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Operation Inherent Resolve

December 31, 2022

Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) is the U.S. military's operational name for the international military intervention against the Islamic State,[92] including both a campaign in Iraq and a campaign in Syria, with a closely-related campaign in Libya. Through 18 September 2018, the U.S. Army's III Armored Corps was responsible for Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF—OIR) and were replaced by the XVIII Airborne Corps.[93] The campaign is primarily waged by American and British air forces in support of local allies, most prominently the Iraqi security forces and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Combat ground troops, mostly special forces, infantry, and artillery have also been deployed, especially in Iraq. Of the airstrikes, 70% have been conducted by the military of the United States, 20% by the United Kingdom and the remaining 10% being carried out by France, Turkey, Canada, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Australia and Jordan.[94]

Operation Inherent Resolve
Part of the international military intervention against the Islamic State and the War on terror

U.S. Navy F/A-18F Super Hornets of VFA-22 take off from USS Carl Vinson to support U.S. efforts for Operation Inherent Resolve in October 2014.
Date15 June 2014 – present
(8 years, 6 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
  • Iraq: 15 June 2014 – 9 December 2021
  • Syria: 22 September 2014 – present
  • Libya: 13 November 2015 – 30 October 2019
Location
Iraq, Syria, and Libya
Status

Ongoing

  • Territorial defeat of ISIL in Iraq on 9 December 2017
  • Territorial defeat of ISIL in Syria on 23 March 2019
  • ISIL presence in Libya minimized
  • 110,000 square kilometers containing 7.7 million people captured from the Islamic State by U.S.-allied ground forces
Belligerents

 United States

 Islamic State[1][2][3]

al-Qaeda

Turkistan Islamic Party[8]

Ahrar ash-Sham
(2014–18)[9]
Commanders and leaders

Joe Biden
(President, 2021-present)
Donald Trump (President, 2017–2021)
Barack Obama (President, 2009–2017)
General Lloyd Austin (CENTCOM Commander, 2014–2016)
(Secretary of Defense, 2021–present)

Mark Esper (Secretary of Defense, 2019 –2020)
James Mattis (Secretary of Defense, 2017 – 2018)
Ashton Carter (Secretary of Defense, 2015–2017)
Chuck Hagel (Secretary of Defense, 2014–2015)
General Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr. (CENTCOM Commander, 2019 – present)
General Joseph Votel (CENTCOM Commander, 2016 – 2019)
Lieutenant General Robert P. White
Commanding General Combined Joint Task Force - Operation Inherent Resolve
Major General Kevin M. Copsey[10]
(Deputy Commander-Stability CJTF-OIR)
Major General Alexus G. Grynkewich
(Deputy Commander-Operations and Intelligence CJTF-OIR)

Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi † (Former leader of IS)[11][12]
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi †[13] (Former leader of IS)
Abu Alaa Afri †
(Deputy Leader of IS)[14]
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani † (Spokesperson)
Abu Ayman al-Iraqi † (Head of Military Shura)[15]
Abu Muslim al-Turkmani † (Deputy Leader, Iraq)[16]
Abu Ali al-Anbari † (Deputy Leader, Syria)
Abu Omar al-Shishani † (Field commander in Syria)[17][18]

Abu Khayr al-Masri † (al-Qaeda deputy leader)[19]
Abu Mohammad al-Julani (Leader of the al-Nusra Front, Tahrir al-Sham (2017–present))
Abu Jaber (Leader of Tahrir al-Sham, 2017)
Abu Humam al-Shami †
(al-Nusra Military Chief)[20]
Mohammed Islambouli (Leader of Khorasan)[21]
Muhsin al-Fadhli † (Leader of Khorasan)[22]

David Drugeon † (chief bombmaker)[23]
Units involved

Elements of:

Military of IS

Strength
United States:

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant:

al-Qaeda:

Ahrar ash-Sham:

Casualties and losses

United States:

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant:

  • 80,000+ killed by American and allied airstrikes[78]
  • 32,000+ targets destroyed or damaged (as of 30 September 2016)[79]
    • 164 tanks
    • 388 HMMWVs
    • 2,638 pieces of oil infrastructure
    • 1,000+ fuel tanker trucks[80]
    • 2,000+ pick-up trucks, VBIEDs, and other vehicles

(per coalition)

al-Qaeda:

Ahrar ash-Sham:

Tens of thousands of civilians killed by IS (per Iraqi Body Count and SOHR)[85][86]
Between 8,214 and 13,125 civilians killed by Coalition airstrikes in Syria and Iraq (per Airwars)[87]
1,335 civilians killed by Coalition Operations (per Coalition)[87]

Over 970,000 civilians in Iraq and Syria displaced, or fled to Turkey and other countries[88][89][90][91]
U.S. soldiers from Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division in Syria during Operation Inherent Resolve, 23 November 2020

According to the Pentagon, by March 2019, the day of the territorial defeat in Syria of the Islamic State (IS), CJTF-OIR and its partner forces had liberated nearly 110,000 square kilometers (42,471 square miles) of land and 7.7 million people from IS, the vast majority of the self-proclaimed caliphate's territory and subjects.[95] By October 2017, around the time of IS's territorial defeat in Iraq, CJTF-OIR claimed that around 80,000 IS militants had been killed by it and its allies (excluding those targeted by Russian and Syrian Air Force strikes). By the end of August 2019, it had conducted 34,573 strikes.[78][96][97] Tens of thousands more were killed by partner forces on the ground (the SDF alone claimed to have killed 25,336 IS fighters by the end of 2017).[98]

History

Further information: American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021), American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War, and American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)

2014

Further information: Timeline of the American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War § 2014, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) § Obama's decision for airstrikes

Unlike their coalition partners, and unlike previous combat operations, no name was initially given to the conflict against IS by the U.S. government.[99] The decision to keep the conflict nameless drew considerable media criticism.[100][101][102][103][104]

The U.S. decided in October 2014 to name its military efforts against IS as "Operation Inherent Resolve"; the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) news release announcing the name noted that:

According to CENTCOM officials, the name INHERENT RESOLVE is intended to reflect the unwavering resolve and deep commitment of the U.S. and partner nations in the region and around the globe to eliminate the terrorist group ISIL and the threat they pose to Iraq, the region and the wider international community. It also symbolizes the willingness and dedication of coalition members to work closely with our friends in the region and apply all available dimensions of national power necessary—diplomatic, informational, military, economic—to degrade and ultimately destroy ISIL.[105]

The US Defense Department announced at the end of October 2014 that troops operating in support of Operation Inherent Resolve after 15 June were eligible for the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal.[106][107]

By 4 December 2014, three U.S. service members had died from accidents or non-combat injuries.[108]

2015

Further information: Timeline of the American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War § 2015, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) § 2015

On 22 October 2015, a U.S. Master Sergeant, Joshua Wheeler, was killed in action when he, with about 30 other U.S. special operations soldiers and a Peshmerga unit, conducted a prison break near Hawija in the disputed territories of Northern Iraq, in which about 70 hostages were rescued, five IS members were captured and "a number" were killed or wounded.[109] Sergeant First Class Thomas Payne was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the operation. The Kurdistan Regional Government said after the raid that none of the 15 prisoners it was intended to rescue were found.[110][111]

From May, North American Rockwell OV-10 Broncos joined the operation, flying more than 120 combat sorties over 82 days. It is speculated they provided close air support for special forces missions. The experiment ended satisfactorily, but a US Air Force spokesman stated it remains unlikely they will invest in reactivating the OV-10 on a regular basis because of the overhead cost of operating an additional aircraft type.[112][113]

2016

Further information: Timeline of the American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War § 2016, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) § 2016

By 9 March 2016, nearly 11,000 airstrikes had been launched on IS (and occasionally Al-Nusra), killing over 27,000 fighters[114] and striking over 22,000 targets, including 139 tanks, 371 Humvees, and 1,216 pieces of oil infrastructure. Approximately 80% of these airstrikes have been conducted by American forces, with the remaining 20% being launched by other members of the coalition, such as the United Kingdom and Australia. 7,268 strikes hit targets in Iraq, while 3,602 hit targets in Syria.[79] On 12 June 2016, it was reported that 120 IS leaders, commanders, propagandists, recruiters and other high-value individuals were killed so far this year.[115]

