Rhina Aguirre

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Aguirre and the second or maternal family name is Amézaga.

Rhina Aguirre Amézaga (20 May 1939 – 30 October 2021) was a Bolivian disability activist, politician, and sociologist who served as senator for Tarija from 2010 to 2015.

Rhina Aguirre
Senator for Tarija
In office 19 January 2010 – 18 January 2015
Substitute	Darío Gareca (2010–2012)^[1] Félix Bolívar (2012–2015)^[2]
Preceded by	Roberto Ruiz
Succeeded by	Milciades Peñaloza
Personal details
Born	Rhina Aguirre Amézaga (1939-05-20)20 May 1939 Tarija, Bolivia
Died	30 October 2021(2021-10-30) (aged 82)
Political party	Movement for Socialism
Spouse	Carlos Samaniego
Occupation	Educator politician sociologist

Aguirre studied education while undergoing the novitiate at the Santa Ana School. Though she retired before making her perpetual vows, she remained influenced by the concepts of liberation theology, which united Christian doctrine with left-wing political positions. An opponent of the military dictatorships of the 1970s and '80s, Aguirre was an early activist in the country's human rights movement.

Exiled to Ecuador by the García Meza regime, she collaborated with Leonidas Proaño's Indigenous Ministry and worked closely with the country's peasant and social organizations. Blinded in both eyes by toxoplasmosis, Aguirre took up the cause of disability rights, joining the Departmental Council for Disabled Persons upon her return to Bolivia. In 2009, she joined the Movement for Socialism and was elected to represent Tarija in the Senate, becoming the first blind person in Bolivian history ever to assume a parliamentary seat.

Early life and career

Early life and education

Rhina Aguirre was born on 20 May 1939 in Tarija to Humberto Aguirre Aoiz, an artisan jeweler and Chaco War veteran from Sucre, and Lucía Amézaga de Ameller, a woman from Camargo.^[3][4] The eldest of three siblings, Aguirre spent her childhood in relative poverty, raised primarily by her father and stepmother, her birth mother having died when Aguirre was 5 years old.^[5][6] Aguirre's father made a living operating a small watch shop in the city. A communist, well-read on the theories of Marxism–Leninism, Humberto Aguirre instilled in his daughter a sense of class consciousness and educated her on the need to combat social inequality:^[4][5]

I didn't understand much of what he was saying [at the time] ... I didn't like that word (fighting). I imagined those wrestling shows ... My dad explained to me that it wasn't about that kind of fight, but about constant movement and work; he exhorted me to read, to inform myself.

— Rhina Aguirre

Aguirre completed her primary and secondary schooling at the Santa Ana School, a religious institute run by the nunnery.^[4] She studied education there and eventually joined the school's staff as a professor and later its director. During this time, Aguirre also underwent the novitiate, though she ultimately opted not to take the final vows. Even so, her experience with the nuns led her to become an adherent of liberation theology, which synthesized Christian beliefs with left-wing ideological values. She applied these concepts to her profession as an educator, becoming a proponent of faith-based alternative and adult education.^[7][8] In that vein, she also worked in radio, collaborating with the Loyola Cultural Action Foundation to produce educational programs.^[9]

Political activism

In tandem with her other activities, Aguirre studied sociology and practiced social work.^[3][9] A staunch opponent of the military governments of the day, she became an early activist in the country's nascent human rights movement and was a founding member of the Permanent Assembly of Human Rights in 1970.^[3][8][10] Forced into exile for her political activism against the García Meza regime,^[11] Aguirre took refuge in Ecuador, where she collaborated with Bishop Leonidas Proaño's Indigenous Ministry in Riobamba. Later, she moved to Quito, where she worked alongside local peasant and social movement organizations. Finally settling in Puyo, Aguirre was brought on as a public official in the municipality's Department of Culture. Around this time, Aguirre contracted toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease transmitted by cats. By 1983, the condition had left her entirely blind in both eyes.^[4][12]

