The archetype of the instrument carried horizontally and struck with two sticks, found in iconographical documents in ancient Babylon (1600-911 BCE) and Neo-Assyria (911-612 BCE).
Woman playing a santur, early 19th century, in Qajar Iran.
The santur was invented and developed in the area of Iran and Mesopotamia. "The earliest sign of it comes from Assyrian and Babylonian stone carvings (669 B.C.); it shows the instrument being played while hanging from the player's neck" (35). This instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the Middle East. Each country customized and designed its own versions to adapt to their musical scales and tunings. The original santur was made with wood and stones and strung with goat intestines. The Mesopotamian santur has been claimed to be the father of the harp, the Chinese yangqin, the harpsichord, the qanun, the cimbalom, and the American and European hammered dulcimers.[3]
The oval-shaped mezrabs (mallets) are feather-weight and are held between the thumb, index, and middle fingers. A typical Persian santur has two sets of nine bridges, providing a range of approximately three diatonic octaves. The mezrabs are made out of wood with tips that may or may not be wrapped with cotton or felt.
The right-hand strings are made of brass or copper, while the left-hand strings are made of steel. A total of 18 bridges divide the santur into three positions. Over each bridge cross four strings tuned in unison, spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument. There are three sections of nine pitches: each for the bass, middle, and higher octave called behind the left bridges comprising 27 tones altogether. The top "F" note is repeated twice, creating a total of 25 separate tones on the santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1/4 tones which are designated into 12 modes (dastgahs) of Persian classical music. These 12 Dastgahs are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the Radif.[5] They also had 16 inch botos[further explanation needed].
Derivations
Similar musical instruments have been present since medieval times all over the world, including Armenia, China, Greece, India, etc. The Indian santoor is wider, more rectangular and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently and played with a different technique. The eastern European version of the santur called the cimbalom, which is much larger and chromatic, is used to accompany Hungarian folk music, Eastern European Jewish music, and Slavic music, as well as Romani music.[6]
Iraqi santur
Typical Iraqi santur
Chalghi santur player playing on a non-standard Iraqi santur
The Iraqi santur (also santour, santoor ) (Arabic: سنطور) is a hammered dulcimer of Mesopotamian origin.[2] It is a trapezoid box zither with a walnut body and 92 steel (or bronze) strings. The strings, tuned to the same pitch in groups of four, are struck with two wooden mallets called "midhrab". The tuning of these 23 sets of strings extends from the lower yakah (G) up to jawab jawab husayni (a). The bridges are called dama (chessmen in Iraqi Arabic) because they look like pawns. It is native to Iraq, Syria, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Greece (the Aegean coasts) and Azerbaijan.
It is the main instrument used in the classical Maqam al-iraqi tradition along with the Iraqi spike fiddle joza. ('Music of the Arabs' ISBN0-931340-88-8). The instrument was brought to Europe by the Arabs through North Africa and Spain during the Middle Ages and also to China where it was referred to as the "foreign qin".[3]
The Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been fully chromatic allowing for full maqam modulations. It uses 12 bridges of steel strings on both sides. Three of these bridges are movable: B half flat qaraar, E half flat, and B half flat jawaab. The non-standard version of the Iraqi santur includes extra bridges so that there's no need to move those three bridges. However, playing it is a bit harder than playing the standard 12-bridge santur.[3] For a video demonstration, see Wesam al-Azzawy's video links in the sections below.
(Dr. Bee Seavers) disciple of Pt. Shivkumar Sharma[34]
Poland
Jarosław Niemiec
Turkey
Santuri Ethem Bey composer of Sehnaz Longa
Lebanon
Marcel Ghrayeb
From around the world
Versions of the santur or hammered dulcimer are used throughout the world. In Eastern Europe, a larger descendant of the hammered dulcimer called the cimbalom is played and has been used by a number of classicalcomposers, including Zoltán Kodály, Igor Stravinsky, and Pierre Boulez, and more recently, in a different musical context, by Blue Man Group. The khim is the name of both the Thai and the Khmer hammered dulcimer. The Chinese yangqin is a type of hammered dulcimer that originated in Persia. The santur and santoor are found in the Middle East and India, respectively.
Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle (1980). "Sur la restitution de la musique hourrite". Revue de Musicologie 66, no. 1 (1980): 5–26.
Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle (1984). A Hurrian Musical Score from Ugarit: The Discovery of Mesopotamian Music, Sources from the Ancient Near East, vol. 2, fasc. 2. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications. ISBN0-89003-158-4
Fink, Robert (1981). The Origin of Music: A Theory of the Universal Development of Music. Saskatoon: Greenwich-Meridian.
Gütterbock, Hans (1970). "Musical Notation in Ugarit". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 64, no. 1 (1970): 45–52.
Heydarian, P.; J.D. Reiss (2005). "The Persian music and the santur instrument" (PDF). Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, London, UK. Vol. 11. pp. 524–527.
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn (1971). The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 115:131–49.
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn (1974). "The Cult Song with Music from Ancient Ugarit: Another Interpretation". Revue d'Assyriologie 68:69–82.
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn (1997). "Musik, A: philologisch". Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 8, edited by Dietz Otto Edzard, 463–82. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN3-11-014809-9.
Kilmer, Anne (2001). "Mesopotamia §8(ii)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn, Richard L. Crocker, and Robert R. Brown (1976). Sounds from Silence: Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music. Berkeley: Bit Enki Publications, 1976. Includes LP record, Bit Enki Records BTNK 101, reissued [s.d.] as CD.
Vitale, Raoul (1982). "La Musique suméro-accadienne: gamme et notation musicale". Ugarit-Forschungen 14 (1982): 241–63.
Wellesz, Egon, ed. (1957). New Oxford History of Music Volume I: Ancient and Oriental Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
West, M[artin]. L[itchfiel]. (1994). "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts". Music and Letters 75, no. 2 (May): 161–79.
Wulstan, David (1968). "The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp". Iraq 30:215–28.
Wulstan, David (1971). "The Earliest Musical Notation". Music and Letters 52 (1971): 365–82.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santur.
Santur – The Art of Persian Music
The Persian music and the santur instrument
Nay-Nava Encyclopedia entry on the santur
Dr. Ümit Mutlu's information on the santur (in Turkish)
Santur history (in Turkish)
The Iraqi Santur
January 07, 2023
santur, indian, instrument, santoor, santur, also, santūr, santour, santoor, persian, سنتور, hammered, dulcimer, iranian, origins, stringclassificationstringed, struckplaying, rangerelated, instrumentshammered, dulcimersound, sample, source, source, sadeghi, d. For the Indian instrument see Santoor The santur also santur santour santoor Persian سنتور is a hammered dulcimer of Iranian origins 1 2 SanturStringClassificationStringed StruckPlaying rangeRelated instrumentsHammered dulcimerSound sample source source Sadeghi Dehlavi Concertino for Santur by Faramarz Payvar Contents 1 History 2 Name 3 Description 4 Derivations 5 Iraqi santur 6 Notable players 6 1 Iran 6 2 Iraq 6 3 Greece 6 4 India 6 5 Germany 6 6 Poland 6 7 Turkey 6 8 Lebanon 7 From around the world 8 See also 9 Gallery 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External linksHistory Edit The archetype of the instrument carried horizontally and struck with two sticks found in iconographical documents in ancient Babylon 1600 911 BCE and Neo Assyria 911 612 BCE String instrumentClassificationStruckRelated instrumentsQanun Woman playing a santur early 19th century in Qajar Iran The santur was invented and developed in the area of Iran and Mesopotamia The earliest sign of it comes from Assyrian and Babylonian stone carvings 669 B C it shows the instrument being played while hanging from the player s neck 35 This instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the Middle East Each country customized and designed its own versions to adapt to their musical scales and tunings The original santur was made with wood and stones and strung with goat intestines The Mesopotamian santur has been claimed to be the father of the harp the Chinese yangqin the harpsichord the qanun the cimbalom and the American and European hammered dulcimers 3 Name EditThe name santur comes from Arabic