1980, it was devoted exclusively to counter-terrorism with a worldwide maritime responsibility; its objectives typically included targets such as ships, oil rigs, naval bases, coastal embassies, and other civilian or military bases that were accessible from the sea or inland waterways. On certain operations, small teams from SEAL Team Six were tasked with covertly infiltrating international high-risk areas to carry out reconnaissance or security assessments of U.S. military facilities and embassies to give advice on improvements in order to prevent casualties in an event of a terrorist attack. SEAL Team Six was disbanded in 1987, and its role, minus non-counter-terrorism ship-boarding, which was given to the newly formed SEAL Team 8, given to the newly formed DEVGRU.[60]

Since the start of war on terror, DEVGRU has evolved into a multi-functional special operations unit with a worldwide operational mandate. Such operations include the successful rescue of Jessica Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted, the attempted rescue of Linda Norgrove, the successful rescue of American doctor Dilip Joseph[61] and in 1991, the successful recovery of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and his family during a coup that deposed him.

The official mission of the currently operating Naval Special Warfare Development Group mission is "to provide centralized management for the test, evaluation, and development of equipment technology and Techniques, Tactics and Procedures for Naval Special Warfare".[62] DEVGRU and the Army's Delta Force train and deploy together on counter-terrorist missions usually as part of a joint special operations task force (JSOTF).[5][13][63][64] The Central Intelligence Agency's highly secretive Special Activities Center and more specifically its elite Special Operations Group often works with, and recruits from, DEVGRU.[65] The combination of these units led ultimately to the killing of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in Operation Neptune Spear.[66][67][68]

See also

Notes

[note A][69] However, The Atlantic reported in October 2010 that the designation "DEVGRU" may have been changed at some point, with the subsequent designations being classified.[70]

References

  1. ^ . 28 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  2. ^ Brook, Tom Vanden (16 May 2016). "Navy SEALs' secret medals reveal heroism over last 15 years". Navy Times. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b von Rosenbach, Alexander (4 May 2011). . IHS Jane's Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2013. Devgru was established in 1987 as the successor to SEAL Team 6 (although it is still colloquially known by this name). The unit serves as the US Navy's dedicated counter-terrorism unit and is believed to consist of about 200 personnel.
  4. ^ a b Naylor, Sean. "Chapter 4". Relentless Strike.
  5. ^ a b c Emerson, Steven (13 November 1988). "Stymied Warriors". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  6. ^ "The U.S. Army's Delta Force: How This Secret Group of Deadly Soldiers Came to Be". The National Interest. 30 April 2019.
  7. ^ "In high demand, Air Force commandos must find new ways to cope with stress of duty". The Gaffney Ledger. Gaffney, South Carolina. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  8. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  9. ^ Fallows, James (13 December 1981). "Iran from five American viewpoints". The New York Times.
  10. ^ a b Halloran, Richard (26 November 1986). "U.S. moving to expand unconventional forces". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d Marcinko, Richard (1992). Rogue Warrior. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-79593-1.
  12. ^ Pfarrer, Chuck (2011). SEAL Target Geronimo: The Inside Story of the Mission to Kill Osama Bin Laden. Macmillan. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-4299-6025-0.
  13. ^ a b c Gerth, Jeff; Philip Taubman (8 June 1984). "U.S. military creates secret units for use in sensitive tasks abroad". The New York Times.
  14. ^ Wasdin, Howard (9 May 2011). "'SEAL Team Six' And Other Elite Squads Expanding". NPR. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  15. ^ "Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU)". Global Security. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  16. ^ Ambiner, Marc (10 October 2012). "Delta Force Gets a Name Change". The Atlantic. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  17. ^ Cole, Matthew (10 January 2019). "The Crimes of SEAL Team 6". The Intercept. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  18. ^ staff, Navy Times (27 March 2019). "War crimes case expands to SEAL Team 6". Navy Times. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  19. ^ Abhan, Courtney Messman (30 July 2010). "Special Warfare Development Group seeks Sailors" (PDF). Naval Station Everett Public Affairs. Northwest Navigator. p. 3. Retrieved 14 September 2012. NSWDG is located in Virginia Beach and is a type two sea duty cno priority one major command. The command is an elite counter-terrorism unit that conducts research, and develops, tests, and evaluates current and emerging technology. This technology is related to special operations tactics and joint warfare to improve Special Forces warfighting capabilities. ... While at NSWDG, support personnel could have opportunities to earn many special qualifications, their expeditionary warfare specialist (EXW) pin, and Combat Service Support and Combat Support Naval Education Codes (NEC). Special qualifications include parachuting and fast roping, among many others. NSWDG support personnel receive special duty pay and have some of the highest promotion rates in the Navy.
