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Russia–South Korea relations

February 15, 2024

Russia–South Korea relations (Russian: Российско-южнокорейские отношения, Rossiisko-yuzhnokoreyskie otnosheniya, Korean: 한러 관계, hanreo gwangye) or Russian–South Korean relations are the bilateral foreign relations between Russia and South Korea. Modern relations between the two countries began on September 30, 1990. Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, relations became very tense after South Korea imposed sanctions against Russia. Russia placed South Korea on a list of "unfriendly countries",[1] along with Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, the United States, European Union members, NATO members (except Turkey), Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, Micronesia and Ukraine.

Russia–South Korea relations

Russia
South Korea

Immediately following Japan's 1910-1945 colonial rule of Korea, the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States created the division of Korea into North and South states. Thereafter, since the two sides were separated by North Korea and opposing ideologies, there was little contact until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Since the 1990s, there has been greater trade and cooperation between the two nations. The total trade volume between South Korea and Russia in 2003 was 4.2 billion US dollars,[2] which increased to 24.8 billion US dollars in 2018.[3]

History edit

Russian Empire edit

The Russian Empire and Korea first established formal diplomatic relations in 1884, after which Russia exerted considerable political influence in Korea.[4] In particular, in 1896, the Korean royal family took refuge from pro-Japanese factions in Seoul at the Russian diplomatic compound. After the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, however, Russian influence in Korea fell to near zero.

Soviet Union edit

South Korea–Soviet Union relations
 
 
South Korea		  
Soviet Union

Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union had diplomatic assistance to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, the forerunner to the present day Republic of Korea, which served as a government in exile during the Japanese occupation of the country. As they resisted the Japanese, its manpower diminished when they attempted to reorganize their forces in Svobodny, Amur Oblast. The Bolsheviks believed them to be a liability to the Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War when the Japanese joined forces with the White Army and forced them disarm and join the Red Army. But they refused and the Red Army massacred them at Svobodny.

During the Cold War, until 1970, relations between the two countries were generally hostile, due to the Soviet Union supporting China and North Korea during the Korean War. The United States maintained military bases and nuclear weapons in South Korea, which the Soviet Union viewed as a threat to its security. In September 1983, a Soviet fighter jet shot down Korean Air Lines Flight 007 as it veered into Soviet airspace by mistake.

South Korea had been seeking to trade with the Soviet Union even before Gorbachev came to power. Gorbachev desired foreign capital and high technology, as well as Seoul's help in alleviating the Soviet economic crisis through direct investment, joint ventures, and trade. As early as May 1979, South Korea signed an agreement obtaining Finnish assistance in exporting to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.[5]

In the 1980s, South Korean President Roh Tae-woo's Nordpolitik and Mikhail Gorbachev's "New Thinking" were both attempts to reverse their nations' recent histories. Gorbachev had signaled Soviet interest in improving relations with all countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including South Korea, as explained in his July 1986 Vladivostok and August 1988 Krasnoyarsk speeches.[5]

The natural resources Seoul increasingly needed—oil, metals, timber, and fish—are abundant in the Soviet Far East. Trade with the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China would also alleviate South Korea's apprehension over the United States' increasing trade protectionism. South Korea's expanding trade with Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union initially was encouraged by the United States, although Washington later became increasingly concerned over possible high-technology transfers.[5]

Improved Seoul-Moscow relations were planned in three related stages: sports, trade, and political relations. The 1988 Seoul Olympics was a major catalyst. Moscow sent more than 6,000 Soviets to South Korea and Soviet tourist ships came to Busan and Incheon and Aeroflot planes landed in Seoul.[5]

On November 10, 1988, the Soviet Politburo, for the first time, reconsidered its relationship with South Korea. Because of the lack of diplomatic relations, most South Korean-Soviet trade initially was indirect; Eastern Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, and Singapore served as intermediaries. With an increasing volume of trade, Seoul and Moscow began trading directly, using facilities near Vladivostok and Busan. The Korea Trade Promotion Corporation (KOTRA) and the Soviet Chamber of Commerce and Industry exchanged a trade memorandum in 1988 pledging mutual assistance in establishing trade offices in 1989. Seoul's trade office in Moscow opened in July 1989; Moscow's trade office in Seoul opened in April 1989. Several major South Korean businesses including Daewoo, Sunkyong, and Lucky-Goldstar traded directly with the Soviet Union in 1990.[5]

