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Rhododendron sect. Tsutsusi

November 27, 2023

Rhododendron section Tsutsusi (spelled Tsutsuji in some older texts) was a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron, commonly referred to as the evergreen azaleas.[3][4][5] In 2005 it was reduced to a section of subgenus Azaleastrum.[6] Containing 80 - 117 species, it includes both deciduous and evergreen types and is distributed in Japan, China and northeastern Asia. They are of high cultural importance to the Japanese.[citation needed] Among the species in this genus lie the largest flowering azaleas.[citation needed]

Rhododendron sect. Tsutsusi
Rhododendron indicum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Rhododendron
Subgenus: Rhododendron subg. Azaleastrum
Section: Rhododendron sect. Tsutsusi
(Sweet) Pojarkova[1][2]
Type species
Rhododendron indicum
(L.) Sweet
Subsections

Description edit

Tsutsusi are characterised by the presence of terminal buds that contain both floral and vegetative shoots. Many also have flattened multicellular ferrugineous (rust coloured) hairs, which can cover the leaves and stems providing a coppery appearance, or pseudoverticillate leaves that are rhombic in shape. However some have hairs confined to the axils, or base of floral buds.[5]

Taxonomy edit

The section has traditionally included two subsections,[5][7] classified on the basis of their leaves, young twigs and corolla. Phylogenetic analysis has confirmed both the monophyly of the section and its subsections.[4]

Subsections edit

  • Rhododendron subsect. Brachycalyx Sweet, type Rhododendron farrerae. 15 species. - leaves deciduous, pseudoverticillate, rhombic, crowded at the shoot apex and monomorphic, hairs usually confined to axils, found mainly outside China.
  • Rhododendron subsect. Tsutsusi Sweet, type Rhododendron indicum. 66 species. - leaves dimorphic, generally deciduous but some apical leaves over winter, young twigs with flattened multicellular hairs that are more widely distributed.[5]

The results of molecular analyses reveal that morphological features such as flower colour, corolla size, or whether leaves are mono- or dimorphic, appear to not be very useful in sorting out the phylogenetic relationships within section Tsutsusi.[5]

Etymology edit

Tsutsusi comes from the Japanese word for Azalea, Tsutsuji ( つつじ or ツツジ). When Don (1834) described the subdivisions of Rhododendron he named one of his eight sections, Tsutsutsi (sic), which he explained was the Chinese name of the first species described (R. indicum, originally Azalea indica L.).[8] The term was first used by Engelbert Kaempfer (who unlike Linnaeus preferred native names),[9] in Japan and then incorporated into Michel Adanson's taxonomy (1763)[10] as Tsutsusi Kaempf., a genus separate from Rhododendron, in the family Vaccinia or Aireles (Family 22/58, later Ericaceae). Adanson gives genus Tsutsusi as synonymous with the earlier Azalea L.[11] Subsequent authors such as Don (1834) and Candolle (1838)[12] continued the use of the vernacular word Tsutsusi to describe a subdivision of the genus.

Distribution edit

Temperate and subtropical regions of China and Japan, but also found occasionally in Korea, Thailand, Burma, Laos and India.[5]

Cultivation edit

The Tsutsusi are amongst the most popular of the cultivated azaleas, and were cultivated in China and Japan prior to their introduction to Europe, and have an important role in the horticultural industry. They are grown as landscape plants in appropriate climates, and also as potted plants and Bonsai.[5]

References edit

  1. ^ Sweet R. The British Flower Garden. Fl. Gard., ser. 2, 2: t. 117. 1831
  2. ^ Pojarkova AI, in Schischkin & Bobrov, Flora URSS. 18: 55. 1952.
  3. ^ Chamberlain, DF; Hyam R; Argent G; Fairweather G; Walter KS (1996). . Royal Botanic gardens Edinburgh. ISBN 1-872291-66-X. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  4. ^ a b Powell, Kron; Ann, E.; Kathleen, A. "Molecular systematics of Rhododendron subgenus Tsutsusi (Rhodoreae, Ericoideae, Ericaceae)". Botany. 2004: 147.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Kron, K. A.; Powell, E. A. (2009). "Molecular Systematics of Rhododendron Subgenus Tsutsusi (Rhodoreae, Ericoideae, Ericaceae)". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 66: 81. doi:10.1017/S0960428609005071.
  6. ^ Goetsch, Loretta A.; Eckert, Andrew J.; Hall, Benjamin D. (July–September 2005). "The molecular systematics of Rhododendron (Ericaceae): a phylogeny based upon RPB2 gene sequences". Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 616–626. doi:10.1600/0363644054782170. S2CID 51949019.
  7. ^
  8. ^ Don G. General History of Dichlamydious Plants. 1834 iii 843
  9. ^ Amoenitatum exoticarum politico-physico-medicarum fasciculi v, quibus continentur variae relationes, observationes & descriptiones rerum Persicarum & ulterioris Asiae, multâ attentione, in peregrinationibus per universum Orientum, collecta, ab auctore Engelberto Kaempfero: Tsutsusi. Lemgoviae, Typis & impensis H.W. Meyeri, 1712. Page 845ff. 2007-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Adanson, Michel (1763). Familles des plantes. Vol. v. 1-2. Paris: Vincent. p. 164. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  11. ^ Beatrice Bodart-Bailey, Derek Massarella. The Furthest Goal: Engelbert Kaempfer's Encounter with Tokugawa Japan. Routledge, 2012. Page 92. ISBN 1136637834
  12. ^ A. P. de Candolle; et al. (1838). "Tsutsusi". Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Part VII. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz. p. 726.

