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R-37 (missile)

January 01, 1970

The Vympel R-37 (NATO reporting name: AA-13 "Axehead")[1] is a Russian hypersonic air-to-air missile with very long range. The missile and its variants also had the names K-37, izdeliye 610 and RVV-BD (Ракета Воздух-Воздух Большой Дальности (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosti), "Long range air-to-air rocket"), and the NATO codenames "Axehead" and "Andi".[2] It was developed from the R-33.

Vympel R-37M
NATO reporting name: AA-13 Axehead
R-37M (under the export designation RVV-BD) at 2013 MAKS Airshow
TypeLong range, hypersonic air-to-air BVR missile
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service2019
Used byRussian Aerospace Forces
Production history
DesignerTactical Missiles Corporation
Designed1980s
ManufacturerVympel MKB
Produced1985
VariantsR-37M (export: RVV-BD)
Specifications (R-37M approximation)
Mass510 kilograms (1,120 lb)
Length4.06 metres (13 ft 4 in)
Diameter38 centimetres (15 in)
Wingspan72 centimetres (28 in)
WarheadHE, fragmention
Warhead weight60 kg (135 lb)
PropellantBoost-Sustain Solid Rocket
Operational
range
150–400 km (93–249 mi) [1]
Up to 200 kilometres (120 mi) (RVV-BD)
Maximum speed Mach 6 (7,400 km/h; 4,600 mph)
2,500 kilometres per hour (1,600 mph) (RVV-BD)
Guidance
system
Inertial with mid-course update, semi-active and active radar homing

It is designed to shoot down tankers, AWACS and other C4ISTAR aircraft[1] while keeping the launch platform out of range of any fighters that might be protecting the target.

According to Janes there are two variants, the R-37 and the R-37M; the latter conceived as having a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to "300–400 km" (160–220 nm).[2] In 2023, Rosoboronexport introduced the export version of the R-37M, designated RVV-BD. It has a launch range of up to 200 kilometres (120 mi; 110 nmi) and maximum altitude of 25 kilometres (82,000 ft) with a 60 kilograms (130 lb) warhead. The missile is compatible with Sukhoi Su-57, Sukhoi Su-35, Mikoyan MiG-31BM and Mikoyan MiG-35.[3][4]

Design edit

The R-37 was developed from the R-33. For compatibility with aircraft that did not have the MiG-31's sophisticated radar, the semi-active seeker was replaced with a variant of the Agat 9B-1388 active seeker.[1] Similarly, folding tail controls allow semi-conformal carriage[1] on planes that are not as big as the MiG-31.

Mid-body strakes enhance lift[1] and hence increase range. According to Defence Today, the range depends on the flight profile, from 80 nautical miles (150 km) for a direct shot[1] to 215 nautical miles (398 km) for a cruise glide profile.[1]

The R-37M designation has since been used for a modernized variant of the missile, also known as RVV-BD (Raketa Vozduh-Vozduh Bolyshoy Dalnosty, or Long-Range Air-to-Air Missile). R-37M's range exceeds 200 km, and it is capable of hypersonic speeds (~Mach 5).[5] It will be carried by the modernized MiG-31BM interceptors and Su-35S and Su-57 multirole fighters.[6]

A further derivative designed for internal carriage in the Su-57, designated as Izdeliye 810, has folding rear fins, shorter strakes, and updated seeker and motor.[7]

The missile can attack targets at altitudes of 15–25 kilometres (49,000–82,000 ft), guided semi-actively or actively through the Agat 9B-1388 system.[8]

History edit

The missile was designed in the early 1980s and first flown in 1989.[2] Testing of the R-37 continued through the 1990s,[2] and in 1994, a trial round scored a kill at a range of 162 nautical miles (300 km).[1] However, the program appears to have been dropped around 1998 on grounds of cost.[2]

Work on the missile appears to have restarted in late 2006,[2] as part of the MiG-31BM program to update the Foxhound with a new radar and ground attack capability.[2]

In 2018, the R-37M had finished its operational validation tests.[9][10]

On October 19, 2022, Russian, and subsequently Indian media claimed that the Su-57 stealth fighter shot down a Ukrainian Su-27 using the R-37M missile.[11][unreliable source?][12]

Zvezda TV reports have recorded the Su-35 carrying the R-37, apparently as part of an air combat loadout. In this configuration, the craft carries two R-73s in the central wing pylon, two R-77s slung underneath the engine nacelles, and two R-37s on the hardpoints between the engines, with an option to carry a few more missiles, such as a Kh-31 anti-radiation missile.