Until March 2016, U.S. military members were ineligible for Campaign Medals and other service decorations due to the continuing ambiguous nature of the continuing U.S. involvement in Iraq.[116] However, on 30 March 2016, U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter announced the creation of a new medal, named "Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal".[117]

On 3 June 2016, aircraft flying from the USS Harry S. Truman in the Mediterranean Sea began airstrikes on IS.[118] On 16 June 2016, AV-8B II+ Harriers of the 13th MEU flying from the USS Boxer in the Persian Gulf also began airstrikes on IS, marking the first time the U.S. Navy used ship-based aircraft from both the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf at the same time during Operation Inherent Resolve.[119]

By 27 July 2016, U.S. and coalition partners had conducted more than 14,000 airstrikes in Iraq and Syria: Nearly 11,000 of those strikes were from U.S. aircraft and the majority of the strikes (more than 9,000) were in Iraq. Of the 26,374 targets hit, nearly 8,000 were against IS fighting positions, while approximately 6,500 hit buildings; IS staging areas and oil infrastructure were each hit around 1,600 times.[120] On 15 December 2016, the U.K. Defense Secretary Michael Fallon said that "more than 25,000 Daesh fighters have now been killed," a number that was half of the United States' estimate.[121] When asked about this discrepancy, the UK's Ministry of Defense said that it stood by his estimate.[121]

Since the first U.S. airstrikes on IS targets in Iraq on 8 August 2014, over two years, the U.S. military has spent over $8.4 billion fighting IS.[122]

BBC News reported in 2017 that according to the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, in 2016 alone, the U.S. dropped 12,192 bombs in Syria and 12,095 in Iraq.[123]

Operation Odyssey Lightning

From August to December 2016, the U.S. conducted another similar operation in Libya, code-named Operation Odyssey Lightning, during the battle to capture Sirte, which was the local capital of IS's Libyan branch.[124][125] In September 2017, the US Africa Command announced that 495 precision airstrikes were carried out and 800 to 900 IS fighters were killed during the operation in Sirte between 1 August and 19 December 2016.[126] On 18 January 2017, US B-2 bombers bombed 2 IS camps to the south of Sirte, killing 90 IS militants.

2017

Further information: Timeline of the American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War § 2017, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) § 2017

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Coalition airstrikes have killed 7,043 people across Syria, of which: 5,768 dead were IS fighters, 304 Al-Nusra Front militants and other rebels, 90 government soldiers and 881 civilians. The air strikes occurred in the period between 22 September 2014 and 23 January 2017.[127]

In March 2017, various media outlets reported that conventional forces from the 11th MEU, as well as special operations forces in the form of the 75th Ranger Regiment[128] deployed to Syria to support U.S.-backed forces in liberating Raqqa from IS occupation. The deployment marked an escalation in the U.S. intervention in Syria.[129]

By February 28, the Coalition had conducted 3,271 sorties in 2017, 2,129 of which resulted in at least one weapon released. In total, the coalition released 7,040 weapons in Iraq and Syria in this same time period in an effort to destroy IS.[130]

As of August 9, 2017, coalition aircraft flew a total of 167,912 sorties, and conducted 13,331 strikes in Iraq and 11,235 strikes in Syria, for a total of 24,566 strikes.[131]

2018

Further information: Timeline of the American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War § 2018, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) § 2018

In February 2018, the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division was awarded a campaign streamer following its deployment to Iraq. In May 2016, the brigade deployed to advise and assist, train and equip Iraqi security forces to fight the Islamic State of Iraq. The 2nd Brigade also conducted precision surface-to-surface fires and supported a multitude of intelligence and logistical operations for coalition and Iraqi forces. They also provided base security throughout more than 12 areas of operations. The Brigade also aided in the clearance of IS from Fallujah, the near elimination of suicide attacks in Baghdad, and the introduction of improved tactics that liberated more than 100 towns and villages. The 2nd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division also played a significant role in the liberation of Mosul.[132]

2019

Further information: Timeline of the American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War § 2019, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) § 2019

In early 2019, the US-led coalition focused on the final assault on ISIS in the Euphrates pocket, including the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani in the first quarter of the year. Civilian human shields held by ISIS were among the victims, including in one reported massacre on 19 March in which up to 300 civilians, including 45 children, were alleged to have been killed by Coalition forces.[133]

From August 8, 2014, to August 29, 2019, coalition aircraft conducted a total of 34,573 strikes.[97]

On 27 October 2019, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was killed during the Barisha raid in Idlib Governorate.[134]

On 31 December 2019, the CJTF-OIR reported its forces were "closely monitoring the current situation of the protests at the US Embassy in Baghdad", adding that they were "taking the appropriate force protection measures to ensure [US Embassy personnel] safety".[135]

2020

Further information: Timeline of the American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War § 2020, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) § 2020

CJTF-OIR paused all training and anti-ISIS operations on January 5, 2020, to focus on protecting Iraqi bases hosting Coalition troops in the wake of several rocket attacks.[136] This action was also linked to the anticipated response against Coalition forces in the wake of the killing of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani.[137] In March 2020, the U.S. military started to withdraw from various bases in Iraq.[138]

2021

Further information: Timeline of the American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war § 2021, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) § 2021

On 31 March 2021, Carrier Air Wing Three launched naval flight operations in support of Operation Inherent Resolve. The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and its carrier strike group were expected to lead Task Force 50, which oversees Operation Inherent Resolve's naval strike operations.[139]

2022

Further information: Timeline of the American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war § 2022

Assets

Further information: Military intervention against the Islamic State aerial order of battle

United States Air Force, United States Navy & United States Marine Corps units that are participating in this operations can be found in the aerial and ground order of battle.

  United States Army

U.S. and coalition forces are training Iraqi forces at four sites: in al-Asad in Anbar province, Erbil in the north, and Taji and Besmayah in the Baghdad area.

  Combined Joint Forces Land Component Command-Iraq[28]

3rd Cavalry Regiment (Spring 2018 – Spring 2019)

  United States Marine Corps

Military bases

See also: List of United States military bases § Iraq, and List of United States military bases § Syria
 
An SDF-U.S. military base in northeastern Syria, near Rmelan, in 2021.[147]

During the operation in Syria, there were several bases mostly in the north:[148]

However, following the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, most U.S. soldiers withdrew from northern Syria to western Iraq in October 2019,[159] while even bombing their own Lafarge basement near Harab Isk.[160]

Meanwhile, The New York Times reported that the Pentagon was planning to "leave 150 Special Operations forces at a base called al-Tanf".[161] In addition, 200 U.S. soldiers would remain in eastern Syria near the oil fields, to prevent the Islamic State, Syrian government and Russian forces from advancing in the region.[162] However, at least 600–900 U.S. Troops are expected to stay in Syria,[163] in Al-Hasakah and Deir ez-Zor Governorates.[164] In July 2020, the U.S. military built a new base including an airport, located between Um Kahif village and Tal Alu silos near Al-Yaarubiyah.[165]

Casualties

 
Command Sergeant Major Walter C. Puckett greets coalition personnel in Al-Hasakah, Syria on 18 August 2021

According to Airwars, in 2014 there were 63 incidents involving the US-led coalition in Iraq and Syria in which there were civilian casualties, causing at least 160 civilian deaths. In 2015, there were 268 incidents and 708 deaths. In 2016, there were 483 incidents and 1,372 deaths. Civilian casualties peaked in 2017, with 1,841 incidents and at least 4,677 civilian deaths.[133]

