Artificial humans and autonomous artificial servants have a long history in human culture, though the term Robot and its modern literary conception as a mobile machine equipped with an advanced artificial intelligence are more fairly recent. The literary role of artificial life has evolved over time: early myths present animated objects as instruments of divine will, later stories treat their attempted creation as a blasphemy with inevitable consequences, and modern tales range from apocalyptic warnings against blind technological progress to explorations of the ethical questions raised by the possibility of sentient machines.
The earliest examples were all presented as the results of divine intervention and include: The dry bones that came to life in the Book of Ezekiel (Chapter 37); three-legged self-navigating tables created by the god Hephaestus (Iliad xviii); and the statue Galatea, brought to life by the prayers of her creator Pygmalion.
More recent humaniform examples include the brooms from the legend of the sorcerer's apprentice derived from a tale by Lucian of Samosata in the 1st century AD, the Jewish legend of the golem created like Adam from clay, and Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. These tales include an indictment of human folly at presuming to take on the role of creator.
Notable mechanical representations of humans include the life-sized singing puppet Olimpia in the short story "The Sandman" by E. T. A. Hoffmann in 1816 and a bipedal anthropomorphic mechanism in The Steam Man of the Prairies by Edward S. Ellis in 1868.[2] These examples are stories about human-controlled mechanisms without autonomy or self-awareness.
In Lyman Frank Baum's children's novelOzma of Oz, the first-ever introduction of a humanoid-appearance mechanical man that would satisfy the later "humanoid robot" definition occurred in 1907 - some fifteen years before the word "robot" was coined - with Tik-Tok, powered with a trio of clockwork movements for his thinking, movement and speech, none of which he could wind up himself.
In 1912,[3]Selma Lagerlöf published the poem Slåtterkarlarna på Ekolsund[4] which was published in the first part of Troll och människor. In the poem Christopher Polhem is hired to create mechanical mowers for a farmer.
The modern "robot"edit
The first use of the word "robot" was in Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) written in 1920 and first performed in Czechoslovakia in 1921, in New York City in 1922 and an English edition published in 1923. Čapek's Robots are artificially manufactured from organic materials to labor for humans, and as the play progresses they revolt and overthrow their human creators. However, the play ends on an optimistic note: Robots' artificial biology causes a male and female Robot to fall in love, preserving the spirit of humanity as a result. R. U. R. and its Robots reflect contemporary anxieties about dehumanization amid the mass industrialization and militarism of the early twentieth century.[5]
While Karel Čapek's play introduced the word "robot" into languages around the globe, he later wrote a letter to the Oxford English Dictionary of etymology in which he named his brother, painter and writer Josef Čapek, as its true inventor. In an article in the Czech Lidové noviny in 1933 he also explains that he originally wanted to call the creatures "laboři" from the Latin word labor. Karel found the word too bookish and sought advice from Josef who suggested to call them "robots". The word, which is always capitalized in Čapek's play, derives from robota which means "drudgery" in Czech and means "work" in Slovak.)
The theme of robots has been picked up by science fiction writers and many volumes are focused on robots and their interaction with the human species. Of particular note is the work of Isaac Asimov as a large part of his work centers on robots. Asimov is particularly known for his creation of the Three laws of robotics which that author uses in stories as both to define his robots and how these interact within the worlds he creates.
