The Drosophilidae are a diverse, cosmopolitanfamily of flies, which includes species called fruit flies, although they are more accurately referred to as vinegar or pomace flies.[1] Another distantly related family of flies, Tephritidae, are true fruit flies because they are frugivorous, and include apple maggot flies and many pests. The best known species of the Drosophilidae is Drosophila melanogaster, within the genusDrosophila, also called the "fruit fly." Drosophila melanogaster is used extensively for studies concerning genetics, development, physiology, ecology and behaviour. Many fundamental biological mechanisms were discovered first in D. melanogaster.[2] The fruit fly is mostly composed of post-mitotic cells, has a very short lifespan, and shows gradual aging. As in other species, temperature influences the life history of the animal. Several genes have been identified that can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects. Additionally, Drosophila subobscura, also within the genus Drosophila, has been reputed as a model organism for evolutionary-biological studies,[3] along with D. sechellia for the evolution of host specialization on the toxic noni fruit[4] and Scaptomyza flava for the evolution of herbivory and specialist on toxic mustard leaves.[5]
Generally, drosophilids are considered to be nuisance flies rather than pests, since most species breed in rotting material. Zaprionus indianus is unusual among Drosophilidae species in being a serious, primary pest of at least one commercial fruit, figs in Brazil.[6] Another species, Drosophila suzukii, infests thin-skinned fruit such as raspberries and cherries and can be a serious agricultural pest.[7] The leaf mining Scaptomyza flava, which is nested in the genus Drosophilaphylogenetically, is an obligate leaf miner of mustard plants, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana[5] and is a major pest of salad brassicas in New Zealand and an emerging pest of canola in the UK.[8]Drosophila repleta larvae inhabit drains and spread bacteria. Fruit flies in general are considered as a common vector in propagating acetic acid bacteria[9] in nature. This often ruins the alcohol fermentation process and can ruin beer or wine by turning it into vinegar. There are sinking traps available on the market for this nuisance, but one quick way to strongly limit the extent of it is to vacuum clean the flies both at rest and in their slow flight.
IdentificationEdit
The diagnostic characteristics for Drosophilidae include the presence of an incomplete subcostal vein, two breaks in the costal vein, a small anal cell in the wing, convergent postocellar bristles; and usually three frontal bristles on each side of the head, one directed forward and the other two directed rearward. More extensive identification characteristics can be found in "Drosophila: A Guide to Species Identification and Use" by Therese A. Markow and Patrick O'Grady, (Academic Press, 2005) ISBN0-12-473052-3 or "Drosophila: A Laboratory Handbook" by M. Ashburner, K. Golic, S. Hawley, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2005).
Anti-parasitic behaviorEdit
Of their many defenses against parasites, when Drosophila melanogaster flies see female larval endoparasitoid wasps, they switch to laying their eggs in alcohol-laden food sources such as rotting fruit. Doing so protects the flies from becoming host to the larvae, as the wasps have a low alcohol tolerance. This oviposition behavior change only occurs upon seeing the female wasp larva and does not take place in the presence of the male wasp larva.[10]
MutualismEdit
There is evidence to support that pathogens living within certain flies are beneficial to the behavior and survival of the host. One such example of this is in the fly Scaptomyza flava, which carries the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in exchange for the pathogen damaging the anti-herbivore defenses of main food source for the fly, plants in the family Brassicaceae.[11]
PhylogenyEdit
The family contains more than 4,000 species classified under 75 genera. Recently, a comprehensive phylogenetic classification of the genera based on both molecular and morphological characters has been published.[12]
^Markow, Ann Therese (2006). Drosophila : a guide to species identification and use. Elsevier. ISBN0-08-045409-7. OCLC 74908130.
^Mohr, Stephanie Elizabeth (2018). First in fly: Drosophila research and biological discovery. Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-97101-1. OCLC 1034915732.
^Krimbas, C.B. & Loukas,M.(1980) Inversion Polymorphism of Drosophila subobscura Evol.Biol.12,163-234.