According to Airwars, 1,472 civilians were killed by the U.S. air campaign in Iraq and Syria in March 2017 alone.[166] On March 17, a U.S.-led coalition airstrike in Mosul killed more than 200 civilians.[167] Data compiled by Airwars shows that 229 strikes in Iraq and 878 strikes in Syria were carried out by Coalition forces in June 2017, killing an alleged total of 1,483 people. The reporting of 875 of those total alleged deaths is contested. In July 2017, Airwars recorded reports of an alleged 1,342 people were killed in Iraq and Syria by Coalition airstrikes. Of the allegations 812 were contested, and two were disproved.[168]

Casualty figures fell after the 2017 peak. According to Airwars, 2018 saw 192 incidents and 846 deaths; 2019 saw 72 incidents and 467 deaths.[133] In 2019, the casualties were concentrated in the first quarter during the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani including an alleged massacre of civilian human shields on 19 March.[133]

By 2020, Airwars had recorded a five-year total of 14,771 US-led Coalition strikes in Iraq and 19,829 in Syria and investigated 2,921 alleged civilian casualty incidents, estimating 8,259–13,135 civilian deaths, of whom around 2,000 were children, although the Coalition itself estimated just 1,377 or 1,417 civilian deaths.[169][170][171]

The New York Times reported that efforts to minimize and count civilian deaths fell far short of the approach promised by the US military for its use of airstrikes in the war against IS. The Times reported that airstrikes against IS, as well as in the war in Afghanistan, was marked by "flawed intelligence, poor targeting and thousands of civilian deaths." The Times reported that efforts to minimize civilian casualties diminished after President Trump assumed office in 2017, stating "... the authority to approve strikes was pushed further down the chain of command, even as an overwhelming majority of strikes were carried out in the heat of war, and not planned far in advance." The Times reported that the US military systematically under-reported casualties, providing a total death count of 1,417, when the actual count was significantly higher. The report states that the military made little effort to accurately determine civilian casualties after the airstrikes. The military was also reluctant to divulge information about the casualties, in spite of promises of transparency, and news media were required to make numerous requests under the Freedom of Information Act, and had to repeatedly sue the US military to produce data.[172][173][174]

Talon Anvil

Further information: 2019 U.S. airstrike in Baghuz

During the years 2014 to 2019, an Air Force special operations group named Talon Anvil killed a significant number of non-combatant civilians, and often failed to follow US military protocols designed to minimize civilian casualties.[175] In one particular bomb strike, in March 2019, the Baghuz airstrike, approximately 50 women and children were killed, and the Air Force subsequently covered the deaths up.[176] The Talon Anvil group operated under the auspices of Task Force 9, which was the US military unit responsible for ground operations in the war against IS in Syria. The group consisted of about 20 plains-clothes military personnel that operated out of anonymous office buildings in Iraq and Syria.[175] In December 2021, the US Secretary of Defense ordered an investigation into the civilian deaths caused by Talon Anvil's bombing strikes.[175]

See also

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Inherent Resolve.
  • Operation Inherent Resolve – Official Website
  • Global Coalition – Official Website
  • Air Superiority Under 2000 Feet: Lessons From Waging Drone Warfare Against ISIL