Bibliography edit

  • Wilson EH, Rehder A. A MONOGRAPH OF AZALEAS RHODODENDRON SUBGENUS ANTHODENDRON. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE April 15 1921. PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM, No. 9
  • Chamberlain, DF (1990). "A revision of Rhododendron. IV Subgenus Tsutsusi". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 47 (2): 89–200. doi:10.1017/S096042860000319X.
  • Craven, L.A.; Goetsch, L.A.; Hall, B.D.; Brown, G.K. (2008). "Classification of the Vireya group of Rhododendron (Ericaceae)". Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants. 53 (2): 435–442. doi:10.3767/000651908X608070.
  • Yue-Jiao, ZHANG; Xiao-Feng, JIN; Bing-Yang, DING; Jing-Ping, ZHU (2009). "Pollen morphology of Rhododendron subgen. Tsutsusi and its systematic implications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 47 (2): 123–138. doi:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00011.x. S2CID 86594487.
  • Xiao-Feng, Jin; Bing-Yang, Ding; Yue-Jiao, Zhang; De-Yuan, Hong (2010). "A Taxonomic Revision Of Rhododendron subg. Tsutsusi sect. Brachycalyx (Ericaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 97 (2): 163–190. doi:10.3417/2007139. S2CID 86507576.

External links edit

  •   Data related to Rhododendron sect. Tsutsusi at Wikispecies
  •   Media related to Rhododendron sect. Tsutsusi at Wikimedia Commons
  • Flora of China
  • Tropicos, see also Section Tsutsusi
  • "Genus Rhododendron Taxonomic Tree". American Rhododendron Society. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