Operational history edit

The R-37M has, since October 2022, been the main threat against the Ukrainian Air Force.[citation needed] During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, MiG-31 aircraft have reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft, mainly by using the long range R-37.[citation needed] By remaining at high speed and high altitude, MiG-31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukrainian fighters lacking range, speed, or altitude necessary to engage the MiG-31.[13][14] The Ukrainian Air Force lacks fire and forget missiles. They relied on the R-27 missiles, both the R-27R and R-27ER. The Ukrainian pilot must illuminate the Russian aircraft with their radar to guide the missile to the target. Russian pilots firing active radar, fire and forget, R-77 give the Russian pilots the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots were forced to "exploit ground clutter and terrain-masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged".

A report by the Royal United Services Institute states that in October some six R-37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day. The Su-35S is also used as a carrier for the R-37M. Four MiG-31 were also deployed to Crimea at the Belbek Air Base in mid 2022.[15]

In August 2022, Russian forces maintained a Combat Air Patrol of either a pair of Su-35S or MiG-31s on station to shoot down Ukrainian aircraft. The Royal United Services Institute stated: "The VKS has been firing up to six R-37Ms per day during October. The extremely high speed of the weapon, coupled with very long effective range and a seeker designed for engaging low-altitude targets, makes it particularly difficult to evade."[16][17][18][19][20]

In February 2023, Ukraine obtained wreckage of a R-37M which would be of interest to Ukraine and Western countries.[21][22]

According to a Russian source, the missile is carried by the Su-35S and Su-57 fighters, and the MiG-31BM interceptor.[23]

According to Ukrainian pilots, the R-37M isn't achieving a lot of "hard kills", the destruction of actual Ukrainian aircraft. However, their launch forces pilots to abandon their current missiles and take evasive action.[24] Ukrainian pilots believe that the only defence is for their allies to supply them with F-16 fighter jets and AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles. While it won't close the distance, Ukrainian pilots hope that it will push back the effective range of missiles like the R-37.[25] However according to Ukrainian official, Ukraine is looking for opportunities to modernize the F-16 Block 20 MLU fighter jets planned for transfer. Early generation AN/APG-66 radar of older F-16 Block 20 MLU only has similar range of Ukrainian Mig-29s and poses no significant advantage compare to current Ukrainian fighters radar over the radar of current Russian fighters used in the war such as Irbis-E and N110M Bars-M.[26][27][28]

In August 2023, the National Police of Ukraine claimed that a R-37 missile had been used in an airstrike in Kramatorsk Raion.[29][dubious – discuss]