December 31, 2022
operation, inherent, resolve, military, operational, name, international, military, intervention, against, islamic, state, including, both, campaign, iraq, campaign, syria, with, closely, related, campaign, libya, through, september, 2018, army, armored, corps. Operation Inherent Resolve OIR is the U S military s operational name for the international military intervention against the Islamic State 92 including both a campaign in Iraq and a campaign in Syria with a closely related campaign in Libya Through 18 September 2018 the U S Army s III Armored Corps was responsible for Combined Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve CJTF OIR and were replaced by the XVIII Airborne Corps 93 The campaign is primarily waged by American and British air forces in support of local allies most prominently the Iraqi security forces and Syrian Democratic Forces SDF Combat ground troops mostly special forces infantry and artillery have also been deployed especially in Iraq Of the airstrikes 70 have been conducted by the military of the United States 20 by the United Kingdom and the remaining 10 being carried out by France Turkey Canada the Netherlands Denmark Belgium Saudi Arabia the United Arab Emirates Australia and Jordan 94 Operation Inherent ResolvePart of the international military intervention against the Islamic State and the War on terrorU S Navy F A 18F Super Hornets of VFA 22 take off from USS Carl Vinson to support U S efforts for Operation Inherent Resolve in October 2014 Date15 June 2014 present 8 years 6 months 2 weeks and 2 days Iraq 15 June 2014 9 December 2021 Syria 22 September 2014 present Libya 13 November 2015 30 October 2019LocationIraq Syria and LibyaStatusOngoing Territorial defeat of ISIL in Iraq on 9 December 2017 Territorial defeat of ISIL in Syria on 23 March 2019 ISIL presence in Libya minimized 110 000 square kilometers containing 7 7 million people captured from the Islamic State by U S allied ground forcesBelligerents United States U S Armed Forces Islamic State 1 2 3 al Qaeda Tahrir al Sham 2017 present al Nusra Front 2014 17 4 Khorasan group Jund al Aqsa 5 2014 17 6 7 Turkistan Islamic Party 8 Ahrar ash Sham 2014 18 9 Commanders and leadersJoe Biden President 2021 present Donald Trump President 2017 2021 Barack Obama President 2009 2017 General Lloyd Austin CENTCOM Commander 2014 2016 Secretary of Defense 2021 present Mark Esper Secretary of Defense 2019 2020 James Mattis Secretary of Defense 2017 2018 Ashton Carter Secretary of Defense 2015 2017 Chuck Hagel Secretary of Defense 2014 2015 General Kenneth F McKenzie Jr CENTCOM Commander 2019 present General Joseph Votel CENTCOM Commander 2016 2019 Lieutenant General Robert P WhiteCommanding General Combined Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve Major General Kevin M Copsey 10 Deputy Commander Stability CJTF OIR Major General Alexus G Grynkewich Deputy Commander Operations and Intelligence CJTF OIR Abu Ibrahim al Hashimi al Qurashi Former leader of IS 11 12 Abu Bakr al Baghdadi 13 Former leader of IS Abu Alaa Afri Deputy Leader of IS 14 Abu Mohammad al Adnani Spokesperson Abu Ayman al Iraqi Head of Military Shura 15 Abu Muslim al Turkmani Deputy Leader Iraq 16 Abu Ali al Anbari Deputy Leader Syria Abu Omar al Shishani Field commander in Syria 17 18 Abu Khayr al Masri al Qaeda deputy leader 19 Abu Mohammad al Julani Leader of the al Nusra Front Tahrir al Sham 2017 present Abu Jaber Leader of Tahrir al Sham 2017 Abu Humam al Shami al Nusra Military Chief 20 Mohammed Islambouli Leader of Khorasan 21 Muhsin al Fadhli Leader of Khorasan 22 David Drugeon chief bombmaker 23 Units involvedElements of U S Army 24 U S Marine Corps 25 U S Navy 26 U S Air Force U S Coast Guard 27 Coalition Joint Forces Land Component Command Iraq 28 Military of IS Wilayat al Iraq Wilayat al ShamStrengthUnited States 4 400 troops in Iraq 29 30 31 32 33 2 500 troops in Kuwait 34 7 000 contractors 35 36 USS George H W Bush carrier strike groupUSS Carl Vinson carrier strike group replaced USS George H W Bush in late October 2014 37 USS Theodore Roosevelt carrier strike group replaced USS Carl Vinson in late March 2015 departed in October 2015 38 39 USS Harry S Truman carrier strike group replaced USS Theodore Roosevelt in December 2015 USS Dwight D Eisenhower carrier strike group replaced USS Harry S Truman in June 2016 departed in late December 2016 USS George H W Bush carrier strike group replaced USS Dwight D Eisenhower in February 2017 F 15 Eagle F 16 Falcon F A 18 Hornet F A 18 Super Hornet and F 22 Raptor fighter aircraft 40 41 AV 8B Harrier II amp A 10 Thunderbolt ground attack aircraft 42 B 1 Lancer and B 52H Stratofortress bomber aircraft citation needed Lockheed AC 130 gunships 43 EA 6B Prowler amp EA 18G Growler electronic warfare aircraftLockheed C 130 Hercules transport aircraft 44 Lockheed U 2 Northrop Grumman E 8 Joint STARS amp Boeing RC 135 reconnaissance aircraft 45 Boeing KC 135 Stratotanker amp McDonnell Douglas KC 10 Extender refueling aircraft 46 47 Boeing AH 64 Apache attack helicopters 48 MH 60M Black Hawk multi mission helicopters 49 MQ 1 Predator amp MQ 9 Reaper unmanned ground attack aircraft 50 RQ 4 Global Hawk amp Lockheed Martin RQ 170 Sentinel unmanned surveillance aircraft 45 51 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 9 000 to 18 000 January 2015 52 20 000 to 200 000 peak late 2014 53 54 3 MiG 21 or MiG 23 aircraft 55 At least 600 tanks 56 57 At least 5 Drones 58 59 60 61 al Qaeda Tahrir al Sham 50 000 62 63 Khorasan 50 64 Jund al Aqsa 2 100 6 Ahrar ash Sham 26 000 30 000 65 66 Casualties and lossesUnited States 20 KIA 67 87 Non hostile Deaths 272 WIA 67 18 civilians killed 5 executed and 1 unknown 68 69 70 71 1 F 16 crashed 72 and 1 F 15 damaged 73 2 helicopters lost Ch 53 Sea Stallion 74 75 4 MQ 1 Predator Drones shot down 76 77 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 80 000 killed by American and allied airstrikes 78 32 000 targets destroyed or damaged as of 30 September 2016 79 164 tanks 388 HMMWVs 2 638 pieces of oil infrastructure 1 000 fuel tanker trucks 80 2 000 pick up trucks VBIEDs and other vehicles per coalition al Qaeda 298 killed 81 82 Ahrar ash Sham 3 killed 81 83 84 Tens of thousands of civilians killed by IS per Iraqi Body Count and SOHR 85 86 Between 8 214 and 13 125 civilians killed by Coalition airstrikes in Syria and Iraq per Airwars 87 1 335 civilians killed by Coalition Operations per Coalition 87 Over 970 000 civilians in Iraq and Syria displaced or fled to Turkey and other countries 88 89 90 91 U S soldiers from Alpha Company 1st Battalion 6th Infantry Regiment 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team 1st Armored Division in Syria during Operation Inherent Resolve 23 November 2020 According to the Pentagon by March 2019 the day of the territorial defeat in Syria of the Islamic State IS CJTF OIR and its partner forces had liberated nearly 110 000 square kilometers 42 471 square miles of land and 7 7 million people from IS the vast majority of the self proclaimed caliphate s territory and subjects 95 By October 2017 around the time of IS s territorial defeat in Iraq CJTF OIR claimed that around 80 000 IS militants had been killed by it and its allies excluding those targeted by Russian and Syrian Air Force strikes By the end of August 2019 it had conducted 34 573 strikes 78 96 97 Tens of thousands more were killed by partner forces on the ground the SDF alone claimed to have killed 25 336 IS fighters by the end of 2017 98 Contents 1 History 1 1 2014 1 2 2015 1 3 2016 1 3 1 Operation Odyssey Lightning 1 4 2017 1 5 2018 1 6 2019 1 7 2020 1 8 2021 1 9 2022 2 Assets 3 Military bases 4 Casualties 4 1 Talon Anvil 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditFurther information American led intervention in Iraq 2014 2021 American led intervention in the Syrian Civil War and American intervention in Libya 2015 2019 2014 Edit Further information Timeline of the American led intervention in the Syrian Civil War 2014 and American led intervention in Iraq 2014 2021 Obama s decision for airstrikes Unlike their coalition partners and unlike previous combat operations no name was initially given to the conflict against IS by the U S government 99 The decision to keep the conflict nameless drew considerable media criticism 100 101 102 103 104 The U S decided in October 2014 to name its military efforts against IS as Operation Inherent Resolve the U S Central Command CENTCOM news release announcing the name noted that According to CENTCOM officials the name INHERENT RESOLVE is intended to reflect the unwavering resolve and deep commitment of the U S and partner nations in the region and around the globe to eliminate the terrorist group ISIL and the threat they pose to Iraq the region and the wider international community It also symbolizes the willingness and dedication of coalition members to work closely with our friends in the region and apply all available dimensions of national power necessary diplomatic informational military economic to degrade and ultimately destroy ISIL 105 The US Defense Department announced at the end of October 2014 that troops operating in support of Operation Inherent Resolve after 15 June were eligible for the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal 106 107 By 4 December 2014 three U S service members had died from accidents or non combat injuries 108 2015 Edit Further information Timeline of the American led intervention in the Syrian Civil War 2015 and American led intervention in Iraq 2014 2021 2015 On 22 October 