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Rajuvula

September 28, 2023

Rajuvula (Greek ΡΑΖΥ Razy; Brahmi: Rā-ju-vu-la, Rājuvula;[4] Kharosthi: 𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨬𐨂𐨫 Ra-ju-vu-la, Rajuvula;[5] 𐨪𐨗𐨬𐨂𐨫 Ra-ja-vu-la, Rajavula;[6][7] 𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨫 Ra-ju-la, Rajula[8]) was an Indo-Scythian Great Satrap (Mahākṣatrapa), one of the "Northern Satraps" who ruled in the area of Mathura in the northern Indian Subcontinent in the years around 10 CE. The Mathura lion capital was consecrated under the reign of Rajuvula.[3] In central India, the Indo-Scythians had conquered the area of Mathura from Indian kings around 60 BCE. Some of their satraps were Hagamasha and Hagana, who were in turn followed by Rajuvula.

Rajuvula
Indo-Scythian king
Northern Satrap Rajuvula. Obv. Bust of king and Greek legend BASILEOS BASILEON SOTEROS RAZU, "Saviour King of Kings, Rajuvula".[1][2] Rev. Athena Alkidemos and Kharoshthi legend Chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa "the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus (cakra) is irresistible". These coins are found near Sankassa along the Ganges and in Eastern Punjab. Possibly minted in Sagala.[3] The coins are derived from the Indo-Greek types of Strato II.[3]
Reignc. 10-25 CE
ReligionZoroastrianism, Buddhism
The Saptarishi Tila statue, possibly representing Kamuia Ayasa/ Kambojika, the Chief Queen of Mahakshatrapa Rajula. Found in the Saptarishi Mound, the same mound where the Mathura lion capital was found. c. 1st century CE.

Name Edit

Rajuvula's name is attested on his coins in the Brahmi form Rājuvula[4] and the Kharosthi forms Rajuvula (𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨬𐨂𐨫),[5] Rajavula (𐨪𐨗𐨬𐨂𐨫),[6] and Rajula (𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨫),[8] which are derived from the Saka name *Rāzavara, meaning "ruling king"[9]

Biography Edit

Rajuvula is thought to have invaded the last of the Indo-Greek territories in the eastern Punjab, and replaced the last of the Indo-Greek kings, Strato II and Strato III. The main coinage of Rajuvula imitated that of the Indo-Greek rulers he supplanted.[3]

 
The Indo-Scythian Mathura lion capital, 1st century CE, mentioning Rajuvula and his wife, Nadasi Kasa (British Museum).

The Mathura lion capital, an Indo-Scythian sandstone capital from Mathura in Central India, and dated to the 1st century CE, describes in kharoshthi the gift of a stupa with a relic of the Buddha, by queen Nadasi Kasa, "the wife of Rajuvula" and "daughter of Aiyasi Kamuia",[10] which was an older view supported by Bühler, Rapson, Lüders and others. But according to a later view propounded by Sten Konow,[11] and accepted by later scholars,[12] the principal donor making endowments was princess Aiyasi Kamuia, "chief queen of Rajuvula" and "daughter of Yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuio".[13][14] Nadasi Kasa (or Nada Diaka) was daughter of Ayasia Kamuia.

According to an older view, Yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuio was thought to be the son of Ayasi Kamuia who in turn was thought to be the widow of Arta whom Rajuvula later married.[15] Konow refuted this view, and concluded that Ayasia Kamuia, chief queen of Rajuvula, was the daughter and not the mother of Kharaosta Kamuio. The fact that the last name 'Kamuia' has been used both by Yuvaraja Kharaosta as well as the princess Aiyasi clearly proves that Aiyasi Kamuia was the daughter and not the mother of Yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuio (Kambojaka), since such family-names or designations are naturally inherited from the father's side and not from the mother's.[16][17] Hence, Dr Konow's interpretation appears more convincing.

The capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura.

The presence of the Buddhist symbol triratana at the center of the capital suggests that Rajuvula was, at least nominally, following the Buddhist faith.

Several other inscription from Mathura mention Rajuvula, such as the Mora Well Inscription.[18][19]

Sodasa, son of Rajuvula, succeeded him and also made Mathura his capital.