South Korea's new-found wealth and technological prowess had been attracting the interest of a growing number of socialist nations. In initiating Nordpolitik, Roh's confidential foreign policy adviser was rumored to have visited Moscow to consult with Soviet policymakers. Kim Young Sam visited Moscow from June 2 to June 10, 1989, as the Kremlin announced that it would allow some 300,000 Soviet-Koreans who had been on the Soviet island of Sahkalin since the end of World War II to return permanently to South Korea. Moscow even arranged Kim's meeting with the North Korean ambassador to the Soviet Union.[5]

In June 1990, Roh held his first summit with President Gorbachev in San Francisco and diplomatic relations between the two countries officially began on September 30, 1990.[5]

Russian Federation edit

 
Dmitry Medvedev meeting Lee Myung-bak at The Kremlin

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, South Korea and Russia established diplomatic ties in 1991. On November 20, 1992 Russia and South Korea signed a protocol providing for regular visits of defence officials and naval vessels between the two countries.[6]

On July 23, 1997, during a visit of Russian Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov to Seoul, a "hot line" agreement was signed providing for the establishment of a special communications link between the official residences of the Russian and South Korean presidents.[7]

Russian president Vladimir Putin visited Seoul in February 2001, while South Korean president Roh Muhyeon visited Moscow in September 2004.[8][9]

South Korea and Russia are participants in the Six-party talks on the North Korea's nuclear proliferation issue.

In November 2013, Russia and South Korea signed a visa-free travel regime agreement.[10]

 
President Moon Jae-in speaks at the State Duma.

From 21 to 23 June 2018, South Korean president Moon Jae-in paid a state visit to Russia. On June 21, he addressed the State Duma, the lower house of the Russian Federal Assembly. He became the first South Korean leader to speak in the Russian Parliament.[11] On June 22, Russian President Vladimir Putin held talks with Moon Jae-in in Moscow. Leaders signed a document for foundation of free trade area.[12]

On 28 August 2018 Vice Defense Minister Suh Choo-suk met with Russian counterpart Alexander Fomin and reached an agreement to install a direct communication line between their air forces of two countries.[13]

In March 2022, Russia placed South Korea on the Unfriendly Countries List during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[14]

Diplomatic relations edit

The Soviet Union and South Korea did not have diplomatic relations until 1990-09-30. This relation continued after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, with the Russian Federation being a legal successor to the USSR.

As of 2023, Russia has an embassy in Seoul and consulate general in Pusan. South Korea has an embassy in Moscow, and three consulates general: in Saint Petersburg, Irkutsk and Vladivostok.[15]

Economic cooperation edit

South Korea and Russia are working together on construction of a bilateral industrial complex in the Nakhodka Free Economic Area in Russia's Far East and gas-fields development in Irkutsk. The two sides also agreed to cooperate on reconnecting a planned inter-Korean railroad with the Trans-Siberian Railway. Russia has expressed interest in becoming a conduit for South Korean exports to Europe, which now go by ship, by linking the Korean railroad to the Trans-Siberian Railway.[16][17]

Russia reportedly offered to repay its $1.7 billion debt to South Korea through joint investments in North Korea, such as the railroad project.[18]

Space program edit

South Korea sent its first cosmonaut on board a Soyuz flight to the International Space Station in April 2008. South Korea made domestic satellite launches in 2009 and 2010, both with Russian assistance. The first South Korean satellite was successfully launched in 2013 with extensive Russian assistance and a Russian first stage.