2015 a U S Master Sergeant Joshua Wheeler was killed in action when he with about 30 other U S special operations soldiers and a Peshmerga unit conducted a prison break near Hawija in the disputed territories of Northern Iraq in which about 70 hostages were rescued five IS members were captured and a number were killed or wounded 109 Sergeant First Class Thomas Payne was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the operation The Kurdistan Regional Government said after the raid that none of the 15 prisoners it was intended to rescue were found 110 111 From May North American Rockwell OV 10 Broncos joined the operation flying more than 120 combat sorties over 82 days It is speculated they provided close air support for special forces missions The experiment ended satisfactorily but a US Air Force spokesman stated it remains unlikely they will invest in reactivating the OV 10 on a regular basis because of the overhead cost of operating an additional aircraft type 112 113 2016 Edit Further information Timeline of the American led intervention in the Syrian Civil War 2016 and American led intervention in Iraq 2014 2021 2016 By 9 March 2016 nearly 11 000 airstrikes had been launched on IS and occasionally Al Nusra killing over 27 000 fighters 114 and striking over 22 000 targets including 139 tanks 371 Humvees and 1 216 pieces of oil infrastructure Approximately 80 of these airstrikes have been conducted by American forces with the remaining 20 being launched by other members of the coalition such as the United Kingdom and Australia 7 268 strikes hit targets in Iraq while 3 602 hit targets in Syria 79 On 12 June 2016 it was reported that 120 IS leaders commanders propagandists recruiters and other high value individuals were killed so far this year 115 Until March 2016 U S military members were ineligible for Campaign Medals and other service decorations due to the continuing ambiguous nature of the continuing U S involvement in Iraq 116 However on 30 March 2016 U S Secretary of Defense Ash Carter announced the creation of a new medal named Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal 117 On 3 June 2016 aircraft flying from the USS Harry S Truman in the Mediterranean Sea began airstrikes on IS 118 On 16 June 2016 AV 8B II Harriers of the 13th MEU flying from the USS Boxer in the Persian Gulf also began airstrikes on IS marking the first time the U S Navy used ship based aircraft from both the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf at the same time during Operation Inherent Resolve 119 By 27 July 2016 U S and coalition partners had conducted more than 14 000 airstrikes in Iraq and Syria Nearly 11 000 of those strikes were from U S aircraft and the majority of the strikes more than 9 000 were in Iraq Of the 26 374 targets hit nearly 8 000 were against IS fighting positions while approximately 6 500 hit buildings IS staging areas and oil infrastructure were each hit around 1 600 times 120 On 15 December 2016 the U K Defense Secretary Michael Fallon said that more than 25 000 Daesh fighters have now been killed a number that was half of the United States estimate 121 When asked about this discrepancy the UK s Ministry of Defense said that it stood by his estimate 121 Since the first U S airstrikes on IS targets in Iraq on 8 August 2014 over two years the U S military has spent over 8 4 billion fighting IS 122 BBC News reported in 2017 that according to the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations in 2016 alone the U S dropped 12 192 bombs in Syria and 12 095 in Iraq 123 Operation Odyssey Lightning Edit From August to December 2016 the U S conducted another similar operation in Libya code named Operation Odyssey Lightning during the battle to capture Sirte which was the local capital of IS s Libyan branch 124 125 In September 2017 the US Africa Command announced that 495 precision airstrikes were carried out and 800 to 900 IS fighters were killed during the operation in Sirte between 1 August and 19 December 2016 126 On 18 January 2017 US B 2 bombers bombed 2 IS camps to the south of Sirte killing 90 IS militants 2017 Edit Further information Timeline of the American led intervention in the Syrian Civil War 2017 and American led intervention in Iraq 2014 2021 2017 According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights Coalition airstrikes have killed 7 043 people across Syria of which 5 768 dead were IS fighters 304 Al Nusra Front militants and other rebels 90 government soldiers and 881 civilians The air strikes occurred in the period between 22 September 2014 and 23 January 2017 127 In March 2017 various media outlets reported that conventional forces from the 11th MEU as well as special operations forces in the form of the 75th Ranger Regiment 128 deployed to Syria to support U S backed forces in liberating Raqqa from IS occupation The deployment marked an escalation in the U S intervention in Syria 129 By February 28 the Coalition had conducted 3 271 sorties in 2017 2 129 of which resulted in at least one weapon released In total the coalition released 7 040 weapons in Iraq and Syria in this same time period in an effort to destroy IS 130 As of August 9 2017 coalition aircraft flew a total of 167 912 sorties and conducted 13 331 strikes in Iraq and 11 235 strikes in Syria for a total of 24 566 strikes 131 2018 Edit Further information Timeline of the American led intervention in the Syrian Civil War 2018 and American led intervention in Iraq 2014 2021 2018 In February 2018 the 2nd Brigade Combat Team 101st Airborne Division was awarded a campaign streamer following its deployment to Iraq In May 2016 the brigade deployed to advise and assist train and equip Iraqi security forces to fight the Islamic State of Iraq The 2nd Brigade also conducted precision surface to surface fires and supported a multitude of intelligence and logistical operations for coalition and Iraqi forces They also provided base security throughout more than 12 areas of operations The Brigade also aided in the clearance of IS from Fallujah the near elimination of suicide attacks in Baghdad and the introduction of improved tactics that liberated more than 100 towns and villages The 2nd Brigade 101st Airborne Division also played a significant role in the liberation of Mosul 132 2019 Edit Further information Timeline of the American led intervention in the Syrian Civil War 2019 and American led intervention in Iraq 2014 2021 2019 In early 2019 the US led coalition focused on the final assault on ISIS in the Euphrates pocket including the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani in the first quarter of the year Civilian human shields held by ISIS were among the victims including in one reported massacre on 19 March in which up to 300 civilians including 45 children were alleged to have been killed by Coalition forces 133 From August 8 2014 to August 29 2019 coalition aircraft conducted a total of 34 573 strikes 97 On 27 October 2019 Abu Bakr al Baghdadi was killed during the Barisha raid in Idlib Governorate 134 On 31 December 2019 the CJTF OIR reported its forces were closely monitoring the current situation of the protests at the US Embassy in Baghdad adding that they were taking the appropriate force protection measures to ensure US Embassy personnel safety 135 2020 Edit Further information Timeline of the American led intervention in the Syrian Civil War 2020 and American led intervention in Iraq 2014 2021 2020 CJTF OIR paused all training and anti ISIS operations on January 5 2020 to focus on protecting Iraqi bases hosting Coalition troops in the wake of several rocket attacks 136 This action was also linked to the anticipated response against Coalition forces in the wake of the killing of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani 137 In March 2020 the U S military started to withdraw from various bases in Iraq 138 2021 Edit Further information Timeline of the American led intervention in the Syrian civil war 2021 and American led intervention in Iraq 2014 2021 2021 This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information July 2021 On 31 March 2021 Carrier Air Wing Three launched naval flight operations in support of Operation Inherent Resolve The USS Dwight D Eisenhower and its carrier strike group were expected to lead Task Force 50 which oversees Operation Inherent Resolve s naval strike operations 139 2022 Edit Further information Timeline of the American led intervention in the Syrian civil war 2022Assets EditFurther information Military intervention against the Islamic State aerial order of battle United States Air Force United States Navy amp United States Marine Corps units that are participating in this operations can be found in the aerial and ground order of battle United States ArmyU S and coalition forces are training Iraqi forces at four sites in al Asad in Anbar province Erbil in the north and Taji and Besmayah in the Baghdad area Combined Joint Forces Land Component Command Iraq 28 1st Infantry Division 24 1st Cavalry division 3rd Brigade Combat Team 82nd Airborne Division January September 2015 140 2nd Battalion 505th Infantry Regiment 24 3rd Brigade Combat Team 10th Mountain Division 24 1st Brigade Combat Team 10th Mountain Division September 2015 June 2016 140 2nd Brigade Combat Team 101st Airborne Division Air Assault June 2016 January 2017 141 1st Battalion 502nd Infantry Regiment 142 2nd Brigade Combat Team 82nd Airborne Division January 2017 October 2017 2nd Battalion 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment 2nd Battalion 