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Rovno amber

April 13, 2024

Rivne amber, occasionally called Ukrainian amber,[1] is amber found in the Rivne Oblast and surrounding regions of Ukraine and Belarus. The amber is dated between Late Eocene and Early Oligocene, and suggested to be contemporaneous to Baltic amber (Prussian Formation). Major exploration and mining of the amber did not start until the 1990s.

Extinct wasp Disogmus rasnitsyni
Paleogeographic context of the Rivne Amber in Eocene Europe
Amber mine in Klesiv

Geology edit

The late Eocene amber is hosted in the Obukhov Formation, with early reports of occurrences in the underlying Mezhigorje Formation as well,[2][3] with the Mezhigorje Formation being where most of the amber is found. The formations are found along the northwestern margin of the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield[4] exposed in the Rivne region of the Ukraine and across the border near Rechitsa in the Gomel Region of Belarus.[5] The granite basement rock was overlain by sandy to clayey deposits that were host to alluvial amber.[3] The two formations total between 2–7 m (6.6–23.0 ft) in thickness, both containing interbeds or mixtures of brown coals and carbonized vegetation. Both formations are sandy to clayey in texture, with the Obukhov having more clayey glauconite-quartz plus sandy loess, while the Mezhigorje is mostly medium to fine grained sands of a greenish gray tone, and with occasional iron impregnation and layering.[6]

Prehistoric use edit

Small amounts of rough, partially worked, and fully shaped amber have been recovered from Paleolithic and Neolithic sites in the Dnieper area. At a site near Mezhyrich, four large mammoth bone huts attributed to Cro-Magnon Homo sapiens included over 300 pieces of amber attributed to Rivne origins. Many of the amber pieces are roughly fashioned into triangular and circular shapes. Dating of the site ranges between 13,300 and 10,500 B.C., when the regions of Baltic amber deposits in Kaliningrad and Lithuania were still covered with ice-sheets. A small female statuette of carved amber was found near Dobranichevka, while a 12 cm (4.72 in) disc with a central hole, and a hunting scene carved on one side was found in a Globular Amphora culture tomb in the Dubno district of Ukraine.[3]

Mining edit

The main use of amber until the 20th century was for burning, and rarely was it shaped for crafts.[3] As such, before the 1990s amber recovery wasn't overseen by the Ukrainian government, with small amounts found after rains and thaws and during well construction and while the Kyiv-Kovel rail line was being built.[2] Small scale collecting of the amber started to gain momentum in the 1950s when granite deposits in the Klesiv area were beginning to be developed. At that time the amber was picked from drainage piles and tailings dumps of the granite quarries,[2] often limited in access by the quarry operators.[3] Following an increase in the amber for jewelry production in Kyiv, Lithuania, and Poland, during the 1970s investigation and eventual start of the Pugach quarry in Klesiv culminated in 1991. In 1993 the Ukrainian government first started state overseen mining, under the auspices of Ukrburshtyn and at the same time making other major amber mining illegal. The current mining, centered on the Pugach quarry is operated by Burshtyn-Ukrainy.[3]

90% of Ukrainian amber is extracted illegally and the trade is controlled by armed organised crime groups. The amber is extracted by pumping water into the sandy sediments forcing the amber to the surface, creating pits. Areas where the amber is found are often covered in pine-beech forest, which is illegally deforested to extract the amber. Annual volumes of amber extracted illegally are suggested to be around 300 tons.[7] The richest placer deposits of Rivne amber are associated with the Obukhiv (late Eocene) and Mezhigorje (early Oligocene) Formations; deposits in the Kyiv region are known to come from the base of the Mezhigorje Fm. [8] The majority of Rivne amber is mined from the lower part of the aforementioned Formation, with the most notable locality being the Pugach Quarry in Klesiv. [9]

Composition edit

Amber from the Klesiv deposit and others in Ukraine have up to 0.1% Fe giving many pieces yellow-brown and brownish red tones to the amber,[10] though nearly crystal clear to totally opaque are found as well. Rare pieces have light green to pale green coloration, which typically fades to yellow after a year or two in the small pieces. However, larger pieces of green amber between 200–400 grams (7.1–14.1 oz) are more stable in color and have not faded after a decade.[3] Most of the amber from the Klesiv area has an oxidization crust between 1.5–2.0 millimetres (0.059–0.079 in) thick and brown to dark brown in coloration. Amber from the Volnoje area northwest of Klesiv often show a smooth transparent dark yellow crust, which is rarely seen in Klesiv specimens.[3] Similar to Baltic amber, Rivne amber is viscous in plasticity and unaltered pieces of both have a density of 0.98–1.13 g/cm3. Infrared spectroscopy of the amber shows carboxyl, hydroxyl, peroxide, and complex ester functional groups and additionally single and double bonds in the molecular structure are present placing Rivne amber in the succinite range, same as Baltic amber. Trace amounts of Pb, Y, Zn, Zr, and some other elements are present in Rivne amber. Small to no detectable amounts of those elements are detected in Baltic amber.[10]