North Korean nuclear threat edit

See also: 2006 North Korean nuclear test, 2009 North Korean nuclear test, and 2013 North Korean nuclear test

After the nuclear test on May 25, 2009 for which North Korea was facing much censure from many countries, Pyongyang has threatened to attack South Korea after it joined a U.S.-led plan to check vessels suspected of carrying equipment for weapons of mass destruction. Many news agencies in Moscow were fearing that this move may lead to nuclear war. North Korea also threatened many other countries such as the US and other federations across the world. A few days later, South Korean President Lee Myung-bak and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev agreed in a phone call that a strong international response was needed, including U.N. action, Lee's office said. Russia said that it will work with Seoul on a new U.N. Security Council resolution and to revive international talks on the North Korean nuclear issue.

Human migration edit

Main articles: Koryo-saram, Sakhalin Koreans, and Russians in Korea

Koryo-saram is the name, which most ethnic Koreans in the Post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. These communities can be traced back to the Koreans who were living in the Russian Far East during the late 19th century.[19] Most of them took refuge in Russia after Japanese occupation of Korea in 1910. Most of Koryo-saram were deported to Soviet Central Asia (Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan) in 1937 as part of Stalin's policy of "frontier cleansing".

Currently, there are ca 500,000 Koryo-saram in the former USSR, primarily in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. After 1990, a large number of Koryo-saram returned to Russia or to South Korea. Currently, large communities of Koryo-saram live in southern Russia (around Volgograd), the Caucasus, and southern Ukraine.

There is also a separate ethnic Korean community on the island of Sakhalin, typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans. Some may identify as Koryo-saram, but many do not. Unlike the communities on the Russian mainland, which consist mostly of immigrants from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the ancestors of the Sakhalin Koreans came as immigrants from Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces in the late 1930s and early 1940s, forced into service by the Japanese government to work in coal mines in order to fill labour shortages caused by World War II.[20]

Russians in Korea began arriving as early as 1885; however, virtually all of the current Russian community in South Korea, estimated at about 10,000 people, is composed of recent migrants.[21]

Cultural exchange edit

There have been cases of cultural exchange between the two countries before the official diplomatic recognition. The introduction of Korean literature to the Russophone area was relatively active until the 1970s mainly through Korean classical stories.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ "Russia adds Japan to "unfriendly" countries, regions list in sanctions countermeasure", The Mainichi, March 8, 2022, retrieved 23 September 2023
  2. ^ "Russia ends WTO talks with S. Korea". People's Daily. 2004-09-22. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  3. ^ "Economic Relations between Russia and South Korea in the New Northern Policy" By Liudmila Zakharova. Korea Economic Institute of America. Page 3.
  4. ^ A. Torkunov, V. Denisov, Россия - Корея: взгляд из прошлого в настоящее 2016-04-02 at the Wayback Machine (Russia – Korea: a view from the past into the present)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Relations with the Soviet Union". Library of Congress Country Studies: South Korea. Library of Congress. June 1990. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  6. ^ Chronology of principal defenceand security-related agreements and initiatives involving the Russian Federation and Asian countries, 1992–99
  7. ^ Chronology of principal defence and security-related agreements and initiatives involving the Russian Federation and Asian countries, 1992–99
  8. ^ . Asia Times. 2001-02-27. Archived from the original on 2001-03-05. Retrieved 2007-05-29.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  9. ^ "South Korean president's visit to boost ties with Russia". People's Daily. 2004-09-24. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  10. ^ Russia, S. Korea Sign Visa-Free Agreement
  11. ^ Президент Республики Корея Мун Чжэ Ин выступил в Государственной Думе
  12. ^ South Korean President Moon Jae-in in Russia to Boost Economic Ties
  13. ^ S. Korea, Russia to Install Direct Air force Communication Line, kbs.co.kr, 2018-08-30
  14. ^ Agence France-Presse (October 28, 2022). "Russia to bar people from a growing list of "unfriendly" nations as sanctions over Putin's Ukraine war bite". CBS News. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  15. ^ https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/ru-vladivostok-ru/index.do
  16. ^ . Kyodo. 2001-02-27. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  17. ^ "Russia, South Korea close to Railroad Agreement". MosNews. 2006-02-27. Retrieved 2007-05-27.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^ Blagov, Sergei (2006-09-11). . Eurasia Daily Monitor. 3 (166). Archived from the original on November 21, 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  19. ^ Lee Kwang-kyu (2000). Overseas Koreans. Seoul: Jimoondang. pp. 7–15. ISBN 89-88095-18-9.
  20. ^ Ban, Byung-yool (2004-09-22). . Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2005-03-18. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  21. ^ . JoongAng Daily. 2004-11-08. Archived from the original on December 10, 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  22. ^ Kwak (곽), Hyo-hwan (효환). "러시아어권으로 소개된 한국문학- 70년대까지 고전중심으로 활발히 소개, 80년대부터 급감". Daesan Munhwa (대산문화). Retrieved 2011-09-20.