^Jones, Corbin D., "The genetics of adaptation in Drosophila sechellia", Georgia Genetics Review III, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 137–145, retrieved 2021-12-18
^ abWhiteman, Noah K.; Groen, Simon C.; Chevasco, Daniela; Bear, Ashley; Beckwith, Noor; Gregory, T. Ryan; Denoux, Carine; Mammarella, Nicole; Ausubel, Frederick M.; Pierce, Naomi E. (2010-11-13). "Mining the plant-herbivore interface with a leafmining Drosophila of Arabidopsis". Molecular Ecology. 20 (5): 995–1014. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04901.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC3062943.
^. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
^Drosophila suzukii Center of Invasive Species Research
^Martin, N. A. (January 2004). "History of an invader,Scaptomyza flava(Fallen, 1823) (Diptera: Drosophilidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 31 (1): 27–32. doi:10.1080/03014223.2004.9518356. ISSN 0301-4223.
^Groen, Simon C.; Humphrey, Parris T.; Chevasco, Daniela; Ausubel, Frederick M.; Pierce, Naomi E.; Whiteman, Noah K. (January 2016). "Pseudomonas syringae enhances herbivory by suppressing the reactive oxygen burst in Arabidopsis". Journal of Insect Physiology. 84: 90–102. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.011. ISSN 1879-1611. PMC4721946. PMID 26205072.
^Yassin, Amir (2013). "Phylogenetic classification of the Drosophilidae Rondani (Diptera): The role of morphology in the postgenomic era". Systematic Entomology. 38 (2): 349–364. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00665.x.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drosophilidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Drosophilidae.
Diptera.info photo gallery
Family Drosophilidae at EOL images
October 18, 2023
drosophilidae, diverse, cosmopolitan, family, flies, which, includes, species, called, fruit, flies, although, they, more, accurately, referred, vinegar, pomace, flies, another, distantly, related, family, flies, tephritidae, true, fruit, flies, because, they,. The Drosophilidae are a diverse cosmopolitan family of flies which includes species called fruit flies although they are more accurately referred to as vinegar or pomace flies 1 Another distantly related family of flies Tephritidae are true fruit flies because they are frugivorous and include apple maggot flies and many pests The best known species of the Drosophilidae is Drosophila melanogaster within the genus Drosophila also called the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is used extensively for studies concerning genetics development physiology ecology and behaviour Many fundamental biological mechanisms were discovered first in D melanogaster 2 The fruit fly is mostly composed of post mitotic cells has a very short lifespan and shows gradual aging As in other species temperature influences the life history of the animal Several genes have been identified that can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects Additionally Drosophila subobscura also within the genus Drosophila has been reputed as a model organism for evolutionary biological studies 3 along with D sechellia for the evolution of host specialization on the toxic noni fruit 4 and Scaptomyza flava for the evolution of herbivory and specialist on toxic mustard leaves 5 DrosophilidaeLordiphosa andalusiacaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder DipteraSuperfamily EphydroideaFamily DrosophilidaeRondani 1856SubfamilyDrosophilinae Steganinae Contents 1 Economic significance 2 Identification 3 Anti parasitic behavior 4 Mutualism 5 Phylogeny 6 References 7 External linksEconomic significance EditGenerally drosophilids are considered to be nuisance flies rather than pests since most species breed in rotting material Zaprionus indianus is unusual among Drosophilidae species in being a