Paleoecology edit

There are a number of arthropod taxa, ranging from planthoppers, such as Alicodoxa, and ants to mites and spiders that are shared between Rivne and Baltic amber.[3] As of 2016 there were 193 ant species described from Priabonian age European ambers, with all but 56 of the species being found in or described originally from Baltic amber, while Rivne amber hosts 31 of the 56 species that are not known from Baltic amber.[11] Based on the differences in ant fauna between Baltic amber and Rivne amber, it has been suggested by Perkovsky that the two were different areas of a large forest that covered Late Eocene to early Oligocene Europe.[2] The spiders of Rivne amber are similar to Baltic amber ones, but there is a notable percentage that are unique species not shared between the two. Similarly the gall midges from Rivne amber are entirely unique to Rivne and not shared at all with the Baltic amber. A drier climate for the Rivne forest is also suggested based on the high percentage of the Collembola families Entomobryidae and Sminthuridae, 59.7% and 24.5% respectively of the Collembola fauna. Baltic amber fly families have a distinct percentage of families associated with aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, such as Chironomidae, while the Rivne fly fauna includes nearly double the amount of Sciaridae, Tipulidae, Mycetophilidae and other families associated with leaf litter habitats, called the "Sciara" zone. This is also seen in the coleopterans. There is an overall smaller number of aphids, a condition suggesting a possible subtropical climate for the Rivne forest, while the percentage of the hymenopteran family Scelionidae suggests a drier climate as well.[2]

  •  
    Extinct hopper Alicodoxa rasnitsyni nymph
  •  
    Eocenomyrma ukrainica holotype male
  •  
    Extinct silken fungus beetle Cryptophagus alexagrestis

Taxa edit

There are several hundred families of arthropods identified from Rovno amber, with major reviews being compiled by Perkovsky et al (2003, 2007, 2010).