Further reading edit

  • Kim, Taewoo. "The Intensification of Russophobia in Korea from Late Chosŏn to the Colonial Period: Focusing on the Role of Japan." Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 31.1 (2018): 21-46.
  • Kristensen, Hans M., and Robert S. Norris. "A history of US nuclear weapons in South Korea." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 73.6 (2017): 349-357. online
  • Kukla, Marina. "Russia’s Turn to the East: Rethinking Economic Cooperation between Russia and South Korea." Problemy Dalnego Vostoka 2 (2020): 71-83. online
  • Lee, Sun-Woo, and Hyungjin Cho. "A Subtle Difference between Russia and China’s Stances toward the Korean Peninsula and Its Strategic Implications for South Korea." Journal of International and Area Studies 25.1 (2018): 113-130. online
  • Lisin, Anton. "Prospects and challenges of energy cooperation between Russia and South Korea." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 10.3 (2020): 130+ online
  • Rinna, Anthony V. "Russia–South Korea Relations and the US Indo-Pacific Strategy." Asia Policy 27.4 (2020): 91-109 online.
  • Toloraya, Georgy, and Lyubov Yakovleva. "Russia and North Korea: Ups and downs in relations." Asian Politics & Policy 13.3 (2021): 366-384.
  • Zakharova, Liudmila. Economic Relations Between Russia and South Korea in the New Northern Policy (Korea Economic Institute of America, 2019).

