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Requiem shark

January 01, 1970

Requiem sharks are sharks of the family Carcharhinidae in the order Carcharhiniformes. They are migratory, live-bearing sharks of warm seas (sometimes of brackish or fresh water) and include such species as the bull shark, lemon shark, spinner shark, blacknose shark, blacktip shark, grey reef shark, blacktip reef shark, silky shark, dusky shark, blue shark, copper shark, oceanic whitetip shark, and whitetip reef shark.

Requiem sharks
Temporal range: Valanginian–Recent
Blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Subdivision: Selachimorpha
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Family: Carcharhinidae
D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1896
Spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna, from the Gulf of Mexico
Galapagos shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis
Lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, at Tiger Beach, Bahamas
Blue shark, Prionace glauca

Family members have the usual carcharhiniform characteristics. Their eyes are round, and one or two gill slits fall over the pectoral fin base. Most species are viviparous, the young being born fully developed. They vary widely in size, from as small as 69 cm (2.26 ft) adult length in the Australian sharpnose shark, up to 4 m (13 ft) adult length in the oceanic whitetip shark.[1] Scientists assume that the size and shape of their pectoral fins have the right dimensions to minimize transport cost.[2] Requiem sharks tend to live in more tropical areas, but tend to migrate. Females release a chemical in the ocean in order to let the males know they are ready to mate. Typical mating time for these sharks is around spring to autumn.[3]

Requiem sharks are among the top five species involved in shark attacks on humans;[4] however, due to the difficulty in identifying individual species, a degree of inaccuracy exists in attack records.[5]

Etymology edit

The common name requiem shark may be related to the French word for shark, requin, which is itself of disputed etymology. One derivation of the latter is from Latin requiem ("rest"), which would thereby create a cyclic etymology (requiem-requin-requiem), but other sources derive it from the Old French verb reschignier ("to grimace while baring teeth").

The scientific name Carcharhinidae was first proposed in 1896 by D.S. Jordan and B.W. Evermann as a subfamily of Galeidae (now replaced by "Carcharhinidae").[6][7] The term is derived from Greek κάρχαρος (karcharos, sharp or jagged), and ῥί̄νη (rhinē, rasp); both elements describe the jagged, rasp-like skin.[8] Rasp-like skin is typical of shark skin in general, and is not diagnostic to Carcharhinidae.

Evolutionary history edit

The oldest member of the family is Archaeogaleus lengadocensis from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) of France.[9] Only a handful of records of the group are known from prior to the beginning of the Cenozoic.[10] Modern carcharinid sharks have extensively diversified in coral reef habitats.[11]

Hunting strategies edit

Requiem sharks are extraordinarily fast and effective hunters. Their elongated, torpedo-shaped bodies make them quick and agile swimmers, so they can easily attack any prey. Some species are continually active, while others are capable of resting motionless for extended periods on the bottom. They have a range of food sources depending on location and species, including bony fish, squid, octopus, lobster, turtles, marine mammals, seabirds, other sharks and rays; smaller species tend to select a narrow range of prey, but some very large species, especially the tiger shark (Galeocerdo), are virtually omnivorous.[7] They are often considered the "garbage cans" of the seas because they will eat almost anything, even non-food items like trash.[7] They are migratory hunters that follow their food source across entire oceans. They tend to be most active at night time,[7] where their impressive eyesight can help them sneak up on unsuspecting prey. Most requiem sharks hunt alone, however some species like the whitetip reef sharks and lemon sharks are cooperative feeders and will hunt in packs through coordinated, timed attacks against their prey. Some of the species have been shown to give specialized displays when confronted by divers or other sharks, which may be indicative of aggressive or defensive threat.[7]

Classification edit

The 59 species of requiem shark are grouped into 11 genera:[1]