serious primary pest of at least one commercial fruit figs in Brazil 6 Another species Drosophila suzukii infests thin skinned fruit such as raspberries and cherries and can be a serious agricultural pest 7 The leaf mining Scaptomyza flava which is nested in the genus Drosophila phylogenetically is an obligate leaf miner of mustard plants including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana 5 and is a major pest of salad brassicas in New Zealand and an emerging pest of canola in the UK 8 Drosophila repleta larvae inhabit drains and spread bacteria Fruit flies in general are considered as a common vector in propagating acetic acid bacteria 9 in nature This often ruins the alcohol fermentation process and can ruin beer or wine by turning it into vinegar There are sinking traps available on the market for this nuisance but one quick way to strongly limit the extent of it is to vacuum clean the flies both at rest and in their slow flight Identification EditThe diagnostic characteristics for Drosophilidae include the presence of an incomplete subcostal vein two breaks in the costal vein a small anal cell in the wing convergent postocellar bristles and usually three frontal bristles on each side of the head one directed forward and the other two directed rearward More extensive identification characteristics can be found in Drosophila A Guide to Species Identification and Use by Therese A Markow and Patrick O Grady Academic Press 2005 ISBN 0 12 473052 3 or Drosophila A Laboratory Handbook by M Ashburner K Golic S Hawley Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2005 Anti parasitic behavior EditOf their many defenses against parasites when Drosophila melanogaster flies see female larval endoparasitoid wasps they switch to laying their eggs in alcohol laden food sources such as rotting fruit Doing so protects the flies from becoming host to the larvae as the wasps have a low alcohol tolerance This oviposition behavior change only occurs upon seeing the female wasp larva and does not take place in the presence of the male wasp larva 10 Mutualism EditThere is evidence to support that pathogens living within certain flies are beneficial to the behavior and survival of the host One such example of this is in the fly Scaptomyza flava which carries the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in exchange for the pathogen damaging the anti herbivore defenses of main food source for the fly plants in the family Brassicaceae 11 Phylogeny EditThe family contains more than 4 000 species classified under 75 genera Recently a comprehensive phylogenetic classification of the genera based on both molecular and morphological characters has been published 12 Subfamily Drosophilinae Rondani 1856 Tribe Colocasiomyini Okada 1989 Genus Baeodrosophila Wheeler amp Takada 1964 Genus Balara Bock 1982 Genus Chymomyza Czerny 1903 Genus Colocasiomyia de Meijere 1914 Genus Lissocephala Malloch 1929 Genus Neotanygastrella Duda 1925 Genus Phorticella Duda 1924 Genus Scaptodrosophila Duda 1923 Genus Protochymomyza Grimaldi 1987 Tribe Drosophilini Okada 1989 Genus Arengomyia Yafuso amp Toda 2008 Genus Bialba Bock 1989 Genus Calodrosophila Wheeler amp Takada 1964 Genus Celidosoma Hardy 1965 Genus Collessia Bock 1982 Genus Dettopsomyia Lamb 1914 Genus Dichaetophora Duda 1940 Genus Dicladochaeta Malloch 1932 Genus Drosophila Fallen 1823 Genus Hirtodrosophila Duda 1923 Genus Hypselothyrea Okada 1956 Genus Idiomyia Grimshaw 1901 Hawaiian Drosophila Genus Jeannelopsis Seguy 1938 Genus Laccodrosophila Duda 1927 Genus Liodrosophila Duda 1922 Genus Lordiphosa Basden 1961 Genus Microdrosophila Malloch 1921 Genus Miomyia Grimaldi 1987 Genus Mulgravea Bock 1982 Genus Mycodrosophila Oldenberg 1914 Genus Palmomyia Grimaldi 2003 Genus Paraliodrosophila Duda 1925 Genus Paramycodrosophila Duda 1924 Genus Poliocephala Bock 