sanṭir a borrowing of the Greek psalthrion psalterion 4 The Biblical Aramaic form psanterin is found in the Book of Daniel 3 5 Description EditThe oval shaped mezrabs mallets are feather weight and are held between the thumb index and middle fingers A typical Persian santur has two sets of nine bridges providing a range of approximately three diatonic octaves The mezrabs are made out of wood with tips that may or may not be wrapped with cotton or felt The right hand strings are made of brass or copper while the left hand strings are made of steel A total of 18 bridges divide the santur into three positions Over each bridge cross four strings tuned in unison spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument There are three sections of nine pitches each for the bass middle and higher octave called behind the left bridges comprising 27 tones altogether The top F note is repeated twice creating a total of 25 separate tones on the santur The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1 4 tones which are designated into 12 modes dastgahs of Persian classical music These 12 Dastgahs are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the Radif 5 They also had 16 inch botos further explanation needed Derivations EditSimilar musical instruments have been present since medieval times all over the world including Armenia China Greece India etc The Indian santoor is wider more rectangular and has more strings Its corresponding mallets are also held differently and played with a different technique The eastern European version of the santur called the cimbalom which is much larger and chromatic is used to accompany Hungarian folk music Eastern European Jewish music and Slavic music as well as Romani music 6 Iraqi santur Edit Typical Iraqi santur Chalghi santur player playing on a non standard Iraqi santur The Iraqi santur also santour santoor Arabic سنطور is a hammered dulcimer of Mesopotamian origin 2 It is a trapezoid box zither with a walnut body and 92 steel or bronze strings The strings tuned to the same pitch in groups of four are struck with two wooden mallets called midhrab The tuning of these 23 sets of strings extends from the lower yakah G up to jawab jawab husayni a The bridges are called dama chessmen in Iraqi Arabic because they look like pawns It is native to Iraq Syria India Pakistan Turkey Iran Greece the Aegean coasts and Azerbaijan It is the main instrument used in the classical Maqam al iraqi tradition along with the Iraqi spike fiddle joza Music of the Arabs ISBN 0 931340 88 8 The instrument was brought to Europe by the Arabs through North Africa and Spain during the Middle Ages and also to China where it was referred to as the foreign qin 3 The Iraqi santur has since its inception been fully chromatic allowing for full maqam modulations It uses 12 bridges of steel strings on both sides Three of these bridges are movable B half flat qaraar E half flat and B half flat jawaab The non standard version of the Iraqi santur includes extra bridges so that there s no need to move those three bridges However playing it is a bit harder than playing the standard 12 bridge santur 3 For a video demonstration see Wesam al Azzawy s video links in the sections below Notable players EditIran Edit Abol Hassan Saba Manoochehr Sadeghi Faramarz Payvar Mohammad Heydari Parviz Meshkatian Majid Kiani 7 Ahad Behjat Nasser Rastegar Nejad Masoud Rezaei Nejad Milad Kiayie Omid Tahmasebpour Mohammad Sadeq Khan 8 Ali Akbar Shahi 9 Hassan Khan 10 Hussein Malek 11 Habib Soma i 12 Reza Varzandeh 13 Reza Shafieian 14 Mansur Sarami 15 Masoud Shaari 16 Siamak Aghayi Sourena Sefati Mohammad Santour Khan 17 Daryoush Safvat 18 Jalal Akhbari 19 Pouya Saraei Ardavan Kamkar Pejman Azarmina Pashang Kamkar Peyman Heydarian Kourosh Zolani Arfa Atrai 20 Azar Hashemi 21 Susan Aslani 22 Manijeh Ali Pour 23 Hayaf Yassine Masoud Malek Iraq Edit Notable players of the Iraqi santur include 24 Abdallah Ali 1929 1998 Akram Al Iraqi Amir ElSaffar 25 Azhar Kubba Bahir Hashem Al Rajab Basil al Jarrah Ghazi Mahsub al Azzawi Hugi Salih Rahmain Pataw 1848 1933 26 Hashim Al Rajab Hala Bassam Hammudi Ali al Wardi Haj Hashim Muhammad Rajab al Ubaydi 1921 2003 Hendrin Hikmat 1974 Heskel Shmuli Ezra 1804 1894 Mohamed Abbas Muhammad Salih al Santurchi 18th century Muhammad Zaki Darwish al Samarra