† = extinct

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Compagno, L.J.V. Family Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks in Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, version (10/2013).
  2. ^ Iosilevskii, G.; Papastamatiou, Y. P. (2016). "Relations between morphology, buoyancy and energetics of requiem sharks". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160406. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360406I. doi:10.1098/rsos.160406. PMC 5098981. PMID 27853556.
  3. ^ "Introducing Requiem Sharks". 22 August 2016.
  4. ^ "Species Implicated in Attacks". Florida Museum. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  5. ^ ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark July 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Subfamily Carcharhininae Jordan & Evermann, 1896 (Family Galeidae), Bull.U.S.Nat.Mus., 48(1):28.
  7. ^ a b c d e Compagno 1984, p. 445.
  8. ^ Scharpf, Christopher; Lazara, Kenneth J. (18 January 2013). "Order Carcharhiniformes (Ground Sharks): Families Pentanchidae, Scyliorhinidae, Proscylliidae, Pseudotriakidae, Leptochariidae, Triakidae, Hemigaleidae, Carcharhinidae and Sphyrnidae". The ETYFish Project. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  9. ^ Guinot, Guillaume; Cappetta, Henri; Adnet, Sylvain (March 2014). "A rare elasmobranch assemblage from the Valanginian (Lower Cretaceous) of southern France". Cretaceous Research. 48: 54–84. Bibcode:2014CrRes..48...54G. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.014.
  10. ^ Gates, Terry A.; Gorscak, Eric; Makovicky, Peter J. (2019-01-22). "New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (3): 512–530. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..512G. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.92. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 198159821.
  11. ^ Sorenson, L.; Santini, F.; Alfaro, M. E. (August 2014). "The effect of habitat on modern shark diversification". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 27 (8): 1536–1548. doi:10.1111/jeb.12405. PMID 24890604.
  12. ^ "Extinct shark named after LSU museum official as she retires". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
  13. ^ D. J. Cicimurri, J. L. Knight, J. A. Ebersole (March 2022). "Early Oligocene (Rupelian) fishes (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Ashley Formation (Cooper Group) of South Carolina, USA". PaleoBios. 39 (1): 1–38. doi:10.5070/P939056976.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Sources edit

Compagno, Leonard J.V. (1984). FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes (PDF). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9251013837.

External links edit

  • Requiem Shark Photo Gallery (Bahamas)
  • Elasmo-research
  • International Shark Attack File