1989 Genus Samoaia Malloch 1934 Genus Scaptomyza Hardy 1849 Genus Sphaerogastrella Duda 1922 Genus Styloptera Duda 1924 Genus Tambourella Wheeler 1957 Genus Zaprionus Coquillett 1902 Genus Zaropunis Tsacas 1990 Genus Zapriothrica Wheeler 1956 Genus Zygothrica Wiedemann 1830 Incertae sedis Genus Marquesia Malloch 1932 Subfamily Steganinae Hendel 1917 Tribe Gitonini Grimaldi 1990 Genus Allopygaea Tsacas 2000 Genus Acletoxenus Frauenfeld 1868 Genus Amiota Loew 1862 Genus Apenthecia Tsacas 1983 Genus Apsiphortica Okada 1971 Genus Cacoxenus Loew 1858 Genus Crincosia Bock 1982 Genus Electrophortica Hennig 1965 Genus Erima Kertesz 1899 Genus Gitona Meigen 1830 Genus Hyalistata Wheeler 1960 Genus Luzonimyia Malloch 1926 Genus Mayagueza Wheeler 1960 Genus Paracacoxenus Hardy amp Wheeler 1960 Genus Paraleucophenga Hendel 1914 Genus Paraphortica Duda 1934 Genus Phortica Schiner 1862 Genus Pseudiastata Coquillett 1901 Genus Pseudocacoxenus Duda 1925 Genus Rhinoleucophenga Hendel 1917 Genus Soederbomia Hendel 1938 Genus Trachyleucophenga Hendel 1917 Tribe Steganini Okada 1989 Genus Eostegana Hendel 1913 Genus Leucophenga Mik 1866 Genus Pararhinoleucophenga Duda 1924 Genus Parastegana Okada 1971 Genus Pseudostegana Okada 1978 Genus Stegana Meigen 1830 Incertae sedis Genus Neorhinoleucophenga Duda 1924 Genus Pyrgometopa Kertesz 1901 nbsp Close up of fruit fly proboscis nbsp Front view nbsp nbsp Drosophilidae compound eyeReferences Edit Markow Ann Therese 2006 Drosophila a guide to species identification and use Elsevier ISBN 0 08 045409 7 OCLC 74908130 Mohr Stephanie Elizabeth 2018 First in fly Drosophila research and biological discovery Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 97101 1 OCLC 1034915732 Krimbas C B amp Loukas M 1980 Inversion Polymorphism of Drosophila subobscura Evol Biol 12 163 234 Jones Corbin D The genetics of adaptation in Drosophila sechellia Georgia Genetics Review III Berlin Heidelberg Springer Verlag pp 137 145 retrieved 2021 12 18 a b Whiteman Noah K Groen Simon C Chevasco Daniela Bear Ashley Beckwith Noor Gregory T Ryan Denoux Carine Mammarella Nicole Ausubel Frederick M Pierce Naomi E 2010 11 13 Mining the plant herbivore interface with a leafmining Drosophila of Arabidopsis Molecular Ecology 20 5 995 1014 doi 10 1111 j 1365 294x 2010 04901 x ISSN 0962 1083 PMC 3062943 Pest Alerts Zaprionus indianus Gupta DPI Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Archived from the original on 2013 10 12 Retrieved 2013 10 05 Drosophila suzukii Center of Invasive Species Research Martin N A January 2004 History of an invader Scaptomyza flava Fallen 1823 Diptera Drosophilidae New Zealand Journal of Zoology 31 1 27 32 doi 10 1080 03014223 2004 9518356 ISSN 0301 4223 Vinegars of the World Chapter 5 ISBN 978 88 470 0865 6 Kacsoh BZ Lynch ZR Mortimer NT Schlenke TA Feb 2013 fruit flies medicate offspring after seeing parasites Science 339 6122 947 950 Bibcode 2013Sci 339 947K doi 10 1126 science 1229625 PMC 3760715 PMID 23430653 Groen Simon C Humphrey Parris T Chevasco Daniela Ausubel Frederick M Pierce Naomi E Whiteman Noah K January 2016 Pseudomonas syringae enhances herbivory by suppressing the reactive oxygen burst in Arabidopsis Journal of Insect Physiology 84 90 102 doi 10 1016 j jinsphys 2015 07 011 ISSN 1879 1611 PMC 4721946 PMID 26205072 Yassin Amir 2013 Phylogenetic classification of the Drosophilidae Rondani Diptera The role of morphology in the postgenomic era Systematic Entomology 38 2 349 364 doi 10 1111 j 1365 3113 2012 00665 x External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drosophilidae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Drosophilidae Diptera info photo gallery Family Drosophilidae at EOL images Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Drosophilidae amp oldid 1145091407, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