External links edit

February 15, 2024
russia, south, korea, relations, russian, Российско, южнокорейские, отношения, rossiisko, yuzhnokoreyskie, otnosheniya, korean, 한러, 관계, hanreo, gwangye, russian, south, korean, relations, bilateral, foreign, relations, between, russia, south, korea, modern, re. Russia South Korea relations Russian Rossijsko yuzhnokorejskie otnosheniya Rossiisko yuzhnokoreyskie otnosheniya Korean 한러 관계 hanreo gwangye or Russian South Korean relations are the bilateral foreign relations between Russia and South Korea Modern relations between the two countries began on September 30 1990 Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine relations became very tense after South Korea imposed sanctions against Russia Russia placed South Korea on a list of unfriendly countries 1 along with Taiwan Japan Singapore the United States European Union members NATO members except Turkey Canada Australia New Zealand Norway Switzerland Micronesia and Ukraine Russia South Korea relationsRussia South KoreaImmediately following Japan s 1910 1945 colonial rule of Korea the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States created the division of Korea into North and South states Thereafter since the two sides were separated by North Korea and opposing ideologies there was little contact until the dissolution of the Soviet Union Since the 1990s there has been greater trade and cooperation between the two nations The total trade volume between South Korea and Russia in 2003 was 4 2 billion US dollars 2 which increased to 24 8 billion US dollars in 2018 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Russian Empire 1 2 Soviet Union 1 3 Russian Federation 2 Diplomatic relations 3 Economic cooperation 4 Space program 5 North Korean nuclear threat 6 Human migration 7 Cultural exchange 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory editRussian Empire edit The Russian Empire and Korea first established formal diplomatic relations in 1884 after which Russia exerted considerable political influence in Korea 4 In particular in 1896 the Korean royal family took refuge from pro Japanese factions in Seoul at the Russian diplomatic compound After the defeat of Russia in the Russo Japanese War however Russian influence in Korea fell to near zero Soviet Union edit South Korea Soviet Union relations nbsp nbsp South Korea nbsp Soviet UnionSoviet Russia and later the Soviet Union had diplomatic assistance to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea the forerunner to the present day Republic of Korea which served as a government in exile during the Japanese occupation of the country As they resisted the Japanese its manpower diminished when they attempted to reorganize their forces in Svobodny Amur Oblast The Bolsheviks believed them to be a liability to the Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War when the Japanese joined forces with the White Army and forced them disarm and join the Red Army But they refused and the Red Army massacred them at Svobodny During the Cold War until 1970 relations between the two countries were generally hostile due to the Soviet Union supporting China and North Korea during the Korean War The United States maintained military bases and nuclear weapons in South Korea which the Soviet Union viewed as a threat to its security In September 1983 a Soviet fighter jet shot down Korean Air Lines Flight 007 as it veered into Soviet airspace by mistake South Korea had been seeking to trade with the Soviet Union even before Gorbachev came to power Gorbachev desired foreign capital and high technology as well as Seoul s help in alleviating the Soviet economic crisis through direct investment joint ventures and trade As early as May 1979 South Korea signed an agreement obtaining Finnish assistance in exporting to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 5 In the 1980s South Korean President Roh Tae woo s Nordpolitik and Mikhail Gorbachev s New Thinking were both attempts to reverse their nations recent histories Gorbachev had signaled Soviet interest in improving relations with all countries in the Asia Pacific region including South Korea as explained in his July 1986 Vladivostok and August 1988 Krasnoyarsk speeches 5 The natural resources Seoul increasingly needed oil metals timber and fish are abundant in the Soviet Far East Trade with the Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China would also alleviate South Korea s apprehension over the United States increasing trade protectionism South Korea s expanding trade with Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union initially was encouraged by the United States although Washington later became increasingly concerned over possible high technology transfers 5 Improved Seoul Moscow relations were planned in three related stages sports trade and political relations The 1988 Seoul Olympics was a major catalyst Moscow sent more than 6 000 Soviets to South Korea and Soviet tourist ships came to Busan and Incheon and Aeroflot planes landed in Seoul 5 On November 10 1988 the Soviet Politburo for the first time reconsidered its relationship with South Korea Because of the lack of diplomatic relations most South Korean Soviet trade initially was indirect Eastern Europe Hong Kong Japan and Singapore served as intermediaries With an increasing volume of trade Seoul and Moscow began trading directly using facilities near Vladivostok and Busan The Korea Trade Promotion Corporation KOTRA and the Soviet Chamber of Commerce and Industry exchanged a trade memorandum in 1988 pledging mutual assistance in establishing trade offices in 1989 Seoul s trade office in Moscow opened