January 01, 1970
requiem, shark, sharks, family, carcharhinidae, order, carcharhiniformes, they, migratory, live, bearing, sharks, warm, seas, sometimes, brackish, fresh, water, include, such, species, bull, shark, lemon, shark, spinner, shark, blacknose, shark, blacktip, shar. Requiem sharks are sharks of the family Carcharhinidae in the order Carcharhiniformes They are migratory live bearing sharks of warm seas sometimes of brackish or fresh water and include such species as the bull shark lemon shark spinner shark blacknose shark blacktip shark grey reef shark blacktip reef shark silky shark dusky shark blue shark copper shark oceanic whitetip shark and whitetip reef shark Requiem sharksTemporal range Valanginian Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Blacktip reef shark Carcharhinus melanopterus Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii Subdivision Selachimorpha Order Carcharhiniformes Family CarcharhinidaeD S Jordan amp Evermann 1896 Spinner shark Carcharhinus brevipinna from the Gulf of Mexico Galapagos shark Carcharhinus galapagensis Lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris at Tiger Beach Bahamas Blue shark Prionace glauca Family members have the usual carcharhiniform characteristics Their eyes are round and one or two gill slits fall over the pectoral fin base Most species are viviparous the young being born fully developed They vary widely in size from as small as 69 cm 2 26 ft adult length in the Australian sharpnose shark up to 4 m 13 ft adult length in the oceanic whitetip shark 1 Scientists assume that the size and shape of their pectoral fins have the right dimensions to minimize transport cost 2 Requiem sharks tend to live in more tropical areas but tend to migrate Females release a chemical in the ocean in order to let the males know they are ready to mate Typical mating time for these sharks is around spring to autumn 3 Requiem sharks are among the top five species involved in shark attacks on humans 4 however due to the difficulty in identifying individual species a degree of inaccuracy exists in attack records 5 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Evolutionary history 3 Hunting strategies 4 Classification 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksEtymology editThe common name requiem shark may be related to the French word for shark requin which is itself of disputed etymology One derivation of the latter is from Latin requiem rest which would thereby create a cyclic etymology requiem requin requiem but other sources derive it from the Old French verb reschignier to grimace while baring teeth The scientific name Carcharhinidae was first proposed in 1896 by D S Jordan and B W Evermann as a subfamily of Galeidae now replaced by Carcharhinidae 6 7 The term is derived from Greek karxaros karcharos sharp or jagged and ῥi nh rhine rasp both elements describe the jagged rasp like skin 8 Rasp like skin is typical of shark skin in general and is not diagnostic to Carcharhinidae Evolutionary history editThe oldest member of the family is Archaeogaleus lengadocensis from the Early Cretaceous Valanginian of France 9 Only a handful of records of the group are known from prior to the beginning of the Cenozoic 10 Modern carcharinid sharks have extensively diversified in coral reef habitats 11 Hunting strategies editRequiem sharks are extraordinarily fast and effective hunters Their elongated torpedo shaped bodies make them quick and agile swimmers so they can easily attack any prey Some species are continually active while others are capable of resting motionless for extended periods on the bottom They have a range of food sources depending on location and species including bony fish squid octopus lobster turtles marine mammals seabirds other sharks and rays smaller species tend to select a narrow range of prey but some very large species especially the tiger shark Galeocerdo are virtually omnivorous 7 They are often considered the garbage cans of the seas because they will eat almost anything even non food items like trash 7 They are migratory hunters that follow their food source across entire oceans They tend to be most active at night time 7 where their impressive eyesight can help them sneak up on unsuspecting prey Most requiem sharks hunt alone however some species like the whitetip reef sharks and lemon sharks are cooperative feeders and will hunt in packs through coordinated timed attacks against their prey Some of the species have been shown to give specialized displays when confronted by divers or other sharks which may be indicative of aggressive or defensive threat 7 Classification editThe 59 species of requiem shark are grouped into 11 genera 1 Genus Scoliodon J P Muller amp Henle 1838 Scoliodon laticaudus J P Muller amp Henle 1838 spadenose shark Scoliodon macrorhynchos Bleeker 1852 Pacific spadenose shark Genus Carcharhinus Blainville 1816 Carcharhinus acronotus Poey 1860 blacknose shark nbsp Carcharhinus albimarginatus Ruppell 1837 silvertip shark Carcharhinus altimus S Springer 1950 bignose shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides Whitley 1934 graceful shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Bleeker 1856 grey reef shark Carcharhinus amboinensis J P Muller amp Henle 1839 pigeye shark Carcharhinus borneensis Bleeker 1858 Borneo shark Carcharhinus brachyurus Gunther 1870 copper shark Carcharhinus brevipinna J P Muller amp Henle 1839 spinner shark nbsp Carcharhinus cautus Whitley 1945 nervous shark Carcharhinus cerdale C H Gilbert 1898 Pacific smalltail shark Carcharhinus coatesi Whitley 1939 Coates s shark Carcharhinus dussumieri J P Muller amp Henle 1839 whitecheek shark Carcharhinus falciformis J P Muller amp Henle 1839 silky shark nbsp Carcharhinus fitzroyensis Whitley 1943 creek whaler Carcharhinus galapagensis Snodgrass amp Heller 1905 Galapagos shark Carcharhinus hemiodon J P Muller amp