i 1955 27 Mustafa Abd al Qadir Tawfiq Qasim Muhammad Abd 1969 Rahmatallah Safa i Sa ad Abd al Latif al Ubaydi Sabah Hashim Saif Walid al Ubaydi Salman Enwiya Salman Sha ul Dawud Bassun 1900 1950 Sha ul Dawud Bassun 19th century Shummel Salih Shmuli 1837 1915 Wesam al Azzawy 1960 28 29 30 Yusuf Badros Aslan 1844 1929 Yusuf Hugi Pataw 1886 1976 26 Greece Edit Players of the Greek Santouri include Tasos Diakogiorgis Aristidis Moschos Marios Papadeas Ourania LambropoulouIndia Edit Notable players of the Indian santoor include Ulhas Bapat 1950 2018 Tarun Bhattacharya b 1957 Rahul Sharma b 1972 Shivkumar Sharma b 1938 Abhay Sopori Bhajan Sopori b 1948 R Visweswaran 1944 2007 Varsha Agrawal b 1967 31 Mohammad Tibet Baqal 1914 1982 32 Harjinder Pal Singh b 1953 33 Sandip ChatterjeeGermany Edit Dr Bee Seavers disciple of Pt Shivkumar Sharma 34 Poland Edit Jaroslaw NiemiecTurkey Edit Santuri Ethem Bey composer of Sehnaz LongaLebanon Edit Marcel GhrayebFrom around the world EditVersions of the santur or hammered dulcimer are used throughout the world In Eastern Europe a larger descendant of the hammered dulcimer called the cimbalom is played and has been used by a number of classical composers including Zoltan Kodaly Igor Stravinsky and Pierre Boulez and more recently in a different musical context by Blue Man Group The khim is the name of both the Thai and the Khmer hammered dulcimer The Chinese yangqin is a type of hammered dulcimer that originated in Persia The santur and santoor are found in the Middle East and India respectively Afghanistan santur Armenian sant ur Azerbaijan santur Austria Hackbrett Belarus Cymbaly tsymbaly Belgium hakkebord Brazil salterio Cambodia khim Catalonia saltiri China 扬琴 yangqin Croatian cimbal cimbale Czech Republic cimbal Denmark hakkebraet France tympanon Germany Hackbrett Greece santouri Hungary cimbalom India santoor Iran santur Iraq santur Ireland tiompan Italy salterio Korea yanggeum 양금 Laos khim Latgalia Latvia cymbala Latvia cimbole Lithuania cimbalai cimbolai Mongolia yoochin yoochin Netherlands hakkebord Norway hakkebrett Pakistan santur Poland cymbaly Portugal salterio Romania ţambal Russia cimbaly tsimbaly Dulcimer dultsimer Serbia cimbal tsimbal Slovakia cimbal Slovenia cimbale oprekelj Spain and Spanish speaking countries salterio dulcemele Sweden hackbrade hammarharpa Switzerland Hackbrett Thailand khim Turkey santur Ukraine Cimbali tsymbaly United Kingdom hammered dulcimer United States hammered dulcimer Uzbekistan chang Vietnam đan tam thập lục lit 36 strings Yiddish tsimblSee also EditPersian traditional musicGallery EditSantur related pictures Ali Bahrami Fard playing in Vahdat Hall Chalghi santur player playing on a non standard Iraqi santur Santur hand position source source source source source source source source source source Santur techniqueReferences Edit Farrokh Kaveh 2007 Shadows in the desert ancient Persia at war 1 publ in Great Britain ed Oxford UK Osprey p 286 ISBN 9781846031083 a b Rashid Subhi Anwar 1989 Al ʼAlat al musiqiyya al muṣahiba lil Maqam al ʻIraqi Baghdad Matbaʻat al ʻUmmal al Markaziyya a b c Touma Habib Hasan 1996 The Music of the Arabs Portland Oregon Amadeus Press ISBN 0 931340 88 8 Oxford English Dictionary updated December 2022 s v santoor Farhat Hormoz 1990 The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music Cambridge University Press ISBN 052130542X Kenrick Donald 2010 The A to Z of the Gypsies Romanies Lanham MD Scarecrow Press Inc p 43 ISBN 978 0 8108 7561 6 Kiani Majid Master of the Santur Santur Master Teacher amp Performer Khan Mohammad Sadeq One of the oldest Santur Masters Master of the Santur Shahi Ali Akbar Santur master Old school santur player Khan Hassan Santur Master Old school Santur Master Malek Hussein Santur master Old School Santur Master Somai Habib santur master Old school Santur master Varzandeh Reza Santur Master Unique Style of Playing Shafieian Reza Saba s Student Santur Master Sarami Mansur Santur Master Old School Santur player Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 Shaari Masoud Santur Master Old School Santur Master Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 Khan Mohammad Santour Oldest Santur Master that we have proof of Master of the Santur a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty url help Safvat Daryoush Santur