  20. ^ Anderson Cooper (3 May 2011). "'This is their type of op,' ex-SEAL says". CNN.
  21. ^ Pfarrer, Chuck (2004). Warrior Soul: The Memoir of a Navy Seal. New York: Random House. pp. 325–26. ISBN 978-0-89141-863-4. In one year, the operators of SEAL Six fire more bullets than entire USMC.
  22. ^ "The iron will of Seal Team 6". CBS News. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  23. ^ "LCV Cities Tour: Interview with Howard Wasdin 'SEAL Team Six: Memoirs of an Elite Navy SEAL Sniper'". Global-report.org. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  24. ^ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (19 October 2021). "AUKUS security pact follows decades of special ops cooperation". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  25. ^ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (3 February 2020). "Canadian soldier serving in a Tier 1 SOF unit kicked out of the military for theft". SOFREP. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  26. ^ McAlister, Mitchell (26 February 2015). "Australia's 2nd Commando Regiment and the DEA". SOFREP. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  27. ^ a b Pfarrer, Chuck (2004). Warrior Soul: The Memoir of a Navy Seal. New York: Random House. pp. 325–26. ISBN 978-0-89141-863-4. editions:PanKDPddlTQC.
  28. ^ Owen, Mark (2012). No Easy Day. Dutton Adult. p. 11. ISBN 9780525953722.
  29. ^ Owen, Mark (2012). No Easy Day. Dutton Adult. p. 37. ISBN 9780525953722.
  30. ^ Combs, Cindy C; Slann, Martin W. (2007). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Infobase Publishing. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-8160-6277-5.
  31. ^ Blehm, Eric (2013). Fearless: The Undaunted Courage and Ultimate Sacrifice of Navy SEAL Team SIX Operator Adam Brown. WaterBrook Press. ISBN 9780307730701.
  32. ^ (PDF). GAO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  33. ^ "SEAL Team 6 by the Numbers". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  34. ^ "About Those Custom Rifles Navy SEALs Were Seen Carrying On A Recent Training Mission". The War Zone. 10 May 2021.
  35. ^ "Sig Sauer vs. Glock: Why the Navy SEALs Dumped the P226 for the Glock 19". nationalinterest.org. 12 February 2019.
  36. ^ . Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  37. ^ Gormly 1999, pp. 183, 253
  38. ^ Mann, Don (2011). Inside SEAL Team Six: My Life and Missions with America's Elite Warriors. Little, Brown and Company. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-316-20431-6.
  39. ^ Kelly, Orr (1995). Never Fight Fair!. Presidio. p. 276. ISBN 0-89141-519-X.
  40. ^ ""Finished his career as CO of SEAL Team 6 ('90-92)"". reddit.com. 7 September 2017.
  41. ^ . Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  42. ^ Butler, Frank K.; John H. Hagmann; David T. Richards (2009). "Tactical Management of Urban Warfare Casualties in Special Operations". Military Medicine. Parabellum Concepts. 165 (4 Suppl): 6. PMID 10803010.
  43. ^ a b Naylor, Sean (2006). Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda. Penguin. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-425-20787-1.
  44. ^ "Rear Admiral Edward G. Winters, III". United States Navy. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  45. ^ . United States Navy. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  46. ^ "Testimony - Michigan House of Representatives" (PDF). house.mi.gov. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2021. "The deaths of SOCS Marcum and SOC Freiwald are tremendous losses for Naval Special Warfare and the United States," Capt. Scott Moore, commanding officer of Naval Special Warfare Development Group, said in a statement. ("2 SEALs killed in Afghanistan fighting". - Associated Press, 15 September 2008)
  47. ^ "2 SEALs killed in Afghanistan fighting". Navy Times. Associated Press. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2015. "The deaths of SOCS Marcum and SOC Freiwald are tremendous losses for Naval Special Warfare and the United States," Capt. Scott Moore, commanding officer of Naval Special Warfare Development Group, said in a statement.[dead link]
  48. ^ "Pete Van Hooser". xecompany.us.
  49. ^ . VMI. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  50. ^ . navy.mil. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020.
  51. ^ . navy.mil. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021.
  52. ^ . Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  53. ^ "US Navy Seal reflects on his NPS Physics degree". nps.edu. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  54. ^ . navy.mil. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021.
  55. ^ . Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  56. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  57. ^ Shanker, Thom; Risen, James (12 August 2002). "Rumsfeld weighs new covert acts by military units". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  58. ^ . LT Michael P. Murphy USN. United States Navy. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
  59. ^ U.S. Special Ops: America's Elite Forces in the 21st Century, Fred J. Pushies, MBI Publishing Company, 2003.