November 27, 2023
rhododendron, sect, tsutsusi, rhododendron, section, tsutsusi, spelled, tsutsuji, some, older, texts, subgenus, genus, rhododendron, commonly, referred, evergreen, azaleas, 2005, reduced, section, subgenus, azaleastrum, containing, species, includes, both, dec. Rhododendron section Tsutsusi spelled Tsutsuji in some older texts was a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron commonly referred to as the evergreen azaleas 3 4 5 In 2005 it was reduced to a section of subgenus Azaleastrum 6 Containing 80 117 species it includes both deciduous and evergreen types and is distributed in Japan China and northeastern Asia They are of high cultural importance to the Japanese citation needed Among the species in this genus lie the largest flowering azaleas citation needed Rhododendron sect TsutsusiRhododendron indicumScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder EricalesFamily EricaceaeGenus RhododendronSubgenus Rhododendron subg AzaleastrumSection Rhododendron sect Tsutsusi Sweet Pojarkova 1 2 Type speciesRhododendron indicum L SweetSubsectionsBrachycalyx Tsutsusi Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Subsections 2 2 Etymology 3 Distribution 4 Cultivation 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksDescription editTsutsusi are characterised by the presence of terminal buds that contain both floral and vegetative shoots Many also have flattened multicellular ferrugineous rust coloured hairs which can cover the leaves and stems providing a coppery appearance or pseudoverticillate leaves that are rhombic in shape However some have hairs confined to the axils or base of floral buds 5 Taxonomy editThe section has traditionally included two subsections 5 7 classified on the basis of their leaves young twigs and corolla Phylogenetic analysis has confirmed both the monophyly of the section and its subsections 4 Subsections edit Rhododendron subsect Brachycalyx Sweet type Rhododendron farrerae 15 species leaves deciduous pseudoverticillate rhombic crowded at the shoot apex and monomorphic hairs usually confined to axils found mainly outside China Rhododendron subsect Tsutsusi Sweet type Rhododendron indicum 66 species leaves dimorphic generally deciduous but some apical leaves over winter young twigs with flattened multicellular hairs that are more widely distributed 5 The results of molecular analyses reveal that morphological features such as flower colour corolla size or whether leaves are mono or dimorphic appear to not be very useful in sorting out the phylogenetic relationships within section Tsutsusi 5 Etymology edit Tsutsusi comes from the Japanese word for Azalea Tsutsuji つつじ or ツツジ When Don 1834 described the subdivisions of Rhododendron he named one of his eight sections Tsutsutsi sic which he explained was the Chinese name of the first species described R indicum originally Azalea indica L 8 The term was first used by Engelbert Kaempfer who unlike Linnaeus preferred native names 9 in Japan and then incorporated into Michel Adanson s taxonomy 1763 10 as Tsutsusi Kaempf a genus separate from Rhododendron in the family Vaccinia or Aireles Family 22 58 later Ericaceae Adanson gives genus Tsutsusi as synonymous with the earlier Azalea L 11 Subsequent authors such as Don 1834 and Candolle 1838 12 continued the use of the vernacular word Tsutsusi to describe a subdivision of the genus Distribution editTemperate and subtropical regions of China and Japan but also found occasionally in Korea Thailand Burma Laos and India 5 Cultivation editThe Tsutsusi are amongst the most popular of the cultivated azaleas and were cultivated in China and Japan prior to their introduction to Europe and have an important role in the horticultural industry They are grown as landscape plants in appropriate climates and also as potted plants and Bonsai 5 References edit Sweet R The British Flower Garden Fl Gard ser 2 2 t 117 1831 Pojarkova AI in Schischkin amp Bobrov Flora URSS 18 55 1952 Chamberlain DF Hyam R Argent G Fairweather G Walter KS 1996 The genusRhododendron its classification and synonymy Royal Botanic gardens Edinburgh ISBN 1 872291 66 X Archived from the original on July 14 2014 Retrieved July 3 2014 a b Powell Kron Ann E Kathleen A Molecular systematics of Rhododendron subgenus Tsutsusi Rhodoreae Ericoideae Ericaceae Botany 2004 147 a b c d e f g Kron K A Powell E A 2009 Molecular Systematics of Rhododendron Subgenus Tsutsusi Rhodoreae Ericoideae Ericaceae Edinburgh Journal of Botany 66 81 doi 10 1017 S0960428609005071 Goetsch Loretta A Eckert Andrew J Hall Benjamin D July September 2005 The molecular systematics of Rhododendron Ericaceae a phylogeny based upon RPB2 gene sequences Systematic Botany 30 3 616 626 doi 10 1600 0363644054782170 S2CID 51949019 Loretta Goetsch Andrew Eckert and Benjamin Hall Classification of genus Rhododendron 2005 Annual ARS Convention Don G General History of Dichlamydious Plants 1834 iii 843 Amoenitatum exoticarum politico physico medicarum fasciculi v quibus continentur variae relationes observationes amp descriptiones rerum Persicarum amp ulterioris Asiae multa attentione in peregrinationibus per universum Orientum collecta ab auctore Engelberto Kaempfero Tsutsusi Lemgoviae Typis amp impensis H W Meyeri 1712 Page 845ff Archived 2007 12 09 at the Wayback Machine Adanson Michel 1763 Familles des plantes Vol v 1 2 Paris Vincent p 164 Retrieved 9 February 2014 Beatrice Bodart Bailey Derek Massarella The Furthest Goal Engelbert Kaempfer s Encounter with Tokugawa Japan Routledge 2012 Page 92 ISBN 1136637834 A P de Candolle et al 1838 Tsutsusi Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta Part VII Paris Treuttel et Wurtz p 726 Bibliography editWilson EH Rehder A A MONOGRAPH OF AZALEAS RHODODENDRON SUBGENUS ANTHODENDRON THE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE April 15 1921 PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM No 9 Chamberlain DF 1990 A revision of Rhododendron IV Subgenus Tsutsusi Edinburgh Journal of Botany 47 2 89 200 doi 10 1017 S096042860000319X Craven L A Goetsch L A Hall B D Brown G K 2008 Classification of the Vireya group of Rhododendron Ericaceae Blumea Biodiversity Evolution and Biogeography of Plants 53 2 435 442 doi 10 3767 000651908X608070 Yue Jiao ZHANG Xiao Feng JIN Bing Yang DING Jing Ping ZHU 2009 Pollen morphology of Rhododendron subgen Tsutsusi and its systematic implications Journal of Systematics and Evolution 47 2 123 138 doi 10 1111 j 1759 6831 2009 00011 x S2CID 86594487 Xiao Feng Jin Bing Yang Ding Yue Jiao Zhang De Yuan Hong 2010 A Taxonomic Revision Of Rhododendron subg Tsutsusi sect Brachycalyx Ericaceae Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97 2 163 190 doi 10 3417 2007139 S2CID 86507576 External links edit nbsp Data related to Rhododendron sect Tsutsusi at Wikispecies nbsp Media related to Rhododendron sect Tsutsusi at Wikimedia Commons Flora of China Tropicos see also Section Tsutsusi Genus Rhododendron Taxonomic Tree American Rhododendron Society Retrieved 18 June 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rhododendron sect Tsutsusi amp oldid 1136206735, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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