Plantae edit

Bryophyta edit

Marchantiophyta edit

Crustacea edit

Isopoda edit

Arachnida edit

Acari edit

Araneae edit

Myriapoda edit

Chilopoda edit

Diplopoda edit

Entognatha edit

Collembola edit

Insects edit

Archaeognatha edit

Blattodea edit

Coleoptera edit

Diptera edit

Ephemeroptera edit

Hemiptera edit

Hymenoptera edit

Isoptera edit

Lepidoptera edit

Mantodea edit

Family indeterminate

Mecoptera edit

Neuroptera edit

Orthoptera edit

Plecoptera edit

Psocoptera edit

Raphidioptera edit

Thysanoptera edit

Trichoptera edit

Strepsiptera edit

Family indeterminate

References edit

  1. ^ Sontag, E.; Szadziewski, R (2011). "Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Eocene Baltic amber from the Rivne region (Ukraine)". Polish Journal of Entomology/Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 80 (4): 779–800. doi:10.2478/v10200-011-0058-4.
  2. ^ a b c d e Perkovsky, E. E.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Vlaskin, A. P.; Taraschuk, M. V. (2007). "A comparative analysis of the Baltic and Rovno amber arthropod faunas: representative samples". African Invertebrates. 48 (1): 229–245.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Perkovsky, E. E.; Zosimovich, V. Y.; Vlaskin, A. P. (2010). "Chapter 7: Rovno amber". In Penney, D. (ed.). Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits. Siri Scientific Press. pp. 116–136. ISBN 978-0-9558636-4-6.
  4. ^ Engel, M.S.; Perkovsky, E.E. (2006). "An Eocene bee in Rovno amber, Ukraine (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3506): 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)506[0001:aebira]2.0.co;2. S2CID 84073810.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Perkovsky, E. E. (2017). "Rovno Amber Caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) from Different Localities, with Information about three New Sites". Vestnik Zoologii. 51 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1515/vzoo-2017-0003.
  6. ^ Perkovsky, E. E.; Zosimovich, V. Y.; Vlaskin, A. P. (2003). "A Rovno amber fauna: a preliminary report". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 46(Supplemental): 423–430.
  7. ^ Besser, Linton (2020-01-21). "Blasting the green earth in a rapacious hunt for precious stones". ABC News. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  8. ^ Perkovsky, Evgeny E. "A Rovno amber fauna: a preliminary report". ResearchGate. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  9. ^ Jaloszynski, Pawel (2016). "Diversity of Scydmaeninae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Upper Eocene Rovno amber". Zootaxa. 4157 (1): 1–85. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4157.1.1. PMID 27615867. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  10. ^ a b Bogdasarov, M. A. (2007). "Mineralogy of fossil resins in Northern Eurasia". Geology of Ore Deposits. 49 (7): 630–637. Bibcode:2007GeoOD..49..630B. doi:10.1134/s1075701507070215. S2CID 129128479.
  11. ^ Perkovsky, E. E. (2016). "Tropical and Holarctic ants in Late Eocene ambers". Vestnik Zoologii. 50 (2): 111–122. doi:10.1515/vzoo-2016-0014.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ignatov, M. S.; Perkovsky, E. E. (2011). "Mosses from Rovno amber (Ukraine)". Arctoa. 20: 1–18. doi:10.15298/arctoa.20.01.
  13. ^ Mamontov, Y. S.; Hentschel, J.; Konstantinova, N. A.; Perkovsky, E. E.; Ignatov, M. S. (2017). "Hepatics from Rovno amber (Ukraine), 6. Frullania rovnoi, sp. nov". Journal of Bryology: 1–6.
  14. ^ Nadein, K. S.; Perkovsky, E. E.; Moseyko, A. G. (2016). "New Late Eocene Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) from Baltic, Rovno and Danish ambers". Papers in Palaeontology. 2 (1): 117–137. doi:10.1002/spp2.1034. S2CID 86059856.
  15. ^ Martynova, K. V.; Perkovsky, E. E. (2017). "Two new genera of cuckoo wasps (Chrysididae: Amiseginae) from Rovno and Baltic ambers". Paleontological Journal. 51 (4): 382–390. doi:10.1134/s0031030117040074. S2CID 89736989.
  16. ^ Kupryjanowicz, J.; Makarkin, V. N. (2008). "Archiconiocompsa prisca Enderlein (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae): the first neuropteran fossil in Rovno amber (Ukraine)" (PDF). Entomologica Fennica. 19 (1): 25–31. doi:10.33338/ef.84410.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Rovno amber at Wikimedia Commons