  60. ^ "DEVGRU". americanspecialops.com. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  61. ^ Qadir Sediqi,"U.S. Navy SEAL killed in operation to rescue American doctor in Afghanistan". CNN. 10 December 2012
  62. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  63. ^ Couch, Dick (2005). The Finishing School: Earning the Navy SEAL Trident. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-609-81046-0.
  64. ^ Bowden, Mark (2001). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20393-9.
  65. ^
  66. ^ "Osama bin Laden killed in CIA operation". The Washington Post. 8 May 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  67. ^ Naylor, Mark Mazzetti, Nichols Kulish, Christopher Drew, Serge F. Kovaleski, Sean D.; Ismay, John (6 June 2015). "The Secret History of SEAL Team 6: Quiet Killings and Blurred Lines". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  68. ^ "KUHNER: The betrayal of the Navy's SEAL Team 6". washingtontimes.com. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  69. ^ "Administrative Organization of the Operating Forces of the U.S. Navy" (PDF). 17 February 2023. p. 2.
  70. ^ "Delta Force Gets a Name Change". theatlantic.com. 12 October 2010.

Further reading

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group.
  • Gormly, Robert A. (1999). Combat Swimmer: Memoirs of a Navy SEAL. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-451-19302-5.
  • MacPherson, Malcolm (2006). Roberts Ridge: A Story of Courage and Sacrifice on Takur Ghar Mountain, Afghanistan. New York: Bantam Dell. ISBN 978-0-553-58680-0.
  • Shipler, David K.; Halloran, Richard (26 November 1985). "Terror: Americans as targets". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2011.

March 04, 2023
seal, team, team, redirects, here, news, organization, miami, wtvj, multinational, police, force, special, team, television, series, seal, team, series, series, naval, special, warfare, development, group, nswdg, abbreviated, devgru, development, group, note, . Team 6 redirects here For the news organization in Miami see WTVJ For the multinational police force see Special Team Six For the television series see SEAL Team TV series and Six TV series The Naval Special Warfare Development Group NSWDG abbreviated as DEVGRU Development Group note A and commonly known as SEAL Team Six 3 4 is the United States Navy component of the Joint Special Operations Command JSOC The unit is often referred to within JSOC as Task Force Blue 4 DEVGRU is administratively supported by Naval Special Warfare Command and operationally commanded by JSOC Most information concerning DEVGRU is designated as classified and details of its activities are not usually commented on by either the United States Department of Defense or the White House 5 Despite the official name changes SEAL Team Six remains the unit s widely recognized moniker Naval Special Warfare Development GroupActiveNovember 1980 presentCountry United States of AmericaBranch United States NavyTypeSpecial operations forceSpecial mission unitRoleSpecial operationsSize1 787 personnel authorized 1 1 342 military personnel 445 civilian personnelPart ofJoint Special Operations Command United States Naval Special Warfare CommandHeadquartersDam Neck AnnexNAS Oceana Virginia Beach Virginia U S Nickname s SEAL Team Six DEVGRU Task Force Blue NSWDG EngagementsInvasion of GrenadaTWA Flight 847 hijackingAchille Lauro hijackingOperation Prime ChanceOperation Just CauseGulf WarSomali Civil War Operation Gothic SerpentOperation Uphold DemocracyYugoslav Wars Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and HerzegovinaWar on Terror Operation Enduring Freedom Iraq War War in North West Pakistan Operation Neptune Spear Operation Inherent Resolve Al Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Operation Freedom s SentinelUnit awardsPresidential Unit Citation 2 DEVGRU and its Army and Air Force counterparts Delta Force and 24th Special Tactics Squadron are the U S military s primary Tier 1 special mission units tasked with performing the most complex classified and dangerous missions directed by until 2002 the National Command Authority and since then directly from the President or the Secretary of Defense 6 7 DEVGRU conducts various specialized missions such as counterterrorism hostage rescue special reconnaissance and direct action short duration strikes or small scale offensive actions often against high value targets 8 Contents 1 History 1 1 Controversies 2 Recruitment selection and training 3 Structure 4 Firearms 5 Commanding Officers 6 Roles and responsibilities 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further readingHistory EditMain article List of operations conducted by SEAL Team Six The origins of DEVGRU are in SEAL Team Six a unit created in the aftermath of Operation Eagle Claw 9 10 11 During the Iran hostage crisis in 1979 Richard Marcinko was one of two U S Navy representatives for a Joint Chiefs of Staff task force known as