Referencesedit
^Glasjer, Horst Albert, Rossbach, Sabine (2011). The Artificial Human. Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York: Peter Lang. ISBN978-3631578087.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Artificial humans and autonomous artificial servants have a long history in human culture though the term Robot and its modern literary conception as a mobile machine equipped with an advanced artificial intelligence are more fairly recent The literary role of artificial life has evolved over time early myths present animated objects as instruments of divine will later stories treat their attempted creation as a blasphemy with inevitable consequences and modern tales range from apocalyptic warnings against blind technological progress to explorations of the ethical questions raised by the possibility of sentient machines Recently a popular overview of the history of androids robots cyborgs and replicants from antiquity to the present has been published 1 Treated fields of knowledge are history of technology history of medicine philosophy literature film and art history the range of topics discussed is worldwide Contents 1 Early uses 2 The modern robot 3 References 4 Further reading 5 See alsoEarly uses editThe earliest examples were all presented as the results of divine intervention and include The dry bones that came to life in the Book of Ezekiel Chapter 37 three legged self navigating tables created by the god Hephaestus Iliad xviii and the statue Galatea brought to life by the prayers of her creator Pygmalion More recent humaniform examples include the brooms from the legend of the sorcerer s apprentice derived from a tale by Lucian of Samosata in the 1st century AD the Jewish legend of the golem created like Adam from clay and Mary Shelley s Frankenstein These tales include an indictment of human folly at presuming to take on the role of creator Notable mechanical representations of humans include the life sized singing puppet Olimpia in the short story The Sandman by E T A Hoffmann in 1816 and a bipedal anthropomorphic mechanism in The Steam Man of the Prairies by Edward S Ellis in 1868 2 These examples are stories about human controlled mechanisms without autonomy or self awareness In Lyman Frank Baum s children s novel Ozma of Oz the first ever introduction of a humanoid appearance mechanical man that would satisfy the later humanoid robot definition occurred in 1907 some fifteen years before the word robot was coined with Tik Tok powered with a trio of clockwork movements for his thinking movement and speech none of which he could wind up himself In 1912 3 Selma Lagerlof published the poem Slatterkarlarna pa Ekolsund 4 which was published in the first part of Troll och manniskor In the poem Christopher Polhem is hired to create mechanical mowers for a farmer The modern robot editThe first use of the word robot was in Karel Capek s play R U R Rossum s Universal Robots written in 1920 and first performed in Czechoslovakia in 1921 in New York City in 1922 and an English edition published in 1923 Capek s Robots are artificially manufactured from organic materials to labor for humans and as the play progresses they revolt and overthrow their human creators However the play ends on an optimistic note Robots artificial biology causes a male and female Robot to fall in love preserving the spirit of humanity as a result R U R and its Robots reflect contemporary anxieties about dehumanization amid the mass industrialization and militarism of the early twentieth century 5 While Karel Capek s play introduced the word robot into languages around the globe he later wrote a letter to the Oxford English Dictionary of etymology in which he named his brother painter and writer Josef Capek as its true inventor In an article in the Czech Lidove noviny in 1933 he also explains that he originally wanted to call the creatures labori from the Latin word labor Karel found the word too bookish and sought advice from Josef who suggested to call them robots The word which is always capitalized in Capek s play derives from robota which means drudgery in Czech and means work in Slovak The theme of robots has been picked up by science fiction writers and many volumes are focused on robots and their interaction with the human species Of particular note is the work of Isaac Asimov as a large part of his work centers on robots Asimov is particularly known for his creation of the Three laws of robotics which that author uses in stories as both to define his robots and how these interact within the worlds he creates References edit Glasjer Horst Albert Rossbach Sabine 2011 The Artificial Human Frankfurt M Bern New York Peter Lang ISBN 978 3631578087 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link 37 original stories about anthropomorphic and zoomorphic machines appeared in dime novels between 1868 and 1899 See Dime Novel Robots by Joseph A Lovece https www amazon com Dime Novel Robots 1868 1899 Bibliography dp 1511578661 Litteraturbanken Slatterkarlarna pa Ekolsund Szollosy M 2017 Freud Frankenstein and our fear of robots projection in our cultural perception of technology AI amp Society 32 3 433 Further reading editGlaser Horst Albert and Rossbach Sabine The Artificial Human Frankfurt M Bern New York 2011 The Artificial Human See also editList of fictional robots and androids Artificial intelligence in fiction List of fictional computers Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Robots in literature amp oldid 1222936230, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