Coinage of Rajuvula Edit

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    Coin of Rajuvula with Greek legend and Athena Alkidemos.

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    Coin of Rajuvula with lion and Herakles holding lion skin. Here the king's title is Mahakshatrapa' "Great Satrap". Coin probably minted in Taxila.[3]

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    Billon drachm of the Indo-Scythian king Rajuvula (c. 10-25 CE). Weight: 2.21 gm, diameter: 12 mm

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    A coin of a silver drachma of the satrap Rujuvula who governs the Jammu in India from ca 10/1 BC to 1/10 AD for the Indo-Scythians. A / Diademed bust of the satrap to the right in stereotyped style. Greek inscription BASILEPS SPTROS around. R / Pallas left and inscription Chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa in Kharoshti around, control mark in the field. Dimension: 13 mm Weight: 2.42 g. Workshop of Jammu.

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    A coin bearing the face of Rajuvula

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    Two coins from the reign of Rajuvula

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    Coins of Strato (top) and Rajuvula (bottom) discovered together in a mound in Mathura.[20]

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Goyala, Śrīrāma (1995). The Dynastic Coins of Ancient India. Kusumanjali Prakashan. p. 40.
  2. ^ Puri, Baij Nath (1968). History of Indian Administration. Bharatiya Vidya Rhavan. p. 93.
  3. ^ a b c d e The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, by John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1967 p.135 [1]
  4. ^ a b Allan, John (1936). Catalogue of the Coins of Ancient India. London: British Museum. p. cxiii, 185-191. ISBN 978-8-170-69057-3.
  5. ^ a b Fleet, J. F. (1907). "Moga, Maues, and Vonones". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 39 (4): 1013–1040. doi:10.1017/S0035869X0003690X. JSTOR 25210494. S2CID 161830305. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  6. ^ a b Cunningham, Alexander (1888). "Coins of the Indo-Scythians". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society. 8 (3): 199–248. JSTOR 42682595. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  7. ^ Gardner, Percy (1929). The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum. London: Gilbert & Rivington Ltd. pp. 67. ISBN 978-0-900-83452-3.
  8. ^ a b Konow, Sten (1929). Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions: with the Exception of Those of Aśoka. Kolkata: Government of India Central Publication Branch. p. 34, PLATE VII.
  9. ^ Harmatta, János (1999). "Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms". In Harmatta, János; Puri, B. N.; Etemadi, G. F. (eds.). History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 2. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House. p. 411. ISBN 978-8-120-81408-0.
  10. ^ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1894, p 533, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; See also: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1907, p 1025, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century AD, 1964, p 158, Dr E. J. Rapson.
  11. ^ Corpus Inscrioptionum Indicarum, Vol II, Part I, pp xxxvi, 36, 47, Dr S Konow.
  12. ^ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1990, p 141, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 394, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; Kunst aus Indien: Von der Industalkultur im 3. Jahrtausend V. Chr. Bis zum 19. Jahrhundert n ..., 1960, p 9, Künstlerhaus Wien, Museum für Völkerkunde (Vienna, Austria); History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 1999, 201/ 207, Ahmad Hasan Dani, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, János Harmatta, Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Unesco; Aspects of Ancient Indian Administration, 2003, 58, D.K. Ganguly; District Gazetteers, 1959, p 33, Uttar Pradesh (India); Five Phases of Indian Art, 1991, p 17, K. D. Bajpai; History of Indian Administration, 1968, p 107, B. N. Puri; The Śakas in India, 1981, p 119, Satya Shrava; Ṛtam, p 46, by Akhila Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad, Lucknow; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī; Indian Linguistics, 1964, p 549, Linguistic Society of India; A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana, 1998, p 230, Akira Hirakawa; Cf: An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1996), pp. 439, Richard Salomon, University of Washington. The author Richard Salomon accepts Dr Konow's views as probably correct.
  13. ^ Mahaksha[tra]vasa Rajulasa agra-maheshi Ayasia Kamuia dhida Kharaostasa yuvarana mada Nada-diakasa [taye] sadha matra Abuhola[e]...Kharaosto yuvaraya Kamuio...
  14. ^ See also: . Archived from the original on 2006-01-25. Retrieved 2006-01-25. and [2]
  15. ^ See quote in: Aspects of Ancient Indian Administration, 2003, p 58, D.K. Ganguly.
  16. ^ See: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol II, part I, p 36 & xxxvi, Dr Stein Konow; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1990, p 141, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, p 227/228, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī), The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 168, Kirpal Singh.
  17. ^ Dr S. Konow convincingly argues that Yuvaraja Kharaosta is respectfully mentioned twice (II A.1 and E.1) and in prominent positions in the Capital record, and this would befit only a senior relative of the family of the queen making the endowments, and not a junior member like a son or grand son. Moreover, the Aiyasi Kamuia expressly states a close relationship with Kharaosta and also claims that the latter's concurrence for making the endowments has been obtained (See: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum II, I, pp xxxv-vi, 36; An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1996), pp. 440, Richard Salomon, University of Washington; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, pp 227/228, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 168, Kirpal Singh.
  18. ^ Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 261. ISBN 9789004155374.
  19. ^ Chakravarti, N. p (1937). Epigraphia Indica Vol.24. p. 194.
  20. ^ The journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Bishop's College Press. 1854. pp. 689–691 Plate XXXV.