Master Old school Santur master Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 Akhbari Jalal Old School Santur Master Master of the Santur Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 Arfa Atrai Santur Player Santur Soloist Hashemi Azar Female Santur Player Santur Soloist Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 Aslani Susan Female Santur Player Santur Soloist Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 Ali Pour Manijeh Female Santur Player Old School Santur Player Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 Al Hanafi Jalal 1964 Al Mughannun al Baghdadiyyun wa al Maqam al ʻIraqi Baghdad Wizarat al Irshad Amir ElSaffar Jazz Trumpeter Composer Iraqi Maqam Singer Santoor Player Amirelsaffar com Retrieved 20 April 2021 a b Traditional Iraqi Music Dangoor com Retrieved 20 April 2021 mohamedzakidarwish santourmzdarwish Sites google com Retrieved 20 April 2021 وسام ايوب العزاوي عزف على الة السنطور YouTube Retrieved 20 April 2021 عزف على السنطور للفنان وسام ايوب YouTube Retrieved 20 April 2021 عزف سنطور وسام العزاوي مقام نهاوند YouTube Retrieved 20 April 2021 Our wishes to India s single female Santoor player Dr Varsha Agrawal born 29 Jan 1967 28 January 2013 Shade Chinar 14 April 2015 CHINAR SHADE USTAAD MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH TIBETBAQAL 1914 1982 SUFIANA MUSICIAN FROM KASHMIR Artist Harjinder Pal Singh Santoor Gharana None www swarganga org Pt Shivkumar Sharma Shantiniketan eu Retrieved 20 April 2021 Bibliography EditAl Hanafi Jalal 1964 Al Mughannun al Baghdadiyyun wa al Maqam al ʻIraqi Baghdad Wizarat al Irshad Touma Habib Hassan 1996 The Music of the Arabs trans Laurie Schwartz Portland Oregon Amadeus Press ISBN 0 931340 88 8 Children s Book of Music ISBN 978 0 7566 6734 4Further reading EditDuchesne Guillemin Marcelle 1980 Sur la restitution de la musique hourrite Revue de Musicologie 66 no 1 1980 5 26 Duchesne Guillemin Marcelle 1984 A Hurrian Musical Score from Ugarit The Discovery of Mesopotamian Music Sources from the Ancient Near East vol 2 fasc 2 Malibu CA Undena Publications ISBN 0 89003 158 4 Fink Robert 1981 The Origin of Music A Theory of the Universal Development of Music Saskatoon Greenwich Meridian Gutterbock Hans 1970 Musical Notation in Ugarit Revue d assyriologie et d archeologie orientale 64 no 1 1970 45 52 Heydarian P J D Reiss 2005 The Persian music and the santur instrument PDF Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Music Information Retrieval London UK Vol 11 pp 524 527 Kilmer Anne Draffkorn 1971 The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 115 131 49 Kilmer Anne Draffkorn 1974 The Cult Song with Music from Ancient Ugarit Another Interpretation Revue d Assyriologie 68 69 82 Kilmer Anne Draffkorn 1997 Musik A philologisch Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archaologie 8 edited by Dietz Otto Edzard 463 82 Berlin De Gruyter ISBN 3 11 014809 9 Kilmer Anne 2001 Mesopotamia 8 ii The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians second edition edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell London Macmillan Publishers Kilmer Anne Draffkorn Richard L Crocker and Robert R Brown 1976 Sounds from Silence Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music Berkeley Bit Enki Publications 1976 Includes LP record Bit Enki Records BTNK 101 reissued s d as CD Vitale Raoul 1982 La Musique sumero accadienne gamme et notation musicale Ugarit Forschungen 14 1982 241 63 Wellesz Egon ed 1957 New Oxford History of Music Volume I Ancient and Oriental Music Oxford Oxford University Press West M artin L itchfiel 1994 The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts Music and Letters 75 no 2 May 161 79 Wulstan David 1968 The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp Iraq 30 215 28 Wulstan David 1971 The Earliest Musical Notation Music and Letters 52 1971 365 82 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santur Santur The Art of Persian Music The Persian music and the santur instrument Santur introduction in American Lutherie magazine Nay Nava Encyclopedia entry on the santur Dr Umit Mutlu s information on the santur in Turkish Santur history in Turkish The Iraqi Santur Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Santur amp oldid 1128682110, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