82nd Field Artillery Regiment January 2017 October 2017 143 28th Expeditionary Combat Aviation Brigade 28th Infantry Division 35th Combat Aviation Brigade 35th Infantry Division Summer 2018 Summer 2019 144 3rd Cavalry Regiment Spring 2018 Spring 2019 United States Marine Corps Marine Air Ground Task Force MAGTF 145 Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force Crisis Response Central Command 146 Military bases EditSee also List of United States military bases Iraq and List of United States military bases Syria An SDF U S military base in northeastern Syria near Rmelan in 2021 147 During the operation in Syria there were several bases mostly in the north 148 Al Hasakah Governorate Ash Shaddadi Hasaka Dam 149 Kharab al Jeer 149 near Al Malikiyah Rmelan airbase Tal Tamir Tell Beydar 150 Aleppo Governorate Ayn al Arab Dadat outpost 151 Harab Isk airbase 152 153 Sabt airbase 154 Sarrin 155 Ushariya outpost Deir ez Zor Governorate al Omar oil fields 156 157 Mission Support Site Conoco 158 Green Village 158 Homs Governorate Al Tanf Raqqa Governorate Ayn Issa al Tabqah airbase Tal al Samn 149 However following the 2019 Turkish offensive into north eastern Syria most U S soldiers withdrew from northern Syria to western Iraq in October 2019 159 while even bombing their own Lafarge basement near Harab Isk 160 Meanwhile The New York Times reported that the Pentagon was planning to leave 150 Special Operations forces at a base called al Tanf 161 In addition 200 U S soldiers would remain in eastern Syria near the oil fields to prevent the Islamic State Syrian government and Russian forces from advancing in the region 162 However at least 600 900 U S Troops are expected to stay in Syria 163 in Al Hasakah and Deir ez Zor Governorates 164 In July 2020 the U S military built a new base including an airport located between Um Kahif village and Tal Alu silos near Al Yaarubiyah 165 Casualties Edit Command Sergeant Major Walter C Puckett greets coalition personnel in Al Hasakah Syria on 18 August 2021 According to Airwars in 2014 there were 63 incidents involving the US led coalition in Iraq and Syria in which there were civilian casualties causing at least 160 civilian deaths In 2015 there were 268 incidents and 708 deaths In 2016 there were 483 incidents and 1 372 deaths Civilian casualties peaked in 2017 with 1 841 incidents and at least 4 677 civilian deaths 133 According to Airwars 1 472 civilians were killed by the U S air campaign in Iraq and Syria in March 2017 alone 166 On March 17 a U S led coalition airstrike in Mosul killed more than 200 civilians 167 Data compiled by Airwars shows that 229 strikes in Iraq and 878 strikes in Syria were carried out by Coalition forces in June 2017 killing an alleged total of 1 483 people The reporting of 875 of those total alleged deaths is contested In July 2017 Airwars recorded reports of an alleged 1 342 people were killed in Iraq and Syria by Coalition airstrikes Of the allegations 812 were contested and two were disproved 168 Casualty figures fell after the 2017 peak According to Airwars 2018 saw 192 incidents and 846 deaths 2019 saw 72 incidents and 467 deaths 133 In 2019 the casualties were concentrated in the first quarter during the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani including an alleged massacre of civilian human shields on 19 March 133 By 2020 Airwars had recorded a five year total of 14 771 US led Coalition strikes in Iraq and 19 829 in Syria and investigated 2 921 alleged civilian casualty incidents estimating 8 259 13 135 civilian deaths of whom around 2 000 were children although the Coalition itself estimated just 1 377 or 1 417 civilian deaths 169 170 171 The New York Times reported that efforts to minimize and count civilian deaths fell far short of the approach promised by the US military for its use of airstrikes in the war against IS The Times reported that airstrikes against IS as well as in the war in Afghanistan was marked by flawed intelligence poor targeting and thousands of civilian deaths The Times reported that efforts to minimize civilian casualties diminished after President Trump assumed office in 2017 stating the authority to approve strikes was pushed further down the chain of command even as an overwhelming majority of strikes were carried out in the heat of war and not planned far in advance The Times reported that the US military systematically under reported casualties providing a total death count of 1 417 when the actual count was significantly higher The report states that the military made little effort to accurately determine civilian casualties after the airstrikes The military was also reluctant to divulge information about the casualties in spite of promises of transparency and news media were required to make numerous requests under the Freedom of Information Act and had to repeatedly sue the US military to produce data 172 173 174 Talon Anvil Edit Further information 2019 U S airstrike in Baghuz During the years 2014 to 2019 an Air Force special operations group named Talon Anvil killed a significant number of non combatant civilians and often failed to follow US military protocols designed to minimize civilian casualties 175 In one particular bomb strike in March 2019 the Baghuz airstrike approximately 50 women and children were killed and the Air Force subsequently covered the deaths up 176 The Talon Anvil group operated under the auspices of Task Force 9 which was the US military unit responsible for ground operations in the war against IS in Syria The group consisted of about 20 plains clothes military personnel that operated out of anonymous office buildings in Iraq and Syria 175 In December 2021 the US Secretary of Defense ordered an investigation into the civilian deaths caused by Talon Anvil s bombing strikes 175 See also EditCombined Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve commander headquarters of ongoing operations Military intervention against the Islamic State aerial order of battle German intervention against the Islamic State also named Operation Counter Daesh related German operations Operation Chammal name for similar French operations Operation Impact name for similar Canadian operations Operation Martyr Yalcin name for similar Turkish operation against IS Operation Okra name for similar Australian operations Operation Shader name for similar British operations Operation Tidal Wave II name of a suboperation against IS oil infrastructureReferences Edit Islamic State rival Al Nusra Front each strengthen grip on Syria Los Angeles Times 28 November 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2014 Master Negotiations failed between the IS Jabhat al Nusra and Islamic battalions Syrian Observatory For Human Rights Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 War of Words Between al Qaeda and ISIS Continues With Scholar s Smackdown NBC News Retrieved 6 December 2014 ISID ve El Nusra nin birlestigi iddia edildi Star Gazete in Turkish Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 Retrieved 14 April 2015 An internal struggle Al Qaeda s Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity Brookings Institution 31 May 2015 Retrieved 1 June 2015 a b Charkatli Izat 23 February 2017 Over 2 000 radical rebels defect to ISIS following intra rebel deal Archived from the original on 28 May 2019 Retrieved 12 December 2017 Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State linked brigade leaves for Raqqa 22 February 2017 Caleb Weiss 14 February 2017 Uighur jihadist fought in Afghanistan killed in Syria Long War Journal Retrieved 22 February 2017 Nick Paton Walsh Laura Smith Spark 6 November 2014 Report Airstrikes target new Islamist group in Syria CNN Retrieved 6 December 2014 No 63097 The London Gazette Supplement 1 September 2020 p 14664 Islamic State confirms Baghdadi is dead appoints successor Reuters 31 October 2019 Retrieved 31 October 2019 ISIS leader killed in US military raid in Syria with multiple civilian fatalities TheJournal ie 3 February 2022 Abu Bakr al Baghdadi IS leader killed in US operation in Syria BBC News 27 October 2019 Report A former physics teacher is now leading ISIS Business Insider 23 April 2015 Retrieved 29 May 2015 Hubbard Ben Schmitt Eric 27 August 2014 Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS The New York Times Retrieved 21 October 2014 Matt Bradley Ghassan Adnan Felicia Schwartz 10 November 2014 Coalition Airstrikes Targeted Islamic State Leaders Near Mosul The Wall Street Journal Kadyrov Claims Red Bearded Chechen Militant al Shishani Dead ElBalad 14 November 2014 Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 Kadyrov Says Islamic State s Leader From Georgia Killed Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 14 November 2014 Antonopoulos Paul 26 February 2017 BREAKING Al Qaeda s deputy leader killed in Idlib drone strike Archived from the original on 30 June 2019 Retrieved 12 December 2017 Syria s Qaeda leader killed in explosion ARA News ARA News Archived from the original on 8 March 2015 Retrieved 31 March 2015 Al Qaida Reasserts Itself With Khorasan Group NPR 3 October 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2015 Key al Qaeda figure Muhsin al Fadhli killed in U S airstrike in Syria Pentagon BNO News Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 Retrieved 21 July 2015 French jihadist Drugeon killed in Syria US official AFP 11 September 2015 Retrieved 11 September 2015 a b c d Sgt Deja Borden 15 April 2015 Build Partner Capacity strengthens bonds armies PDF Press release Combined Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve Archived from the original PDF on 23 April 2015 Sisk Richard 31 October 2017 ISIS Fires Mortars Near Marines Deployed to Train Iraq Forces Military com U S Department of Defense Photo Essay United States Department of Defense Retrieved 29 May 2015 PATFORSWA Guardians of the Arabian Gulf coastguard dodlive mil United States Coast Guard Retrieved 21 March 2018 PATFORSWA also supported Operation Enduring Freedom and in 2015 transitioned to supporting Operation Inherent Resolve a b Michelle Tan 30 December 2014 2 star on Iraq Still a big fight going on here Army Times Retrieved 29 May 2015 Crowley Michael 18 August 2014 Obama la Mission Creep in Iraq Time Welch William M 3 September 2014 US sending 350 more troops to Iraq USA Today Obama doubling US troop levels in Iraq Stars and Stripes Retrieved 28 December 2014 Islamic State Coalition pledges more troops for Iraq BBC News 8 December 2014 1 000 soldiers from the 82nd Airborne headed to Iraq Stars and Stripes Retrieved 25 February 2015 Barnes Julian E 1 October 2014 2 300 U S Marines deploy new quick reaction force in Kuwait The Wall Street Journal Lamothe Dan 19 July 2014 US companies pulling contractors from Iraqi bases as security crumbles The Washington Post Retrieved 13 August 2014 Nissenbaum Dion 3 February 2014 Role of US Contractors Grows as Iraq Fights Insurgents The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 13 August 2014 USS Carl Vinson Takes Over Airstrike Campaign From USS George H W Bush Video KPBS Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2014 See U S warships head for ISIS fight CNN 13 April 2015 Retrieved 29 May 2015 USS Carl Vinson begins return to San Diego San Diego CBS 8 13 April 2015 Retrieved 29 May 2015 US airstrikes in Syria ABC News Hennigan W J Cloud David S 25 September 2014 At War Again Florida Courier Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 Retrieved 20 October 2014 Foster Peter 23 September 2014 US military launches air strikes against Isil in Syria The Daily Telegraph London Archived from the original on 23 September 2014 Retrieved 20 October 2014 Capaccio Tony 10 October 2014 Pentagon Says Islamic State Fight Costs 7 6 Million Day Bloomberg com Retrieved 13 October 2014 Kobani US drops weapons to Kurds in Syria The Guardian Associated Press 20 October 2014 Retrieved 20 October 2014 a b How US is Pinpointing ISIS Targets in Air War NDTV Agence France Presse 12 October 2014 Retrieved 20 October 2014 Baldor Lolita 6 October 2014 Pentagon Up to 1 1B cost for Iraq Syria Marine Corps Times Associated Press Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 Retrieved 20 October 2014 Majumdar Dave 25 September 2014 Exclusive Pictures of Stealth Jet Raid on Syria The Daily Beast Retrieved 20 October 2014 Rush James 6 October 2014 Isis air strikes US brings in Apache helicopters as British jets target militants in Iraq The Independent London Archived from the original on 24 May 2022 Retrieved 8 October 2014 Trevithick Joseph 18 November 2014 U S Commandos Are Flying Around Iraq Medium com Retrieved 25 November 2014 Sanchez Raf 8 September 2014 Predator drones being flown over Isil s Syrian capital The Daily Telegraph London Archived from the original on 8 September 2014 Retrieved 11 October 2014 Gordon Greg 29 September 2014 Once targeted Global Hawk drone now hidden weapon in U S airstrikes McClatchyDC com Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 Retrieved 20 October 2014 Barbara Starr U S officials say 6 000 ISIS fighters killed in battles CNN 22 January 2015 CIA says IS numbers underestimated Al Jazeera 12 September 2014 ISIS militants have army of 200 000 claims senior Kurdish leader el balad com Archived from the original on 20 November 2014 Retrieved 16 November 2014 Islamic State training pilots to fly fighter jets BBC News 17 October 2014 Retrieved 22 October 2014 U S led forces drop nearly 5 000 bombs on ISIS Al Arabiya 8 January 2015 Retrieved 8 January 2015 Fears of massacre as Isis tanks lead assault on Kurdish bastion The Times 4 October 2014 Now ISIS has drones CNN 24 August 2014 Footage From an ISIS Drone NYTimes com Video 30 August 2014 Taylor Adam 27 October 2014 In bizarre new video Islamic State hostage gives tour of Kobane The Washington Post blogs ISIS We Nabbed an Iranian Drone The Daily Beast Retrieved 6 December 2014 Tomson Chris 21 May 2017 Islamist rebel group joins Al Qaeda franchise in Syria Al Masdar News Archived from the original on 11 May 2019 Retrieved 21 May 2017 Al awsat Asharq 30 January 2017 Syria Surfacing of Hai at Tahrir al Sham Threatens Truce ASHARQ AL AWSAT English Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 Retrieved 12 December 2017 Gen Dempsey Claims Airstrikes in Syria that Targeted Khorasan Group Disrupted Plots Against US KNEB Radio Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 Moubayed Sami 29 January 2017 Is Syria s Idlib being groomed as Islamist killing ground Asia Times Syrian opposition merger in Jan 2017 archicivilians Retrieved 26 January 2017 a b https www defense gov casualty pdf bare URL PDF Islamic State Kassig murder Western jihadists probed BBC News 17 November 2014 Retrieved 17 November 2014 Islamic State Allies In Egypt Say They Killed American Oil Worker William Henderson The Huffington Post 1 December 2014 Retrieved 6 December 2014 BBC News Libya hotel attack Five foreigners among nine killed BBC News 28 January 2015 Kayla Mueller American ISIL hostage is dead Al Jazeera America 10 February 2015 Lamothe Dan 1 December 2014 Air Force F 16 pilot killed in crash in Middle East The Washington Post Isil using anti aircraft batteries captured in Iraq The World Tribune 12 September 2014 archived from the original on 1 September 2015 Rempfer Kyle 20 August 2018 One US service member killed in aircraft crash in Iraq Military Times Rempfer Kyle 16 March 2018 CENTCOM No survivors after US helicopter crash in western Iraq Air Force Times Karouny Mariam 17 March 2015 U S loses drone over Syria which claims to have brought it down Reuters Retrieved 31 March 2015 Roba Alhenawi 17 March 2015 Syria says it shot down U S drone CNN Retrieved 31 March 2015 a b Once promised paradise ISIS fighters end up in mass graves The Straits Times 15 October 2017 Retrieved 11 December 2017 a b Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria US Department of Defense 30 September 2016 Retrieved 21 October 2016 Reuters Brett Wolf RPT INSIGHT In taking economic war to Islamic State U S developing new tools 24 November 2015 a b About 3 thousand citizens were killed by the International Coalition warplanes in Syria within about 10700 persons who were killed during 38 months of their military operations in Syria SOHR 23 November 2017 Retrieved 11 December 2017 U S Airstrike Kills More Than 100 al Qaida Fighters in Syria US Department of Defense 20 January 2017 US led air strikes hit al Qaeda affiliate in Syria Reuters 6 November 2014 Retrieved 9 November 2014 Pentagon 11 al Qaeda terrorists killed in airstrikes near Idlib Syria FDD s Long War Journal www longwarjournal org 8 February 2017 IS executes 61 people during the ninth month of declaration its alleged Caliphate SOHR 29 March 2015 Retrieved 29 March 2015 Clashes around Aleppo city and more losses in al Hasakah SOHR 29 March 2015 Retrieved 29 March 2015 a b US led Coalition in Iraq amp Syria Airwars Retrieved 19 October 2019 Iraq crisis Islamists force 500 000 to flee Mosul BBC News 11 June 2014 Retrieved 11 June 2014 10 000 Yazidis rescued through safe corridor as ISIL fire on aid helicopters Hurriyet Daily News Retrieved 1 December 2014 Most US Airstrikes in Syria Target a City That s Not a Strategic Objective Mother Jones Retrieved 29 May 2015 At least 20 000 civilians displaced during the Al Hasakah offensive February March 2015 5 000 in the Khabur Valley region 1 and 15 000 in the Tell Hamis region 2 Pentagon Briefing On Operation Inherent Resolve against Daesh minute 1 20 32 56 Archived 3 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine CJTF OIR transitions commanders for defeat ISIS mission Operation Inherent Resolve Retrieved 27 June 2020 Resolve Special Reports Operation Inherent Resolve U S Department of Defense Archived from March 28 2017 Accessed July 2 2019 via the Wayback Machine CJTFOIR Strike Releases March 26 2019 PDF CJTF OIR Retrieved 26 March 2019 CJTF OIR Monthly Civilian Casualty Report Operation Inherent Resolve 30 November 2017 Retrieved 19 October 2019 a b Combined Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve Monthly Civilian Casualty Report Operation Inherent Resolve 26 September 2019 Retrieved 19 October 2019 See Syrian Kurdish Islamist conflict for complete references US Operation Against ISIL in Iraq Remains Nameless Military com 18 August 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 The War on ISIS Has No Name Business Insider 3 October 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 The Military Can t Come Up with a Name For Its War Against ISIS We re Here To Help The Huffington Post 3 October 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 What s in a Name Obama s Anonymous War Against ISIS U S News amp World Report 29 September 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 U S Needs a Name for the Operation Against ISIS New York 3 October 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 The War With No Name The American Prospect 1 October 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 Iraq and Syria Operations Against ISIL Designated as Operation Inherent Resolve U S Central Command 15 October 