References Edit

  • Bopearachchi, Osmund (1991). Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné. Bibliothèque Nationale de France. ISBN 978-2-7177-1825-6.
  • McEvilley, Thomas (2002). The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts. ISBN 978-1-58115-203-6.
  • Puri, B. N. (2000). Buddhism in Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5.
  • Tarn, W. W. (1951). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press.

External links Edit

  • Coins of Rajuvula

September 28, 2023
rajuvula, greek, ΡΑΖΥ, razy, brahmi, rājuvula, kharosthi, 𐨪𐨗, 𐨬, 𐨫, 𐨪𐨗𐨬, 𐨫, rajavula, 𐨪𐨗, 𐨫, rajula, indo, scythian, great, satrap, mahākṣatrapa, northern, satraps, ruled, area, mathura, northern, indian, subcontinent, years, around, mathura, lion, capital, co. Rajuvula Greek RAZY Razy Brahmi Ra ju vu la Rajuvula 4 Kharosthi 𐨪𐨗 𐨬 𐨫 Ra ju vu la Rajuvula 5 𐨪𐨗𐨬 𐨫 Ra ja vu la Rajavula 6 7 𐨪𐨗 𐨫 Ra ju la Rajula 8 was an Indo Scythian Great Satrap Mahakṣatrapa one of the Northern Satraps who ruled in the area of Mathura in the northern Indian Subcontinent in the years around 10 CE The Mathura lion capital was consecrated under the reign of Rajuvula 3 In central India the Indo Scythians had conquered the area of Mathura from Indian kings around 60 BCE Some of their satraps were Hagamasha and Hagana who were in turn followed by Rajuvula RajuvulaIndo Scythian kingNorthern Satrap Rajuvula Obv Bust of king and Greek legend BASILEOS BASILEON SOTEROS RAZU Saviour King of Kings Rajuvula 1 2 Rev Athena Alkidemos and Kharoshthi legend Chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus cakra is irresistible These coins are found near Sankassa along the Ganges and in Eastern Punjab Possibly minted in Sagala 3 The coins are derived from the Indo Greek types of Strato II 3 Reignc 10 25 CEReligionZoroastrianism BuddhismThe Saptarishi Tila statue possibly representing Kamuia Ayasa Kambojika the Chief Queen of Mahakshatrapa Rajula Found in the Saptarishi Mound the same mound where the Mathura lion capital was found c 1st century CE Contents 1 Name 2 Biography 3 Coinage of Rajuvula 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksName EditRajuvula s name is attested on his coins in the Brahmi form Rajuvula 4 and the Kharosthi forms Rajuvula 𐨪𐨗 𐨬 𐨫 5 Rajavula 𐨪𐨗𐨬 𐨫 6 and Rajula 𐨪𐨗 𐨫 8 which are derived from the Saka name Razavara meaning ruling king 9 Biography EditRajuvula is thought to have invaded the last of the Indo Greek territories in the eastern Punjab and replaced the last of the Indo Greek kings Strato II and Strato III The main coinage of Rajuvula imitated that of the Indo Greek rulers he supplanted 3 nbsp The Indo Scythian Mathura lion capital 1st century CE mentioning Rajuvula and his wife Nadasi Kasa British Museum The Mathura lion capital an Indo Scythian sandstone capital from Mathura in Central India and dated to the 1st century CE describes in kharoshthi the gift of a stupa with a relic of the Buddha by queen Nadasi Kasa the wife of Rajuvula and daughter of Aiyasi Kamuia 10 which was an older view supported by Buhler Rapson Luders and others But according to a later view propounded by Sten Konow 11 and accepted by later scholars 12 the principal donor making endowments was princess Aiyasi Kamuia chief queen of Rajuvula and daughter of Yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuio 13 14 Nadasi Kasa or Nada Diaka was daughter of Ayasia Kamuia According to an older view Yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuio was thought to be the son of Ayasi Kamuia who in turn was thought to be the widow of Arta whom Rajuvula later married 15 Konow refuted this view and concluded that Ayasia Kamuia chief queen of Rajuvula was the daughter and not the mother of Kharaosta Kamuio The