Henle 1839 Pondicherry shark Carcharhinus humani W T White amp Weigmann 2014 Human s whaler shark Carcharhinus isodon J P Muller amp Henle 1839 finetooth shark Carcharhinus leiodon Garrick 1985 smoothtooth blacktip shark Carcharhinus leucas J P Muller amp Henle 1839 bull shark nbsp Carcharhinus limbatus J P Muller amp Henle 1839 blacktip shark nbsp Carcharhinus longimanus Poey 1861 oceanic whitetip shark nbsp Carcharhinus macloti J P Muller amp Henle 1839 hardnose shark Carcharhinus melanopterus Quoy amp Gaimard 1824 blacktip reef shark Carcharhinus obscurus Lesueur 1818 dusky shark nbsp Carcharhinus perezi Poey 1876 Caribbean reef shark Carcharhinus plumbeus Nardo 1827 sandbar shark nbsp Carcharhinus porosus Ranzani 1839 smalltail shark Carcharhinus sealei Pietschmann 1913 blackspot shark Carcharhinus signatus Poey 1868 night shark Carcharhinus sorrah J P Muller amp Henle 1839 spot tail shark nbsp Carcharhinus tilstoni Whitley 1950 Australian blacktip shark Carcharhinus tingae 12 Carcharhinus tjutjot Bleeker 1852 Indonesian whaler shark Carcharhinus obsolerus White Kyne and Harris 2019 lost shark Genus Glyphis Agassiz 1843 Glyphis gangeticus J P Muller amp Henle 1839 Ganges shark Glyphis garricki Compagno W T White amp Last 2008 northern river shark Glyphis glyphis J P Muller amp Henle 1839 speartooth shark Glyphis sp not yet described Mukah river shark Genus Lamiopsis Gill 1862 Lamiopsis temminckii J P Muller amp Henle 1839 broadfin shark Lamiopsis tephrodes Fowler 1905 Borneo broadfin shark Genus Nasolamia Compagno amp Garrick 1983 Nasolamia velox Gilbert 1898 whitenose shark Genus Negaprion Whitley 1940 Negaprion acutidens Ruppell 1837 sicklefin lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris Poey 1868 lemon shark nbsp Negaprion eurybathrodon Blake 1862 Genus Prionace Cantor 1849 Prionace glauca Linnaeus 1758 blue shark Genus Rhizoprionodon Whitley 1929 Rhizoprionodon acutus Ruppell 1837 milk shark Rhizoprionodon lalandii J P Muller amp Henle 1839 Brazilian sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon longurio D S Jordan amp Gilbert 1882 Pacific sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon oligolinx V G Springer 1964 grey sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon porosus Poey 1861 Caribbean sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon taylori Ogilby 1915 Australian sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae J Richardson 1836 Atlantic sharpnose shark Genus Loxodon J P Muller amp Henle 1838 Loxodon macrorhinus J P Muller amp Henle 1839 sliteye shark Genus Isogomphodon Gill 1862 Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus J P Muller amp Henle 1839 daggernose shark Genus Triaenodon J P Muller amp Henle 1837 Triaenodon obesus Ruppell 1837 whitetip reef shark Genus Physogaleus Cappetta 1980 13 Physogaleus americanus Case 1994 Physogaleus contortus Gibbes 1849 Physogaleus hemmooriensis Reinecke amp Hoedemakers 2006 Physogaleus huberensis Case 1981 Physogaleus latecuspidatus Muller 1999 Physogaleus latus Storms 1894 Physogaleus maltzani Winkler 1875 Physogaleus onkensis Boulemia amp Adnet 2023 Physogaleus rosehillensis Case amp Borodin 2000 Physogaleus secundus Winkler 1876 Physogaleus tertius Winkler 1876 extinctSee also editShark meatReferences edit a b Compagno L J V Family Carcharhinidae Requiem sharks in Froese R and D Pauly Editors 2010 FishBase World Wide Web electronic publication version 10 2013 Iosilevskii G Papastamatiou Y P 2016 Relations between morphology buoyancy and energetics of requiem sharks Royal Society Open Science 3 10 160406 Bibcode 2016RSOS 360406I doi 10 1098 rsos 160406 PMC 5098981 PMID 27853556 Introducing Requiem Sharks 22 August 2016 Species Implicated in Attacks Florida Museum 24 January 2018 Retrieved 2 June 2018 ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark Archived July 24 2009 at the Wayback Machine Subfamily Carcharhininae Jordan amp Evermann 1896 Family Galeidae Bull U S Nat Mus 48 1 28 a b c d e Compagno 1984 p 445 Scharpf Christopher Lazara Kenneth J 18 January 2013 Order Carcharhiniformes Ground Sharks Families Pentanchidae Scyliorhinidae Proscylliidae Pseudotriakidae Leptochariidae Triakidae Hemigaleidae Carcharhinidae and Sphyrnidae The ETYFish Project Retrieved July 31 2021 Guinot Guillaume Cappetta Henri Adnet Sylvain March 2014 A rare elasmobranch assemblage from the Valanginian Lower Cretaceous of southern France Cretaceous Research 48 54 84 Bibcode 2014CrRes 48 54G doi 10 1016 j cretres 2013 11 014 Gates Terry A Gorscak Eric Makovicky Peter J 2019 01 22 New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian Late Cretaceous of North America Journal of Paleontology 93 3 512 530 Bibcode 2019JPal 93 512G doi 10 1017 jpa 2018 92 ISSN 0022 3360 S2CID 198159821 Sorenson L Santini F Alfaro M E August 2014 The effect of habitat on modern shark diversification Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27 8 1536 1548 doi 10 1111 jeb 12405 PMID 24890604 Extinct shark named after LSU museum official as she retires Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 2021 12 25 D J Cicimurri J L Knight J A Ebersole March 2022 Early Oligocene Rupelian fishes Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes from the Ashley Formation Cooper Group of South Carolina USA PaleoBios 39 1 1 38 doi 10 5070 P939056976 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sources editCompagno Leonard J V 1984 FAO species catalogue Vol 4 Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date Part 2 Carcharhiniformes PDF Rome Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ISBN 9251013837 External links editRequiem Shark Photo Gallery Bahamas Elasmo research International Shark Attack File Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Requiem shark amp oldid 1214514722, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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