the TAT Terrorist Action Team The purpose of the TAT was to develop a plan to free the American hostages held in Iran In the wake of the disaster at the Desert One base in Iran the Navy saw the need for a full time counter terrorist unit and tasked Marcinko with its design and development Navy Unit Commendation awarded to SEAL TEAM SIX for exceptionally meritorious service from November 1980 to October 1982 SEAL Team Six Patch Marcinko was the first commanding officer of this new unit At the time there were two SEAL Teams SEAL Team ONE and SEAL Team TWO Marcinko named the unit SEAL Team Six in order to confuse Soviet intelligence as to the number of actual SEAL teams in existence 11 12 13 The unit s plankowners founding members were interviewed and hand picked by Marcinko from throughout the UDT SEAL community SEAL Team Six was formally commissioned in November 1980 and an intense progressive work up training program made the unit mission ready six months later 13 SEAL Team Six became the U S Navy s premier hostage rescue and counter terrorism unit It has been compared to the U S Army s elite Delta Force 5 10 Marcinko held the command of SEAL Team Six for three years from 1980 to July 1983 instead of the typical two year command in the Navy at the time 11 SEAL Team Six started with 75 shooters The unit has virtually unlimited resources at its disposal 14 In 1984 Marcinko and a dozen members of SEAL Team Six would go on to form Red Cell also known as OP 06D a special unit designed to test the security of American military installations In 1987 SEAL Team Six was dissolved A new unit named the Naval Special Warfare Development Group was formed essentially as SEAL Team Six s successor 3 15 16 Reasons for the disbanding are varied 11 but the name SEAL Team Six is often used in reference to DEVGRU Controversies Edit Main articles Death of Linda Norgrove and Death of Logan Melgar In 2010 during the attempted rescue of British aid worker Linda Norgrove from Taliban kidnappers in Afghanistan she died as a result of injuries sustained from a SEAL s errant hand grenade In 2017 Army Special Forces Staff Sergeant Logan Melgar died from trauma received during an apparent on base hazing incident in Mali that resulted in the criminal prosecutions of two DEVGRU members and two Marine Raiders Following a two year investigation by The Intercept a report was released in 2017 accusing SEAL Team Six and its commanding officers of abuses crimes and coverups The investigation included interviews with numerous members and officers of the unit who recounted the group s involvement in abuses including what some members described as war crimes Former unit members and officers said that commanding officers tolerated and covered up abuses 17 18 Recruitment selection and training Edit NSWDG recruiting support personnel 19 2007 In the early stages of creating SEAL Team Six Marcinko was given a six month window to produce the team Had he failed to do so the project would have been canceled Consequentially Marcinko had little time to create a proper selection course on par with Delta Force s process To get around this recruits were selected after assessing their Navy records followed by individual interviews According to Marcinko s book Rogue Warrior SEAL Team Six members were chosen if they had initial struggles qualifying in aspects of training but subsequently qualified as the determination of these candidates was seen as more valuable than a candidate that breezed through his training Originally applicants came only from the east coast and west coast SEAL teams and the Underwater Demolition Teams Although much of the training and recruitment is classified there are some requirements and training exercises that are now public knowledge The requirements to apply for DEVGRU states that applicants must be male be 21 years old or older have served at least 2 deployments on their previous assignments and be eligible for Secret clearance Candidates come from the East West Coast SEAL teams SEAL Delivery Vehicle SDV teams the Special Boat teams for Gray Squadron the Navy explosive ordnance disposal EOD teams and Navy SARCs Enlisted candidates must be in the pay grades of E 4 through E 8 and Officer candidates need to be O 3 through O 4 to apply Candidates must undergo physical screening psychological testing and are then interviewed to deem whether they are suitable for assignment to NSWDG 20 Those who pass the stringent recruitment process will attend an eight month selection and training course with the unit s training department known as Green Team The training course attrition rate is high usually around 50 during one selection course out of the original 20 candidates 12 completed the course 21 All candidates are watched closely by DEVGRU instructors and evaluated on whether they are suitable to join the individual squadrons Howard E Wasdin a former member of SEAL Team Six said in a 2011 interview that 16 applied for SEAL Team Six