See also edit

Gallery edit

  •  
    RVV BD
  •  
    RVV BD

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i (PDF), Defence Today: 67, May 2005, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2009
  2. ^ a b c d e f g . janes.com. 12 January 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008.
  3. ^ "RVV-BD Long-range air-to-air missile". YouTube. Rosoboronexport. 2023-08-25.
  4. ^ "RVV-BD Aircraft Guided Air-to-Air Missile". Federal Service of Military-Technical Cooperation (Russia). Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  5. ^ "The military tested a long-range missile for the Su-57 (In Russian)". N+1.
  6. ^ Newdick, Thomas (October 5, 2020). "Russian Air-To-Air Missile Tests Signal Potential New Capabilities For Flanker and Felon". The Drive.
  7. ^ Butowski, Piotr (7 February 2024). "Model Reveals New Russian Air-To-Air Missile For The Sukhoi Su-57". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  8. ^ "Управляемая авиационная ракета класса "воздух-воздух" большой дальности РВВ-БД". missile.ru. October 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  9. ^ . janes.com. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  10. ^ "Какие разработки корпорации "Тактическое ракетное вооружение" скрывает фюзеляж Су-57 | Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"".
  11. ^ "First Kill? Russian Su-57 Stealth Fighter Downs Ukrainian Su-27 Jet With New Long-Range Missile – Media Claims". eurasiantimes.com. October 19, 2022.
  12. ^ "Extreme Range Kill on Ukraine's Top Fighter Was a Su-57, Not an Air Defence System - Reports". Military Watch Magazine. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  13. ^ "The Russian Air War and Ukrainian Requirements for Air Defence". RUSI. 7 November 2022.
  14. ^ "Russia's MiG-31 Crews Are Shooting At Ukrainian Pilots From A Hundred Miles Away—And The Ukrainians Can't Shoot Back". Forbes. 8 November 2022.
  15. ^ Piotr Butowski; Thomas Newdick (10 November 2022). "Russia's MiG-31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft". The Drive. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  16. ^ Piotr Butowski, Thomas Newdick (10 November 2022). "Russia's MiG-31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft". The Drive. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  17. ^ Forbes Staff (30 April 2022). "Ukraine's Pilots Are Flying Into Battle With Old, Dumb Missiles. It's One Reason They Get Shot Down". Forbes. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  18. ^ David Axe (10 November 2022). "Fly Low, Get Aggressive—How Ukrainian Pilots Fought The Russian Air Force To A Standstill". Forbes. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  19. ^ Sakshi Tiwari (10 November 2022). "Russia Is 'Outfoxing' Ukrainian Warplanes With Its Foxhounds; MiG-31s Prove Much Superior To Sukhoi Counterparts". EurAsian Times. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  20. ^ "It seems that the Russian Federation lost a rare MiG-31 with "Kinzhal" in the occupied Crimea, the pilot died". Sundires. 8 October 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  21. ^ "Ukraine Acquires Wreckage of R-37M Russian Missile Used for Attack". hngn.com. 18 February 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  22. ^ "Ukraine Seizes 'Scary' Russian R-37M Missile Wreckage Used To Launch Deadly Strikes From Su-35, MiG-31 Fighters". Eurasian Times. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  23. ^ "ЦАМТО / / Новая ракета Р-37М класса «воздух-воздух» показала в рамках СВО очень высокую вероятность поражения целей". armstrade.org.
  24. ^ David Axe (30 May 2023). "With F-16s, Ukrainian Pilots Could Finally Beat Back Russia's MiG-31s". Forbes.com.
  25. ^ "Ukraine Needs a Squadron of F-16s to Scare Away Russian Jets". Defense Mirror. 29 May 2023.
  26. ^ "Ukraine discusses F-16 modernization". Ukrainian Military Center. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  27. ^ "Ukraine Wants Modern Radar, Latest Weapons in F-16s Jets". Defense Mirror. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  28. ^ "Assessing Ukraine's Air Defense Deterrent – Analysis". Eurasia Review. 27 May 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  29. ^ "Шестеро поранених за добу. Поліцейські Донеччини зібрали докази воєнних злочинів росії проти цивільного населення" [Six wounded in a day. The police of Donetsk region collected evidence of Russian war crimes against the civilian population] (in Ukrainian). 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.