in July 1989 Moscow s trade office in Seoul opened in April 1989 Several major South Korean businesses including Daewoo Sunkyong and Lucky Goldstar traded directly with the Soviet Union in 1990 5 South Korea s new found wealth and technological prowess had been attracting the interest of a growing number of socialist nations In initiating Nordpolitik Roh s confidential foreign policy adviser was rumored to have visited Moscow to consult with Soviet policymakers Kim Young Sam visited Moscow from June 2 to June 10 1989 as the Kremlin announced that it would allow some 300 000 Soviet Koreans who had been on the Soviet island of Sahkalin since the end of World War II to return permanently to South Korea Moscow even arranged Kim s meeting with the North Korean ambassador to the Soviet Union 5 In June 1990 Roh held his first summit with President Gorbachev in San Francisco and diplomatic relations between the two countries officially began on September 30 1990 5 Russian Federation edit nbsp Dmitry Medvedev meeting Lee Myung bak at The KremlinAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union South Korea and Russia established diplomatic ties in 1991 On November 20 1992 Russia and South Korea signed a protocol providing for regular visits of defence officials and naval vessels between the two countries 6 On July 23 1997 during a visit of Russian Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov to Seoul a hot line agreement was signed providing for the establishment of a special communications link between the official residences of the Russian and South Korean presidents 7 Russian president Vladimir Putin visited Seoul in February 2001 while South Korean president Roh Muhyeon visited Moscow in September 2004 8 9 South Korea and Russia are participants in the Six party talks on the North Korea s nuclear proliferation issue In November 2013 Russia and South Korea signed a visa free travel regime agreement 10 nbsp President Moon Jae in speaks at the State Duma From 21 to 23 June 2018 South Korean president Moon Jae in paid a state visit to Russia On June 21 he addressed the State Duma the lower house of the Russian Federal Assembly He became the first South Korean leader to speak in the Russian Parliament 11 On June 22 Russian President Vladimir Putin held talks with Moon Jae in in Moscow Leaders signed a document for foundation of free trade area 12 On 28 August 2018 Vice Defense Minister Suh Choo suk met with Russian counterpart Alexander Fomin and reached an agreement to install a direct communication line between their air forces of two countries 13 In March 2022 Russia placed South Korea on the Unfriendly Countries List during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 14 Diplomatic relations editThe Soviet Union and South Korea did not have diplomatic relations until 1990 09 30 This relation continued after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 with the Russian Federation being a legal successor to the USSR As of 2023 Russia has an embassy in Seoul and consulate general in Pusan South Korea has an embassy in Moscow and three consulates general in Saint Petersburg Irkutsk and Vladivostok 15 Economic cooperation editSouth Korea and Russia are working together on construction of a bilateral industrial complex in the Nakhodka Free Economic Area in Russia s Far East and gas fields development in Irkutsk The two sides also agreed to cooperate on reconnecting a planned inter Korean railroad with the Trans Siberian Railway Russia has expressed interest in becoming a conduit for South Korean exports to Europe which now go by ship by linking the Korean railroad to the Trans Siberian Railway 16 17 Russia reportedly offered to repay its 1 7 billion debt to South Korea through joint investments in North Korea such as the railroad project 18 Space program editSouth Korea sent its first cosmonaut on board a Soyuz flight to the International Space Station in April 2008 South Korea made domestic satellite launches in 2009 and 2010 both with Russian assistance The first South Korean satellite was successfully launched in 2013 with extensive Russian assistance and a Russian first stage North Korean nuclear threat editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also 2006 North Korean nuclear test 2009 North Korean nuclear test and 2013 North Korean nuclear test After the nuclear test on May 25 2009 for which North Korea was facing much censure from many countries Pyongyang has threatened to attack South Korea after it joined a U S led plan to check vessels suspected of carrying equipment for weapons of mass destruction Many news agencies in Moscow were fearing that this move may lead to nuclear war North Korea also threatened many other countries such as the US and other federations across the world A few days later South Korean President Lee Myung bak and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev agreed in a phone call that a strong international response was needed including U N action Lee s office said Russia said that it will work with Seoul on a new U N Security Council resolution and to revive international talks on the North Korean nuclear issue Human migration editMain articles Koryo saram Sakhalin Koreans and Russians in Korea Koryo saram is the name which most ethnic Koreans in the Post Soviet states use to refer to themselves These communities can be traced back to the Koreans who were living in the Russian Far East during the late 19th century 19 Most of them took refuge in Russia after Japanese occupation of Korea in 1910 Most of Koryo saram were deported to Soviet Central Asia Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in 1937 as