selection course and two were accepted 22 Those who do not pass the selection phase are returned to their previous assignments and are able to try again in the future 23 Like all special operations forces units that have an extremely intensive and high risk training schedule there can be serious injuries and deaths SEAL Team Six DEVGRU has lost several operators during training including parachute accidents and close quarters battle training accidents It is presumed that the unit s assessment process for potential new recruits is different from what a SEAL operator experienced in his previous career and much of the training tests the candidate s mental capacity rather than his physical condition Every candidate chosen will have already completed their respective advanced training pipelines Basic Underwater Demolitions SEAL training the Special Warfare Combatant Craft Crewman training Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman training the Navy EOD training or Navy Dive School Candidates are put through a variety of advanced training courses led by civilian or military instructors These can include free climbing land warfare advanced unarmed combat techniques defensive and offensive advanced driving advanced diving communications and Survival Evasion Resistance and Escape training Candidates are also taught how to pick locks on cars doors and safes All candidates must perform at the top level during selection and the unit instructors evaluate the candidate during the training process Selected candidates are assigned to one of the Tactical Development and Evaluation Squadrons Unlike regular SEAL Teams SEAL Team Six operators can attend almost any other military course to receive further training depending on the unit s requirements Like Delta Force live fire marksmanship drills in both long range and close quarter battle drills are done with hostage roles being played by other students to help build the candidates trust between each other DEVGRU regularly trains and operates with special forces units from other countries such as the British Special Air Service and Special Boat Service Australia s Special Air Service Regiment and 2nd Commando Regiment Israel s Shayetet 13 and Canada s Joint Task Force 2 24 25 26 Structure EditDEVGRU is divided into color coded line squadrons 27 Red Squadron Assault Blue Squadron Assault Gold Squadron Assault Silver Squadron Assault Black Squadron Intelligence Reconnaissance amp Surveillance Gray Squadron Mobility Teams Transportation Divers QRF Green Team Selection Training 28 Each assault squadron usually led by a Commander O 5 is divided into three troops of enlisted SEALs often called assaulters Each of these troops is commanded by a senior commissioned officer which is usually a Lieutenant Commander O 4 A troop chief also serves as an adviser to the troop commander and is the highest enlisted SEAL in the troop usually a Master Chief Petty Officer E 9 A DEVGRU troop is further divided into smaller teams of SEALs Each troop has around 16 members and is led by a senior commissioned officer as well as a troop chief 29 These individual teams of assaulters are led by senior enlisted SEALs usually a Senior Chief Petty Officer E 8 sometimes a Chief Petty Officer E 7 The rest of these teams are filled out with more Chief Petty Officers E 7 Petty Officers First Class E 6 and Petty Officers Second Class E 5 each member with a respective role Each assault squadron also has a specific nickname Examples include Gold Squadron s Crusaders Red Squadron s Indians Blue Squadron s Pirates Silver Squadron s Headhunters and Gray Squadron s Vikings 27 30 31 The assault squadrons are supported by a variety of support personnel including cryptologists communicators EOD technicians dog handlers and sometimes airmen from the United States Air Force 24th Special Tactics Squadron the Air Force s JSOC element According to the Government Accountability Office report on special operations forces in the fiscal year of 2014 DEVGRU had a total of 1 787 authorized positions of which 1 342 are military and 445 are civilian 32 33 Firearms EditThe following is a list of firearms known to be used by DEVGRU but because of the unit s secretive nature this list is not exhaustive CarbinesNoveske 10 5 NSR 5 56 45mm 34 Heckler amp Koch HK416 5 56 45mm previously favored rifle among operators and usually modified both significantly and varied to personal preference with SOPMOD accessories such as suppressors stocks optics lasers lights and grips citation needed Heckler amp Koch MP7 4 6 30mm Colt Mk 18 CQBR 5 56 45mm M4A1 various manufacturers 5 56 45mm not as commonly used but still in inventory Also customized with SOPMOD items Sniper and anti materiel riflesColt Mk 12 SPR 5 56 45mm Knight s Armament Company SR 25 7 62 51mm Remington Model 700 Mk 13 Mod 5 300 Winchester Magnum McMillan Firearms TAC 338 338 Lapua McMillan TAC 50 Mk 15 Mod 0 50 BMG Barrett M107A1 50 BMGSidearmsHeckler amp Koch HK45 Mk 