2014 Retrieved 15 October 2014 Kube Courtney 13 September 2019 Trump s plan to pay for border wall with Air Force funds risks national security report says NBC News Retrieved 14 September 2019 Security breaches have increased since the base began Operation Inherent Resolve Support the report says Carroll Chris Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal authorized for Operation Inherent Resolve Stripes com Retrieved 22 November 2014 Air Force pilot killed in Middle East crash identified Stars and Stripes Retrieved 29 May 2015 Gal Perl Finkel Back to the ground Israel Hayom 8 November 2015 U S soldier killed in Iraq hostage rescue operation CBS News Retrieved 23 October 2015 U S Identifies American Killed in Iraq Raid as Master Sgt Joshua Wheeler The Wall Street Journal 23 October 2015 Retrieved 24 October 2015 Why Is America Using These Antique Planes to Fight ISIS Daily Beast 13 April 2017 The OV 10 Is Even Older Than the A 10 and It s Fighting ISIS Too Popular Mechanics 11 March 2016 Starr Barbara Estimate More than 26 000 ISIS fighters killed by Coalition CNN 17 February 2016 U S Military Says it has Killed more than 120 Islamic State Leaders military com 12 June 2016 Troops not eligible for campaign medal in fight against ISIS The Hill 1 October 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 Carter Announces Operation Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal gt U S DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE gt Article View Archived from the original on 13 April 2016 Retrieved 30 March 2016 USS Harry Truman launches airstrikes against ISIS from Mediterranean Sea Fox News 4 June 2016 Harriers from USS Boxer begin airstrikes against Islamic State Stars and Stripes 17 June 2016 Two Years of U S led Airstrikes on ISIS in Syria and Iraq in Numbers ABC News 8 August 2016 a b Ryan Browne 16 December 2016 UK puts number of ISIS fighters killed at half US figure CNN Nearly 45 000 ISIS linked fighters killed in past 2 years US military official says Fox News 10 August 2016 How many bombs has Britain dropped in 2017 BBC 15 April 2017 Libya effort named Operation Odyssey Lightning InsideDefense com insidedefense com US resumes strikes against Islamic State in Libya FDD s LONG WAR JOURNAL 30 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 US resumes strikes against Islamic State in Libya FDD s Long War Journal www longwarjournal org 30 September 2017 Retrieved 2 December 2019 28 months of bombing by the international coalition kills more than 6900 persons in Syria including 820 Syrian civilians SOHR 23 January 2017 Retrieved 23 January 2017 Gal Perl Finkel Win the close fight The Jerusalem Post March 21 2017 US Marines join local forces fighting in Raqqa CNN 8 March 2017 AFCENT PA 28 February 2017 Combined Forces Air Component Commander 2012 2017 Airpower Statistics Feb 28 PDF www afcent af mil Special Report Operation Inherent Resolve U S Department of Defense Retrieved 3 November 2017 101st Airborne Division s Strike Brigade receives Operation Inherent Resolve streamer following Iraq deployment Clarksville TN Online Clarksvilleonline com 23 February 2018 Retrieved 16 September 2018 a b c d https airwars org wp content uploads 2020 02 2019 Annual Report Web pdf bare URL PDF ISIS leader al Baghdadi believed to have been killed in a US military raid sources say CNN 27 October 2019 Baghdad embassy attack Iraqi protesters storm US compound as gunshots ring out The Independent 31 December 2019 Archived from the original on 24 May 2022 Retrieved 31 December 2019 CJTF OIR Statement on the ongoing Defeat Daesh Mission Operation Inherent Resolve 5 January 2020 Retrieved 5 January 2020 Anti ISIS coalition suspends operations due to Iran threat Axios 5 January 2020 Retrieved 5 January 2020 U S Led Forces Pull Out of Third Iraqi Base This Month Time 30 March 2020 Archived from the original on 29 March 2020 Ike Carrier Strike Group launches flight operations against ISIS Navy Times 1 April 2021 Retrieved 8 February 2022 a b Warrior Brigade assumes mission in Iraq U S Central Command DoD Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 Retrieved 4 December 2015 Department of the Army announces 101st Airborne Division deployment U S Army Retrieved 11 October 2016 US Soldiers build elite Iraqi force with ranger training U S Army Retrieved 11 October 2016 Lightning Tal Afar battle tests US soldiers agility Stars and Stripes Retrieved 22 October 2019 35th Combat Aviation Brigade s Southwest Asia deployment ends ISIS Fires Mortars Near Marines Deployed to Train Iraq Forces Military com Retrieved 29 May 2015 Hope Hodge Seck 6 March 2015 IS militants pushed out of village near Marine base Marine Corps Times Retrieved 29 May 2015 VOA Exclusive Inside a US Military Base in Syria VOA News 7 July 2021 Retrieved 16 January 2022 Syrian Opposition Website Provides Details Of Locations Of U S Bases In Northern Syria memri org 23 September 2019 a b c US Expands Military Footprint in Syria to Eight Bases popularresistance org 6 July 2017 obretix 27 June 2018 pictures of C 17 Globemaster and C 130J Hercules at the airfield between Tell Tamr and Tell Baydar in northern Syria Tweet Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 via Twitter US forces in Syria seen setting up new front line positions apnews 4 April 2018 Zorlu Faruk Copur Hakan 19 June 2018 France cooperating with PKK YPG terrorists Coalition Anadolu Agency According to information obtained by Anadolu Agency on March 30 from local sources more than 70 French special forces under the international coalition against Daesh are stationed at the Lafarge Cement factory near the strategic Mistanur Hill and Harab Isk village in southern Ayn al Arab province Kobani obretix 10 July 2018 US Army Apache helicopter at the Lafarge cement plant in northern Syria Tweet Archived from the original on 10 July 2018 via Twitter US Changes Plan of Building Air Base in Syrian Kurdistan basnews 9 April 2016 Cenciotti David 27 June 2018 Here Are The First Photographs Of U S Air Force C 17 and Marine Corps KC 130J Operating From New U S Airfield in Northern Syria The Aviationist Another U S airfield is located in northern Syria Sarrin The base was built in 2016 and the first aircraft appeared to operate from there in July 2017 Szoldra Paul 8 August 2018 Exclusive The Insider Attack In Syria That The Pentagon Denies Ever Happened Task amp Purpose Archived from the original on 9 August 2018 Samir obretix 8 August 2018 picture of some of the Marines of Weapons Co 2 7 in Syria from taskandpurpose com syria insider attack geolocated to administrative and housing complex at Omar oil field Tweet Archived from the original on 9 August 2018 via Twitter a b Inside U S troops stronghold in Syria a question of how long Biden will keep them there LA Times 12 March 2021 Retrieved 11 December 2021 US troops leaving Syria will go to Iraq says Pentagon chief BBC News 20 October 2019 Satellite Photos Call Into Question Impact Of U S Bombing Its Own Syrian Base After Retreat The Drive 22 October 2019 Assad Forces Surge Forward in Syria as U S Pulls Back The New York Times 14 October 2019 Trump Said to Favor Leaving a Few Hundred Troops in Eastern Syria The New York Times 20 October 2019 Hundreds of U S Troops Leaving and Also Arriving in Syria The New York Times 30 October 2019 U S Special Ops Soldier Talks To Reporter In Syrian Oil Fields As Mission Remains In Flux The Drive 4 November 2019 American Entrenchment US Builds New Military Air Base in Syria s Hasakah albawaba com 2 July 2020 US led coalition killed more Syrian civilians than Isis or Russia in March figures show The Independent 28 March 2017 US admits it conducted Mosul air strike at location where 200 civilians died The Independent 26 March 2017 Data Airwars 6 August 2017 US led Coalition in Iraq amp Syria Airwars 20 January 2020 Retrieved 5 August 2020 What to know about Civilian Casualty Files Michael Levenson 18 Dec 2021 New York Times https www nytimes com 2021 12 18 us airstrikes civilian casualty files pentagon html Airwars states that coalition counts 1 377 civilian deaths and New York Times states that US military counts 1 417 civilian deaths What to know about Civilian Casualty Files Michael Levenson 18 Dec 2021 New York Times https www nytimes com 2021 12 18 us airstrikes civilian casualty files pentagon html Hidden Pentagon Records Reveal Patterns of Failure in Deadly Airstrikes Azmat Khan 18 Dec 2021 New York Times https www nytimes com interactive 2021 12 18 us airstrikes pentagon records civilian deaths html The Civilian Casualty Files Azmat Khan Lila Hassan Sara Almukhtar and Rachel Shorey 18 Dec 2021 New York Times https www nytimes com interactive 2021 us civilian casualty files html a b c Civilian Deaths Mounted as Secret U S Unit Pounded Islamic State Dave Philipps Eric Schmitt and Mark Mazzetti December 12 2021 New York Times https www nytimes com 2021 12 12 us civilian deaths war isis html How the U S Hid an Airstrike That Killed Dozens of Civilians in Syria Dave Philipps and Eric Schmitt Nov 13 2021 New York Times https www nytimes com 2021 11 13 us us airstrikes civilian deaths htmlExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Inherent Resolve Operation Inherent Resolve Official Website Global Coalition Official Website Air Superiority Under 2000 Feet Lessons From Waging Drone Warfare Against ISIL Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Operation Inherent Resolve amp oldid 1130645886, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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