With the reestablishment of democracy in Bolivia, Aguirre returned to Tarija, where she once again dedicated herself to activism in the field of human rights. In the absence of the hard-right military dictatorships of the 1970s and '80s, many of Bolivia's human rights activists re-oriented themselves in opposition to the neoliberal economics of the new democratic governments, which dismantled many of the country's state-run social services. For her part, Aguirre focused her efforts on disability rights, joining the Departmental Council for Disabled Persons in 2000, where she served as the organization's head of health and education.^[4][13]

Chamber of Senators

Election

Further information: 2009 Bolivian general election

In 2009, public recognition for her work led the ruling Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP) to invite Aguirre to join the party's slate of candidates in the Tarija Department. Though initially hesitant,^[4] Aguirre accepted the nomination and was elected alongside singer Juan Enrique Jurado [es] as one of the MAS's two senators for that department.^[14] In doing so, she became the first blind person ever to occupy a parliamentary seat in Bolivian history.^[15]

Tenure

Throughout her senatorial term, Aguirre continued to promote legislation in favor of disabled persons, actions that bore fruit with the 2012 passage of the General Law on Persons with Disabilities, which promoted the sector's access to employment, equal opportunity, and social inclusion.^[9][16] Upon the conclusion of her term, Aguirre was not nominated for reelection but remained active in politics, holding the vice presidency of the MAS's Tarija affiliate for some time.^[15]

Commission assignments

• Constitution, Human Rights, Legislation, and Electoral System Commission
  • Constitution, Legislation, and Legislative and Constitutional Interpretation Committee (Secretary: 2011–2012)^[17]
• Territorial Organization of the State and Autonomies Commission (President: 2013–2015)^[18][19]
• Rural Native Indigenous Peoples and Nations and Interculturality Commission (President: 2010–2011)^[20]
• Social Policy, Education, and Health Commission
  • Education, Health, Science, Technology, and Sports Committee (Secretary: 2012–2013)^[21]

Personal life and death

While in exile, Aguirre met Carlos Samaniego, an Ecuadorian sociologist form Loja, whom she married. A partisan of the Communist Party of Ecuador, Samaniego accompanied his wife on her return to Bolivia, where he joined the MAS; in 2010, he was appointed ombudsman of Tarija, and he later served as departmental coordinator of the Ministry of Autonomies in Tarija.^[6][22][23] On account of her toxoplasmosis, Aguirre suffered several miscarriages in her attempts to have children, a situation that led her to choose adoption. Her son, Carlos Saúl Samaniego, was born in Vilcabamba and studied industrial engineering in Ecuador.^[4][24]

Aguirre died on 30 October 2021, aged 82.^[25] Her passing was commemorated by the Chamber of Senators, which issued an official posthumous recognition of her work two days after her death.^[26]

Electoral history

Electoral history of Rhina Aguirre

Year	Office	Party		Votes			Result	Ref.
				Total	%	P.
2009	Senator		Movement for Socialism	114,577	51.09%	1st	Won	^[27]^[α]
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas

References

Notes

1. Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.