part of Stalin s policy of frontier cleansing Currently there are ca 500 000 Koryo saram in the former USSR primarily in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan After 1990 a large number of Koryo saram returned to Russia or to South Korea Currently large communities of Koryo saram live in southern Russia around Volgograd the Caucasus and southern Ukraine There is also a separate ethnic Korean community on the island of Sakhalin typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans Some may identify as Koryo saram but many do not Unlike the communities on the Russian mainland which consist mostly of immigrants from the late 19th and early 20th centuries the ancestors of the Sakhalin Koreans came as immigrants from Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces in the late 1930s and early 1940s forced into service by the Japanese government to work in coal mines in order to fill labour shortages caused by World War II 20 Russians in Korea began arriving as early as 1885 however virtually all of the current Russian community in South Korea estimated at about 10 000 people is composed of recent migrants 21 Cultural exchange editThere have been cases of cultural exchange between the two countries before the official diplomatic recognition The introduction of Korean literature to the Russophone area was relatively active until the 1970s mainly through Korean classical stories 22 References edit Russia adds Japan to unfriendly countries regions list in sanctions countermeasure The Mainichi March 8 2022 retrieved 23 September 2023 Russia ends WTO talks with S Korea People s Daily 2004 09 22 Retrieved 2007 05 28 Economic Relations between Russia and South Korea in the New Northern Policy By Liudmila Zakharova Korea Economic Institute of America Page 3 A Torkunov V Denisov Rossiya Koreya vzglyad iz proshlogo v nastoyashee Archived 2016 04 02 at the Wayback Machine Russia Korea a view from the past into the present a b c d e f g Relations with the Soviet Union Library of Congress Country Studies South Korea Library of Congress June 1990 Retrieved 2007 05 28 Chronology of principal defenceand security related agreements and initiatives involving the Russian Federation and Asian countries 1992 99 Chronology of principal defence and security related agreements and initiatives involving the Russian Federation and Asian countries 1992 99 Russia makes up lost ground with Korean proposals Asia Times 2001 02 27 Archived from the original on 2001 03 05 Retrieved 2007 05 29 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link South Korean president s visit to boost ties with Russia People s Daily 2004 09 24 Retrieved 2007 05 28 Russia S Korea Sign Visa Free Agreement Prezident Respubliki Koreya Mun Chzhe In vystupil v Gosudarstvennoj Dume South Korean President Moon Jae in in Russia to Boost Economic Ties S Korea Russia to Install Direct Air force Communication Line kbs co kr 2018 08 30 Agence France Presse October 28 2022 Russia to bar people from a growing list of unfriendly nations as sanctions over Putin s Ukraine war bite CBS News Retrieved October 28 2022 https overseas mofa go kr ru vladivostok ru index do Putin pledges support for reconciliation on Korean Peninsula Kyodo 2001 02 27 Archived from the original on 2008 06 12 Retrieved 2007 05 29 Russia South Korea close to Railroad Agreement MosNews 2006 02 27 Retrieved 2007 05 27 permanent dead link Blagov Sergei 2006 09 11 Russia China Japan and South Korea to launch new sea route linking China and Japan Eurasia Daily Monitor 3 166 Archived from the original on November 21 2006 Retrieved 2007 05 29 Lee Kwang kyu 2000 Overseas Koreans Seoul Jimoondang pp 7 15 ISBN 89 88095 18 9 Ban Byung yool 2004 09 22 Koreans in Russia Historical Perspective Korea Times Archived from the original on 2005 03 18 Retrieved 2006 11 20 A taste of Russia in heart of Seoul JoongAng Daily 2004 11 08 Archived from the original on December 10 2004 Retrieved 2007 05 28 Kwak 곽 Hyo hwan 효환 러시아어권으로 소개된 한국문학 70년대까지 고전중심으로 활발히 소개 80년대부터 급감 Daesan Munhwa 대산문화 Retrieved 2011 09 20 Further reading editKim Taewoo The Intensification of Russophobia in Korea from Late Chosŏn to the Colonial Period Focusing on the Role of Japan Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 31 1 2018 21 46 Kristensen Hans M and Robert S Norris A history of US nuclear weapons in South Korea Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 73 6 2017 349 357 online Kukla Marina Russia s Turn to the East Rethinking Economic Cooperation between Russia and South Korea Problemy Dalnego Vostoka 2 2020 71 83 onlineLee Sun Woo and Hyungjin Cho A Subtle Difference between Russia and China s Stances toward the Korean Peninsula and Its Strategic Implications for South Korea Journal of International and Area Studies 25 1 2018 113 130 onlineLisin Anton Prospects and challenges of energy cooperation between Russia and South Korea International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 10 3 2020 130 online Rinna Anthony V Russia South Korea Relations and the US Indo Pacific Strategy Asia Policy 27 4 2020 91 109 online Toloraya Georgy and Lyubov Yakovleva Russia and North Korea Ups and downs in relations Asian Politics amp Policy 13 3 2021 366 384 Zakharova Liudmila Economic Relations Between Russia and South Korea in the New Northern Policy Korea Economic Institute of America 2019 External links editEmbassy of the Russian Federation in Seoul Embassy of South Korea in Moscow Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Russia South Korea relations amp oldid 1191750295, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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