24 Mod 0 45 ACP SIG Sauer P226 P226R Mk 25 9 19mm Glock 19 9 19mm 35 SIG Sauer P320 9 19mm citation needed Commanding Officers EditThis section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items May 2021 This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Commanders ofSEAL Team Six amp DEVGRU Commander Class Time as CO Note SEAL Team Six Richard Marcinko UDT R class 26 1980 to 1983 36 Robert A Gormly UDT R class 31 1983 to 1986 37 Thomas E Murphy UDT R class 35 1986 to 1987 failed verification 38 additional citation s needed DEVGRU Richard Woolard UDT R class 38 1987 to 1990 failed verification 39 additional citation s needed Ronald E Yeaw UDT R class 42 1990 to 1992 40 Thomas G Moser BUD S class 55 1992 to 1994 failed verification 41 Eric T Olson BUD S class 76 1994 to 1997 failed verification 42 additional citation s needed Albert M Calland III BUD S class 82 1997 to 1999 43 Joseph D Kernan BUD S class 117 1999 to 2003 43 Edward G Winters III BUD S class 112 2003 to 2005 44 Brian L Losey BUD S class 126 2005 to 2007 45 Scott P Moore BUD S class 126 2007 to 2009 failed verification 46 47 additional citation s needed Perry F Van Hooser BUD S class 137 2009 to 2011 48 49 Hugh W Howard III BUD S class 172 2011 to 2013 50 Frank M Bradley BUD S class 179 2013 failed verification to 2015 51 52 53 additional citation s needed Jeromy B Williams BUD S class 191 2015 to 2017 54 55 Matthew J Burns BUD S class 158 2018 to 2020 56 The unit s first commanding officer was a Commander O 5 Following his departure the billet was changed to that of a Captain O 6 and remains so currently Roles and responsibilities Edit Secretary of the Navy Donald C Winter is briefed on the Sentry HP UAV at Dam Neck 2007 DEVGRU s full mission is classified but is thought to include pre emptive pro active counter terrorist operations counter proliferation efforts to prevent the spread of both conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction as well as the elimination or recovery of high value targets from unfriendly nations 57 58 DEVGRU is one of a handful of U S Special Mission Units authorized in the use of pre emptive actions against terrorists and their facilities 59 When SEAL Team Six was first created in 1980 it was devoted exclusively to counter terrorism with a worldwide maritime responsibility its objectives typically included targets such as ships oil rigs naval bases coastal embassies and other civilian or military bases that were accessible from the sea or inland waterways On certain operations small teams from SEAL Team Six were tasked with covertly infiltrating international high risk areas to carry out reconnaissance or security assessments of U S military facilities and embassies to give advice on improvements in order to prevent casualties in an event of a terrorist attack SEAL Team Six was disbanded in 1987 and its role minus non counter terrorism ship boarding which was given to the newly formed SEAL Team 8 given to the newly formed DEVGRU 60 Since the start of war on terror DEVGRU has evolved into a multi functional special operations unit with a worldwide operational mandate Such operations include the successful rescue of Jessica Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted the attempted rescue of Linda Norgrove the successful rescue of American doctor Dilip Joseph 61 and in 1991 the successful recovery of Haitian President Jean Bertrand Aristide and his family during a coup that deposed him The official mission of the currently operating Naval Special Warfare Development Group mission is to provide centralized management for the test evaluation and development of equipment technology and Techniques Tactics and Procedures for Naval Special Warfare 62 DEVGRU and the Army s Delta Force train and deploy together on counter terrorist missions usually as part of a joint special operations task force JSOTF 5 13 63 64 The Central Intelligence Agency s highly secretive Special Activities Center and more specifically its elite Special Operations Group often works with and recruits from DEVGRU 65 The combination of these units led ultimately to the killing of Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in Operation Neptune Spear 66 67 68 See also Edit War portalSister JSOC units 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment Delta 24th Special Tactics Squadron Intelligence Support Activity Additional SEAL articles List of Navy SEALs Other maritime based special operations units GRUMEC Brazil Fromandskorpset Denmark Commandos Marine France Kampfschwimmer Germany MARCOS India Shayetet 13 Israel COMSUBIN Italy MARSOF Netherlands JW Formoza Poland Special Actions Detachment Portugal Naval Special Warfare Force Spain Special Boat Service UK Notes Edit note A 69 However The Atlantic reported in October 2010 that the designation DEVGRU may have been changed at some point with the subsequent designations being classified 70 References Edit SEAL Team 6 by the Numbers Foreign Policy 