April 13, 2024
rovno, amber, rivne, amber, occasionally, called, ukrainian, amber, amber, found, rivne, oblast, surrounding, regions, ukraine, belarus, amber, dated, between, late, eocene, early, oligocene, suggested, contemporaneous, baltic, amber, prussian, formation, majo. Rivne amber occasionally called Ukrainian amber 1 is amber found in the Rivne Oblast and surrounding regions of Ukraine and Belarus The amber is dated between Late Eocene and Early Oligocene and suggested to be contemporaneous to Baltic amber Prussian Formation Major exploration and mining of the amber did not start until the 1990s Extinct wasp Disogmus rasnitsyniPaleogeographic context of the Rivne Amber in Eocene EuropeAmber mine in Klesiv Contents 1 Geology 2 Prehistoric use 3 Mining 4 Composition 5 Paleoecology 6 Taxa 6 1 Plantae 6 1 1 Bryophyta 6 1 2 Marchantiophyta 6 2 Crustacea 6 2 1 Isopoda 6 3 Arachnida 6 3 1 Acari 6 3 2 Araneae 6 4 Myriapoda 6 4 1 Chilopoda 6 4 2 Diplopoda 6 5 Entognatha 6 5 1 Collembola 6 6 Insects 6 6 1 Archaeognatha 6 6 2 Blattodea 6 6 3 Coleoptera 6 6 4 Diptera 6 6 5 Ephemeroptera 6 6 6 Hemiptera 6 6 7 Hymenoptera 6 6 8 Isoptera 6 6 9 Lepidoptera 6 6 10 Mantodea 6 6 11 Mecoptera 6 6 12 Neuroptera 6 6 13 Orthoptera 6 6 14 Plecoptera 6 6 15 Psocoptera 6 6 16 Raphidioptera 6 6 17 Thysanoptera 6 6 18 Trichoptera 6 6 19 Strepsiptera 7 References 8 External linksGeology editThe late Eocene amber is hosted in the Obukhov Formation with early reports of occurrences in the underlying Mezhigorje Formation as well 2 3 with the Mezhigorje Formation being where most of the amber is found The formations are found along the northwestern margin of the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield 4 exposed in the Rivne region of the Ukraine and across the border near Rechitsa in the Gomel Region of Belarus 5 The granite basement rock was overlain by sandy to clayey deposits that were host to alluvial amber 3 The two formations total between 2 7 m 6 6 23 0 ft in thickness both containing interbeds or mixtures of brown coals and carbonized vegetation Both formations are sandy to clayey in texture with the Obukhov having more clayey glauconite quartz plus sandy loess while the Mezhigorje is mostly medium to fine grained sands of a greenish gray tone and with occasional iron impregnation and layering 6 Prehistoric use editSmall amounts of rough partially worked and fully shaped amber have been recovered from Paleolithic and Neolithic sites in the Dnieper area At a site near Mezhyrich four large mammoth bone huts attributed to Cro Magnon Homo sapiens included over 300 pieces of amber attributed to Rivne origins Many of the amber pieces are roughly fashioned into triangular and circular shapes Dating of the site ranges between 13 300 and 10 500 B C when the regions of Baltic amber deposits in Kaliningrad and Lithuania were still covered with ice sheets A small female statuette of carved amber was found near Dobranichevka while a 12 cm 4 72 in disc with a central hole and a hunting scene carved on one side was found in a Globular Amphora culture tomb in the Dubno district of Ukraine 3 Mining editThe main use of amber until the 20th century was for burning and rarely was it shaped for crafts 3 As such before the 1990s amber recovery wasn t overseen by the Ukrainian government with small amounts found after rains and thaws and during well construction and while the Kyiv Kovel rail line was being built 2 Small scale collecting of the amber started to gain momentum in the 1950s when granite deposits in the Klesiv area were beginning to be developed At that time the amber was picked from drainage piles and tailings dumps of the granite quarries 2 often limited in access by the quarry operators 3 Following an increase in the amber for jewelry production in Kyiv Lithuania and Poland during the 1970s investigation and eventual start of the Pugach quarry in Klesiv culminated in 1991 In 1993 the Ukrainian government first started state overseen mining under the auspices of Ukrburshtyn and at the same time making other major amber mining illegal The current mining centered on the Pugach quarry is operated by Burshtyn Ukrainy 3 90 of Ukrainian amber is extracted illegally and the trade is controlled by armed organised crime groups The amber is extracted by pumping water into the sandy sediments forcing the amber to the surface creating pits Areas where the amber is found are often covered in pine beech forest which is illegally deforested to extract the amber Annual volumes of amber extracted illegally are suggested to be around 300 tons 7 The richest placer deposits of Rivne amber are associated with the Obukhiv late Eocene and Mezhigorje early Oligocene Formations deposits in the Kyiv region are