Footnotes

1. Luksic, Álvaro (19 January 2012). "Darío Gareca es el secretario de coordinación de la gobernación" [Darío Gareca is the new secretary of coordination for the governor's office]. El País (in Spanish). Tarija. from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
2. Luksic, Álvaro (30 January 2012). "Un gremialista reemplazará al exsenador suplente Darío Gareca" [A trade unionist will replace former substitute senator Darío Gareca]. El País (in Spanish). Tarija. from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
3. Nuevo Estado 2013, p. 19.
4. "'Trabajamos como nunca en la historia de Bolivia'" ['We are working like never before in Bolivian history']. Cambio (in Spanish). La Paz. 2 January 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)^{[permanent dead link]}
5. Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 501.
6. Domínguez, Aida (19 January 2015). ['To be blind is neither a sin nor an offense, it's fun']. El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
7. Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 502.
8. Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 20.
9. Bustillos Zamoran, Iván (4 October 2015). "Rhina Aguirre Amézaga: No 'especial', sino diferente" [Rhina Aguirre Amézaga: Not 'special' but different]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
10. "Fallece la exsenadora de Tarija Rhina Aguirre a los 82 años" [Former Tarija senator Rhina Aguirre dies at 82]. Ahora el Pueblo (in Spanish). La Paz. 31 October 2021. from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
11. "Figuras históricas en la Asamblea" [Historic figures in the Assembly]. El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)^{[permanent dead link]}
12. Gonzales Salas 2013, pp. 502–503.
13. Romero Ballivián 2018, pp. 20–21.
14. Cardona, Andrea (20 October 2019). "En las últimas dos elecciones el MAS ganó la mitad de senadores" [In the last two elections, the MAS won half of the senators]. El País (in Spanish). Tarija. from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
15. Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 21.
16. "Día del Discapacitado: Senadora invidente afirma que es un tiempo de oportunidad" [Day of the Disabled: Blind senator affirms that it is an era of opportunity]. comunicacion.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Vice Ministry of Communication. 15 October 2014. from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
17. "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2011–2012". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 2 February 2011. from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
18. . senado.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 November 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
19. . senado.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
20. "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2010–2011". El Diario (in Spanish). La Paz. 2 February 2010. from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
21. "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2012–2013". La Patria (in Spanish). Oruro. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 27 January 2012. from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
22. "Senado boliviano citará a Villena por posesionar a un ecuatoriano Defensor en Tarija" [Bolivian Senate will summon Villena for appointing an Ecuadorian as ombudsman in Tarija]. EABolivia (in Spanish). La Paz. 4 October 2010. from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
23. Bolivia TV [@Canal_BoliviaTV] (7 September 2021). "El sociólogo Carlos Samaniego presenta su libro 'Huellas de Época' en la XII Feria del Libro en Tarija" [Sociologist Carlos Samaniego presents his book 'Huellas de Época' at the XII Book Fair in Tarija] (Tweet) (in Spanish). La Paz. from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2023 – via Twitter.
24. Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 503.
25. "Fallece la exsenadora Rhina Aguirre" [Former senator Rhina Aguirre dies]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 30 October 2021. from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
26. Arandia, Mariol (3 November 2021). "Senado aprueba reconocimiento póstumo a quien en vida fue la exsenadora Rhina Aguirre Amézaga" [Senate approves posthumous recognition of deceased former senator Rhina Aguirre Amézaga]. web.senado.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
    • "Declaración Camaral N° 485/2020–2021" (PDF). web.senado.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 2 November 2021. (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
27. "Elecciones Generales 2009 | Atlas Electoral". atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

Bibliography

• Cámara de Senadores (2013). (PDF) (in Spanish). No. 1. La Paz. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2014.
• Gonzales Salas, Inés, ed. (2013). Biografías: Historias de Vida en la Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Internacional para la Democracia y la Asistencia Electoral; Fundación Friedrich Ebert; ERBOL; Editorial Gente Común. pp. 501–503. ISBN 978-99954-93-05-9. OCLC 876429743.
• Romero Ballivián, Salvador (2018). Quiroga Velasco, Camilo Sergio (ed.). Diccionario Biográfico de Parlamentarios 1979–2019 (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). La Paz: Fundación de Apoyo al Parlamento y la Participación Ciudadana; Fundación Konrad Adenauer. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-99974-0-021-5. OCLC 1050945993 – via ResearchGate.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhina Aguirre.

• Senate profile Vice Presidency (in Spanish).
• Chamber of Senators (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 June 2014.
• Biographic profile ERBOL (in Spanish).

Senate of Bolivia
Preceded by Roberto Ruiz	Senator for Tarija 2010–2015 Served alongside: Juan Enrique Jurado [es], Marcelo Antezana, María Elena Méndez	Succeeded by Milciades Peñaloza