fact that the last name Kamuia has been used both by Yuvaraja Kharaosta as well as the princess Aiyasi clearly proves that Aiyasi Kamuia was the daughter and not the mother of Yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuio Kambojaka since such family names or designations are naturally inherited from the father s side and not from the mother s 16 17 Hence Dr Konow s interpretation appears more convincing The capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo Scythian satraps of Mathura The presence of the Buddhist symbol triratana at the center of the capital suggests that Rajuvula was at least nominally following the Buddhist faith Several other inscription from Mathura mention Rajuvula such as the Mora Well Inscription 18 19 Sodasa son of Rajuvula succeeded him and also made Mathura his capital Coinage of Rajuvula Edit nbsp Coin of Rajuvula with Greek legend and Athena Alkidemos nbsp Coin of Rajuvula with lion and Herakles holding lion skin Here the king s title is Mahakshatrapa Great Satrap Coin probably minted in Taxila 3 nbsp Billon drachm of the Indo Scythian king Rajuvula c 10 25 CE Weight 2 21 gm diameter 12 mm nbsp A coin of a silver drachma of the satrap Rujuvula who governs the Jammu in India from ca 10 1 BC to 1 10 AD for the Indo Scythians A Diademed bust of the satrap to the right in stereotyped style Greek inscription BASILEPS SPTROS around R Pallas left and inscription Chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa in Kharoshti around control mark in the field Dimension 13 mm Weight 2 42 g Workshop of Jammu nbsp A coin bearing the face of Rajuvula nbsp Two coins from the reign of Rajuvula nbsp Coins of Strato top and Rajuvula bottom discovered together in a mound in Mathura 20 Notes Edit Goyala Srirama 1995 The Dynastic Coins of Ancient India Kusumanjali Prakashan p 40 Puri Baij Nath 1968 History of Indian Administration Bharatiya Vidya Rhavan p 93 a b c d e The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans by John M Rosenfield University of California Press 1967 p 135 1 a b Allan John 1936 Catalogue of the Coins of Ancient India London British Museum p cxiii 185 191 ISBN 978 8 170 69057 3 a b Fleet J F 1907 Moga Maues and Vonones The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 39 4 1013 1040 doi 10 1017 S0035869X0003690X JSTOR 25210494 S2CID 161830305 Retrieved 4 October 2021 a b Cunningham Alexander 1888 Coins of the Indo Scythians The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society 8 3 199 248 JSTOR 42682595 Retrieved 4 October 2021 Gardner Percy 1929 The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum London Gilbert amp Rivington Ltd pp 67 ISBN 978 0 900 83452 3 a b Konow Sten 1929 Kharoshṭhi Inscriptions with the Exception of Those of Asoka Kolkata Government of India Central Publication Branch p 34 PLATE VII Harmatta Janos 1999 Languages and scripts in Graeco Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms In Harmatta Janos Puri B N Etemadi G F eds History of civilizations of Central Asia Vol 2 Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House p 411 ISBN 978 8 120 81408 0 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain amp Ireland 1894 p 533 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland See also Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain amp Ireland 1907 p 1025 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Ancient India From the Earliest Times to the First Century AD 1964 p 158 Dr E J Rapson Corpus Inscrioptionum Indicarum Vol II Part I pp xxxvi 36 47 Dr S Konow Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1990 p 141 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Political History of Ancient India 1996 p 394 Dr H C Raychaudhury Dr B N Mukerjee Kunst