28 July 2015 Archived from the original on 28 July 2015 Retrieved 10 June 2017 Brook Tom Vanden 16 May 2016 Navy SEALs secret medals reveal heroism over last 15 years Navy Times Retrieved 1 January 2017 a b von Rosenbach Alexander 4 May 2011 Devgru Bin Laden s ultimate nemesis IHS Jane s Defense amp Security Intelligence amp Analysis Archived from the original on 9 May 2011 Retrieved 18 June 2013 Devgru was established in 1987 as the successor to SEAL Team 6 although it is still colloquially known by this name The unit serves as the US Navy s dedicated counter terrorism unit and is believed to consist of about 200 personnel a b Naylor Sean Chapter 4 Relentless Strike a b c Emerson Steven 13 November 1988 Stymied Warriors The New York Times Magazine Retrieved 13 March 2008 The U S Army s Delta Force How This Secret Group of Deadly Soldiers Came to Be The National Interest 30 April 2019 In high demand Air Force commandos must find new ways to cope with stress of duty The Gaffney Ledger Gaffney South Carolina Associated Press Retrieved 4 May 2013 Special Operations PDF Archived from the original PDF on 11 June 2020 Retrieved 25 May 2020 Fallows James 13 December 1981 Iran from five American viewpoints The New York Times a b Halloran Richard 26 November 1986 U S moving to expand unconventional forces The New York Times Retrieved 7 May 2011 a b c d Marcinko Richard 1992 Rogue Warrior New York Pocket Books ISBN 978 0 671 79593 1 Pfarrer Chuck 2011 SEAL Target Geronimo The Inside Story of the Mission to Kill Osama Bin Laden Macmillan p 178 ISBN 978 1 4299 6025 0 a b c Gerth Jeff Philip Taubman 8 June 1984 U S military creates secret units for use in sensitive tasks abroad The New York Times Wasdin Howard 9 May 2011 SEAL Team Six And Other Elite Squads Expanding NPR Retrieved 19 May 2011 Naval Special Warfare Development Group DEVGRU Global Security Retrieved 18 June 2013 Ambiner Marc 10 October 2012 Delta Force Gets a Name Change The Atlantic Retrieved 18 June 2013 Cole Matthew 10 January 2019 The Crimes of SEAL Team 6 The Intercept Retrieved 23 June 2022 staff Navy Times 27 March 2019 War crimes case expands to SEAL Team 6 Navy Times Retrieved 23 June 2022 Abhan Courtney Messman 30 July 2010 Special Warfare Development Group seeks Sailors PDF Naval Station Everett Public Affairs Northwest Navigator p 3 Retrieved 14 September 2012 NSWDG is located in Virginia Beach and is a type two sea duty cno priority one major command The command is an elite counter terrorism unit that conducts research and develops tests and evaluates current and emerging technology This technology is related to special operations tactics and joint warfare to improve Special Forces warfighting capabilities While at NSWDG support personnel could have opportunities to earn many special qualifications their expeditionary warfare specialist EXW pin and Combat Service Support and Combat Support Naval Education Codes NEC Special qualifications include parachuting and fast roping among many others NSWDG support personnel receive special duty pay and have some of the highest promotion rates in the Navy Anderson Cooper 3 May 2011 This is their type of op ex SEAL says CNN Pfarrer Chuck 2004 Warrior Soul The Memoir of a Navy Seal New York Random House pp 325 26 ISBN 978 0 89141 863 4 In one year the operators of SEAL Six fire more bullets than entire USMC The iron will of Seal Team 6 CBS News 6 May 2011 Retrieved 19 May 2011 LCV Cities Tour Interview with Howard Wasdin SEAL Team Six Memoirs of an Elite Navy SEAL Sniper Global report org 22 June 2011 Retrieved 7 January 2012 Atlamazoglou Stavros 19 October 2021 AUKUS security pact follows decades of special ops cooperation Business Insider Retrieved 20 November 2021 Atlamazoglou Stavros 3 February 2020 Canadian soldier serving in a Tier 1 SOF unit kicked out of the military for theft SOFREP Retrieved 20 November 2021 McAlister Mitchell 26 February 2015 Australia s 2nd Commando Regiment and the DEA SOFREP Retrieved 27 November 2021 a b Pfarrer Chuck 2004 Warrior Soul The Memoir of a Navy Seal New York Random House pp 325 26 ISBN 978 0 89141 863 4 editions PanKDPddlTQC Owen Mark 2012 No Easy Day Dutton Adult p 11 ISBN 9780525953722 Owen Mark 2012 No Easy Day Dutton Adult p 37 ISBN 9780525953722 Combs Cindy C Slann Martin W 2007 Encyclopedia of Terrorism Infobase Publishing p 289 ISBN 978 0 8160 6277 5 Blehm Eric 2013 Fearless The Undaunted Courage and Ultimate Sacrifice of Navy SEAL Team SIX Operator Adam Brown WaterBrook Press ISBN 9780307730701 SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES Opportunities Exist to Improve Transparency of Funding and Assess Potential to Lessen Some Deployments PDF GAO Archived from the original PDF on 31 May 2017 Retrieved 31 May 2017 SEAL Team 6 by the Numbers Foreign Policy Archived from the original on 26 January 2019 Retrieved 10 June 2017 About Those Custom Rifles Navy SEALs Were Seen Carrying On A Recent Training Mission The War Zone 10 May 2021 