known to come from the base of the Mezhigorje Fm 8 The majority of Rivne amber is mined from the lower part of the aforementioned Formation with the most notable locality being the Pugach Quarry in Klesiv 9 Composition editAmber from the Klesiv deposit and others in Ukraine have up to 0 1 Fe giving many pieces yellow brown and brownish red tones to the amber 10 though nearly crystal clear to totally opaque are found as well Rare pieces have light green to pale green coloration which typically fades to yellow after a year or two in the small pieces However larger pieces of green amber between 200 400 grams 7 1 14 1 oz are more stable in color and have not faded after a decade 3 Most of the amber from the Klesiv area has an oxidization crust between 1 5 2 0 millimetres 0 059 0 079 in thick and brown to dark brown in coloration Amber from the Volnoje area northwest of Klesiv often show a smooth transparent dark yellow crust which is rarely seen in Klesiv specimens 3 Similar to Baltic amber Rivne amber is viscous in plasticity and unaltered pieces of both have a density of 0 98 1 13 g cm3 Infrared spectroscopy of the amber shows carboxyl hydroxyl peroxide and complex ester functional groups and additionally single and double bonds in the molecular structure are present placing Rivne amber in the succinite range same as Baltic amber Trace amounts of Pb Y Zn Zr and some other elements are present in Rivne amber Small to no detectable amounts of those elements are detected in Baltic amber 10 Paleoecology editThere are a number of arthropod taxa ranging from planthoppers such as Alicodoxa and ants to mites and spiders that are shared between Rivne and Baltic amber 3 As of 2016 there were 193 ant species described from Priabonian age European ambers with all but 56 of the species being found in or described originally from Baltic amber while Rivne amber hosts 31 of the 56 species that are not known from Baltic amber 11 Based on the differences in ant fauna between Baltic amber and Rivne amber it has been suggested by Perkovsky that the two were different areas of a large forest that covered Late Eocene to early Oligocene Europe 2 The spiders of Rivne amber are similar to Baltic amber ones but there is a notable percentage that are unique species not shared between the two Similarly the gall midges from Rivne amber are entirely unique to Rivne and not shared at all with the Baltic amber A drier climate for the Rivne forest is also suggested based on the high percentage of the Collembola families Entomobryidae and Sminthuridae 59 7 and 24 5 respectively of the Collembola fauna Baltic amber fly families have a distinct percentage of families associated with aquatic and semi aquatic habitats such as Chironomidae while the Rivne fly fauna includes nearly double the amount of Sciaridae Tipulidae Mycetophilidae and other families associated with leaf litter habitats called the Sciara zone This is also seen in the coleopterans There is an overall smaller number of aphids a condition suggesting a possible subtropical climate for the Rivne forest while the percentage of the hymenopteran family Scelionidae suggests a drier climate as well 2 nbsp Extinct hopper Alicodoxa rasnitsyni nymph nbsp Eocenomyrma ukrainica holotype male nbsp Extinct silken fungus beetle Cryptophagus alexagrestisTaxa editThere are several hundred families of arthropods identified from Rovno amber with major reviews being compiled by Perkovsky et al 2003 2007 2010 Plantae edit Bryophyta edit Brachytheciaceae 12 Ctenidiaceae 12 Neckeraceae 12 Rhachitheciaceae 12 Marchantiophyta edit Jubulaceae 13 Crustacea edit Isopoda edit Porcellionidae TrichoniscidaeArachnida edit Acari edit Anystidae Bdellidae Cepheidae Cheyletoidea Digamasellidae Erythraeidae Glaesacaridae 12 Ixodidae Liacaroidea Microtrombidiidae Oppoidea RhagidiidaeAraneae edit Araneidae Clubionidae Nesticidae Oonopidae Salticidae Linyphiidae Liocranidae ZodariidaeMyriapoda edit Chilopoda edit LithobiidaeDiplopoda edit PolyxenidaeEntognatha edit Collembola edit Entomobryidae Hypogastruridae Sminthuridae Bourletiellidae TomoceridaeInsects edit Archaeognatha edit MachilidaeBlattodea edit Blaberidae Blattellidae PolyphagidaeColeoptera edit Aderidae Anthicidae Artematopidae Carabidae Cleridae Chrysomelidae 14 Curculionidae Dermestidae Elateridae Helodidae Languriidae Lathridiidae Leiodidae 12 MeBlandryidae Melyridae Monotomidae Mordellidae Mycetophagidae Nitidulidae Ptiliidae Ptinidae Scolytidae Scraptiidae 12 Scirtidae Scydmaenidae Staphylinidae 12 ZopheridaeDiptera edit Acroceridae Asilidae Bibionidae Bombyliidae Campichoetidae Cecidomyiidae Ceratopogonidae Chaodoridae Chironomidae 12 Clusiidae Dixidae Dolichopodidae 12 Drosophilidae Empididae Keroplatidae Limoniidae