aus Indien Von der Industalkultur im 3 Jahrtausend V Chr Bis zum 19 Jahrhundert n 1960 p 9 Kunstlerhaus Wien Museum fur Volkerkunde Vienna Austria History of Civilizations of Central Asia 1999 201 207 Ahmad Hasan Dani Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson Janos Harmatta Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ Clifford Edmund Bosworth Unesco Aspects of Ancient Indian Administration 2003 58 D K Ganguly District Gazetteers 1959 p 33 Uttar Pradesh India Five Phases of Indian Art 1991 p 17 K D Bajpai History of Indian Administration 1968 p 107 B N Puri The Sakas in India 1981 p 119 Satya Shrava Ṛtam p 46 by Akhila Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad Lucknow Pracina Kamboja jana aura janapada Ancient Kamboja people and country 1981 Dr Jiyalala Kamboja Dr Satyavrat Sastri Indian Linguistics 1964 p 549 Linguistic Society of India A History of Indian Buddhism From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana 1998 p 230 Akira Hirakawa Cf An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 116 No 3 Jul Sep 1996 pp 439 Richard Salomon University of Washington The author Richard Salomon accepts Dr Konow s views as probably correct Mahaksha tra vasa Rajulasa agra maheshi Ayasia Kamuia dhida Kharaostasa yuvarana mada Nada diakasa taye sadha matra Abuhola e Kharaosto yuvaraya Kamuio See also Coins Art and Chronology Cribb page 3 Archived from the original on 2006 01 25 Retrieved 2006 01 25 and 2 See quote in Aspects of Ancient Indian Administration 2003 p 58 D K Ganguly See Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol II part I p 36 amp xxxvi Dr Stein Konow Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1990 p 141 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Pracina Kamboja jana aura janapada Ancient Kamboja people and country 1981 p 227 228 Dr Jiyalala Kamboja Dr Satyavrat Sastri The Kambojas Through the Ages 2005 p 168 Kirpal Singh Dr S Konow convincingly argues that Yuvaraja Kharaosta is respectfully mentioned twice II A 1 and E 1 and in prominent positions in the Capital record and this would befit only a senior relative of the family of the queen making the endowments and not a junior member like a son or grand son Moreover the Aiyasi Kamuia expressly states a close relationship with Kharaosta and also claims that the latter s concurrence for making the endowments has been obtained See Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum II I pp xxxv vi 36 An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 116 No 3 Jul Sep 1996 pp 440 Richard Salomon University of Washington Pracina Kamboja jana aura janapada Ancient Kamboja people and country 1981 pp 227 228 Dr Jiyalala Kamboja Dr Satyavrat Sastri The Kambojas Through the Ages 2005 p 168 Kirpal Singh Quintanilla Sonya Rhie 2007 History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura Ca 150 BCE 100 CE BRILL p 261 ISBN 9789004155374 Chakravarti N p 1937 Epigraphia Indica Vol 24 p 194 The journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Bishop s College Press 1854 pp 689 691 Plate XXXV References EditBopearachchi Osmund 1991 Monnaies Greco Bactriennes et Indo Grecques Catalogue Raisonne Bibliotheque Nationale de France ISBN 978 2 7177 1825 6 McEvilley Thomas 2002 The Shape of Ancient Thought Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts ISBN 978 1 58115 203 6 Puri B N 2000 Buddhism in Central Asia Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0372 5 Tarn W W 1951 The Greeks in Bactria and India Cambridge University Press External links EditCoins of Rajuvula Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rajuvula amp oldid 1152198455, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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