Sig Sauer vs Glock Why the Navy SEALs Dumped the P226 for the Glock 19 nationalinterest org 12 February 2019 A True Hero Richard Marcinko Archived from the original on 16 May 2020 Retrieved 21 October 2019 Gormly 1999 pp 183 253 Mann Don 2011 Inside SEAL Team Six My Life and Missions with America s Elite Warriors Little Brown and Company p 143 ISBN 978 0 316 20431 6 Kelly Orr 1995 Never Fight Fair Presidio p 276 ISBN 0 89141 519 X Finished his career as CO of SEAL Team 6 90 92 reddit com 7 September 2017 Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety and Security of U S Nuclear Plants Archived from the original on 16 May 2020 Retrieved 5 February 2019 Butler Frank K John H Hagmann David T Richards 2009 Tactical Management of Urban Warfare Casualties in Special Operations Military Medicine Parabellum Concepts 165 4 Suppl 6 PMID 10803010 a b Naylor Sean 2006 Not a Good Day to Die The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda Penguin p 253 ISBN 978 0 425 20787 1 Rear Admiral Edward G Winters III United States Navy 12 October 2020 Retrieved 13 March 2021 Rear Admiral Brian L Losey United States Navy 18 November 2014 Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 Retrieved 13 March 2021 Testimony Michigan House of Representatives PDF house mi gov 2 October 2018 Retrieved 29 July 2021 The deaths of SOCS Marcum and SOC Freiwald are tremendous losses for Naval Special Warfare and the United States Capt Scott Moore commanding officer of Naval Special Warfare Development Group said in a statement 2 SEALs killed in Afghanistan fighting Associated Press 15 September 2008 2 SEALs killed in Afghanistan fighting Navy Times Associated Press 15 September 2008 Retrieved 11 October 2015 The deaths of SOCS Marcum and SOC Freiwald are tremendous losses for Naval Special Warfare and the United States Capt Scott Moore commanding officer of Naval Special Warfare Development Group said in a statement dead link Pete Van Hooser xecompany us Leader in Residence Perry F Vanhooser VMI Archived from the original on 12 November 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2019 Rear Admiral Hugh W Howard III Commander Naval Special Warfare Command navy mil Archived from the original on 17 November 2020 Rear Admiral Frank M Bradley Commander Special Operations Command Central navy mil Archived from the original on 27 February 2021 Rear Admiral Mitchell Bradley Takes Reins of U S Special Operations Command Central Archived from the original on 13 May 2021 Retrieved 13 May 2021 US Navy Seal reflects on his NPS Physics degree nps edu Retrieved 29 July 2021 Rear Admiral Jeromy B Williams navy mil Archived from the original on 29 April 2021 Captain Jeromy Williams Archived from the original on 18 November 2020 Retrieved 13 June 2019 Flag Assignments Archived from the original on 3 October 2021 Retrieved 13 December 2020 Shanker Thom Risen James 12 August 2002 Rumsfeld weighs new covert acts by military units The New York Times Retrieved 7 May 2011 Frequently Asked Questions LT Michael P Murphy USN United States Navy Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 Retrieved 20 May 2008 U S Special Ops America s Elite Forces in the 21st Century Fred J Pushies MBI Publishing Company 2003 DEVGRU americanspecialops com Retrieved 9 February 2018 Qadir Sediqi U S Navy SEAL killed in operation to rescue American doctor in Afghanistan CNN 10 December 2012 Special Operations Forces Reference Manual Fourth Edition 2015 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 23 October 2015 Retrieved 16 March 2016 Couch Dick 2005 The Finishing School Earning the Navy SEAL Trident Three Rivers Press ISBN 978 0 609 81046 0 Bowden Mark 2001 Black Hawk Down A Story of Modern War Signet ISBN 978 0 451 20393 9 Waller Douglas 3 February 2003 The CIA s Secret Army Time Osama bin Laden killed in CIA operation The Washington Post 8 May 2011 Retrieved 19 May 2011 Naylor Mark Mazzetti Nichols Kulish Christopher Drew Serge F Kovaleski Sean D Ismay John 6 June 2015 The Secret History of SEAL Team 6 Quiet Killings and Blurred Lines The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 6 June 2015 KUHNER The betrayal of the Navy s SEAL Team 6 washingtontimes com 7 June 2013 Retrieved 2 April 2022 Administrative Organization of the Operating Forces of the U S Navy PDF 17 February 2023 p 2 Delta Force Gets a Name Change theatlantic com 12 October 2010 Further reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group Gormly Robert A 1999 Combat Swimmer Memoirs of a Navy SEAL New York Penguin Group ISBN 978 0 451 19302 5 MacPherson Malcolm 2006 Roberts Ridge A Story of Courage and Sacrifice on Takur Ghar Mountain Afghanistan New York Bantam Dell ISBN 978 0 553 58680 0 Shipler David K Halloran Richard 26 November 1985 Terror Americans as targets The New York Times Retrieved 7 May 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title SEAL Team Six amp oldid 1141231431, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.