Mycetobiidae Mycetophilidae Mythicomyiidae Phoridae Psychodidae 12 Rhagionidae Scatopsidae Sciaridae 12 Simuliidae Syrphidae TipulidaeEphemeroptera edit HeptageniidaeHemiptera edit Achilidae Aleyrodidae Anthocoridae Aphalaridae Cercopidae Cicadellidae Cixiidae Dictyopharidae Drepanosiphidae Electraphididae Eriosomatidae Lygaeidae Matsucoccidae Microphysidae Mindaridae Miridae Ortheziidae Pemphigidae Piesmatidae Pseudococcidae Reduviidae Saldidae Schizopteridae Tingidae Tropiduchidae Hymenoptera edit Aphelinidae Bethylidae Braconidae Ceraphronidae Chrysididae 15 Crabronidae Cynipidae Diapriidae Embolemidae Encyrtidae Eurytomidae Eulophidae Evaniidae Figitidae Formicidae 12 Ichneumonidae Megalyridae Megachilidae Megaspilidae Mutilidae Mymaridae Mymarommatidae Paxylommatidae Platygastridae Pompilidae Proctotrupidae Pteromalidae Scelionidae Signiphoridae Tetracampidae Torymidae TrichogrammatidaeIsoptera edit Kalotermitidae Rhinotermitidae StylotermitidaeLepidoptera edit Gelechioidea family indeterminate Psychidae Tineoidea family indeterminate Mantodea edit Family indeterminate Mecoptera edit BittacidaeNeuroptera edit Coniopterygidae 16 Hemerobiidae NevrorthidaeOrthoptera edit Gryllidae TettigoniidaePlecoptera edit Capniidae LeuctridaePsocoptera edit Archipsocidae Caeciliusidae Ephemeriidae Epipsocidae Psocidae SphaeropsocidaeRaphidioptera edit RaphidiidaeThysanoptera edit Aeolothripidae Merothripidae Phloeothripidae ThripidaeTrichoptera edit Beraeida 5 Calamoceratidae 5 Ecnomidae 5 Hydroptilidae 5 Philopotamidae 5 Phryganeidae 5 Polycentropodidae 5 Psychomyiidae 5 Strepsiptera edit Family indeterminateReferences edit Sontag E Szadziewski R 2011 Biting midges Diptera Ceratopogonidae in Eocene Baltic amber from the Rivne region Ukraine Polish Journal of Entomology Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 80 4 779 800 doi 10 2478 v10200 011 0058 4 a b c d e Perkovsky E E Rasnitsyn A P Vlaskin A P Taraschuk M V 2007 A comparative analysis of the Baltic and Rovno amber arthropod faunas representative samples African Invertebrates 48 1 229 245 a b c d e f g h i Perkovsky E E Zosimovich V Y Vlaskin A P 2010 Chapter 7 Rovno amber In Penney D ed Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits Siri Scientific Press pp 116 136 ISBN 978 0 9558636 4 6 Engel M S Perkovsky E E 2006 An Eocene bee in Rovno amber Ukraine Hymenoptera Megachilidae PDF American Museum Novitates 3506 1 11 doi 10 1206 0003 0082 2006 506 0001 aebira 2 0 co 2 S2CID 84073810 a b c d e f g h i Perkovsky E E 2017 Rovno Amber Caddisflies Insecta Trichoptera from Different Localities with Information about three New Sites Vestnik Zoologii 51 1 15 22 doi 10 1515 vzoo 2017 0003 Perkovsky E E Zosimovich V Y Vlaskin A P 2003 A Rovno amber fauna a preliminary report Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 46 Supplemental 423 430 Besser Linton 2020 01 21 Blasting the green earth in a rapacious hunt for precious stones ABC News Retrieved 2020 02 05 Perkovsky Evgeny E A Rovno amber fauna a preliminary report ResearchGate Retrieved 19 June 2021 Jaloszynski Pawel 2016 Diversity of Scydmaeninae Coleoptera Staphylinidae in Upper Eocene Rovno amber Zootaxa 4157 1 1 85 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4157 1 1 PMID 27615867 Retrieved 19 June 2021 a b Bogdasarov M A 2007 Mineralogy of fossil resins in Northern Eurasia Geology of Ore Deposits 49 7 630 637 Bibcode 2007GeoOD 49 630B doi 10 1134 s1075701507070215 S2CID 129128479 Perkovsky E E 2016 Tropical and Holarctic ants in Late Eocene ambers Vestnik Zoologii 50 2 111 122 doi 10 1515 vzoo 2016 0014 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ignatov M S Perkovsky E E 2011 Mosses from Rovno amber Ukraine Arctoa 20 1 18 doi 10 15298 arctoa 20 01 Mamontov Y S Hentschel J Konstantinova N A Perkovsky E E Ignatov M S 2017 Hepatics from Rovno amber Ukraine 6 Frullania rovnoi sp nov Journal of Bryology 1 6 Nadein K S Perkovsky E E Moseyko A G 2016 New Late Eocene Chrysomelidae Insecta Coleoptera from Baltic Rovno and Danish ambers Papers in Palaeontology 2 1 117 137 doi 10 1002 spp2 1034 S2CID 86059856 Martynova K V Perkovsky E E 2017 Two new genera of cuckoo wasps Chrysididae Amiseginae from Rovno and Baltic ambers Paleontological Journal 51 4 382 390 doi 10 1134 s0031030117040074 S2CID 89736989 Kupryjanowicz J Makarkin V N 2008 Archiconiocompsa prisca Enderlein Neuroptera Coniopterygidae the first neuropteran fossil in Rovno amber Ukraine PDF Entomologica Fennica 19 1 25 31 doi 10 33338 ef 84410 External links edit nbsp Media related to Rovno amber at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rovno amber amp oldid 1213380132, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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