External links edit

  • R-37M/RVV-BD, Vympel MKB
  • R-37M

January 01, 1970
missile, vympel, nato, reporting, name, axehead, russian, hypersonic, missile, with, very, long, range, missile, variants, also, names, izdeliye, Ракета, Воздух, Воздух, Большой, Дальности, raketa, vozduh, vozduh, bolshoy, dalnosti, long, range, rocket, nato, . The Vympel R 37 NATO reporting name AA 13 Axehead 1 is a Russian hypersonic air to air missile with very long range The missile and its variants also had the names K 37 izdeliye 610 and RVV BD Raketa Vozduh Vozduh Bolshoj Dalnosti Raketa Vozduh Vozduh Bolshoy Dalnosti Long range air to air rocket and the NATO codenames Axehead and Andi 2 It was developed from the R 33 Vympel R 37MNATO reporting name AA 13 AxeheadR 37M under the export designation RVV BD at 2013 MAKS AirshowTypeLong range hypersonic air to air BVR missilePlace of originRussiaService historyIn service2019Used byRussian Aerospace ForcesProduction historyDesignerTactical Missiles CorporationDesigned1980sManufacturerVympel MKBProduced1985VariantsR 37M export RVV BD Specifications R 37M approximation Mass510 kilograms 1 120 lb Length4 06 metres 13 ft 4 in Diameter38 centimetres 15 in Wingspan72 centimetres 28 in WarheadHE fragmentionWarhead weight60 kg 135 lb PropellantBoost Sustain Solid RocketOperationalrange150 400 km 93 249 mi 1 Up to 200 kilometres 120 mi RVV BD Maximum speedMach 6 7 400 km h 4 600 mph 2 500 kilometres per hour 1 600 mph RVV BD GuidancesystemInertial with mid course update semi active and active radar homing It is designed to shoot down tankers AWACS and other C4ISTAR aircraft 1 while keeping the launch platform out of range of any fighters that might be protecting the target According to Janes there are two variants the R 37 and the R 37M the latter conceived as having a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to 300 400 km 160 220 nm 2 In 2023 Rosoboronexport introduced the export version of the R 37M designated RVV BD It has a launch range of up to 200 kilometres 120 mi 110 nmi and maximum altitude of 25 kilometres 82 000 ft with a 60 kilograms 130 lb warhead The missile is compatible with Sukhoi Su 57 Sukhoi Su 35 Mikoyan MiG 31BM and Mikoyan MiG 35 3 4 Contents 1 Design 2 History 2 1 Operational history 3 See also 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External linksDesign editThe R 37 was developed from the R 33 For compatibility with aircraft that did not have the MiG 31 s sophisticated radar the semi active seeker was replaced with a variant of the Agat 9B 1388 active seeker 1 Similarly folding tail controls allow semi conformal carriage 1 on planes that are not as big as the MiG 31 Mid body strakes enhance lift 1 and hence increase range According to Defence Today the range depends on the flight profile from 80 nautical miles 150 km for a direct shot 1 to 215 nautical miles 398 km for a cruise glide profile 1 The R 37M designation has since been used for a modernized variant of the missile also known as RVV BD Raketa Vozduh Vozduh Bolyshoy Dalnosty or Long Range Air to Air Missile R 37M s range exceeds 200 km and it is capable of hypersonic speeds Mach 5 5 It will be carried by the modernized MiG 31BM interceptors and Su 35S and Su 57 multirole fighters 6 A further derivative designed for internal carriage in the Su 57 designated as Izdeliye 810 has folding rear fins shorter strakes and updated seeker and motor 7 The missile can attack targets at altitudes of 15 25 kilometres 49 000 82 000 ft guided semi actively or actively through the Agat 9B 1388 system 8 History editThe missile was designed in the early 1980s and first flown in 1989 2 Testing of the R 37 continued through the 1990s 2 and in 1994 a trial round scored a kill at a range of 162 nautical miles 300 km 1 However the program appears to have been dropped around 1998 on grounds of cost 2 Work on the missile appears to have restarted in late 2006 2 as part of the MiG 31BM program to update the Foxhound with a new radar and ground attack capability 2 In 2018 the R 37M had finished its operational validation tests 9 10 On October 19 2022 Russian and subsequently Indian media claimed that the Su 57 stealth fighter shot down a Ukrainian Su 27 using the R 37M missile 11 unreliable source 12 Zvezda TV reports have recorded the Su 35 carrying the R 37 apparently as part of an air combat loadout In this configuration the craft carries two R 73s in the central wing pylon two R 77s slung underneath the engine nacelles and two R 37s on the hardpoints between the engines with an option to carry a few more missiles such as a Kh 31 anti radiation missile Operational history edit The R 37M has since October 2022 been the main threat against the Ukrainian Air Force citation needed During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine MiG 31 aircraft have reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft mainly by using the long range R 37 citation needed By remaining at high speed and high altitude MiG 31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukrainian fighters lacking range speed or altitude necessary to engage the MiG 31 13 14 The Ukrainian Air Force lacks fire and forget missiles They relied on the R 27 missiles both the R 27R and R 27ER The Ukrainian pilot must illuminate the Russian aircraft with their radar to guide the missile to the target Russian pilots firing active radar fire and forget R 77 give the Russian pilots the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action Ukrainian pilots were forced to exploit ground clutter and terrain masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged A report by the Royal United Services Institute states that in October some six R 37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day The Su 35S is also used as a carrier for the R 37M Four MiG 31 were also deployed to Crimea at the Belbek Air Base in mid 2022 15 In August 2022 Russian forces maintained a Combat Air Patrol of either a pair of Su 35S or MiG 31s on station to shoot down Ukrainian aircraft The Royal United Services Institute stated The VKS has been firing up to six R 37Ms per day during October The extremely high speed of the weapon coupled with very long effective range and a seeker designed for engaging low altitude targets makes it particularly difficult to evade 16 17 18 19 20 In February 2023 Ukraine obtained wreckage of a R 37M which would be of interest to Ukraine and Western countries 21 22 According to a Russian source the missile is carried by the Su 35S and Su 57 fighters and the MiG 31BM interceptor 23 According to Ukrainian pilots the R 37M isn t achieving a lot of hard kills the destruction of actual Ukrainian aircraft However their launch forces pilots to abandon their current missiles and take evasive action 24 Ukrainian pilots believe that the only defence is for their allies to supply them with F 16 fighter jets and AIM 120 AMRAAM missiles While it won t close the distance Ukrainian pilots hope that it will push back the effective range of missiles like the R 37 25 However according to Ukrainian official Ukraine is looking for opportunities to modernize the F 16 Block 20 MLU fighter jets planned for transfer Early generation AN APG 66 radar of older F 16 Block 20 MLU only has similar range of Ukrainian Mig 29s and poses no significant advantage compare to current Ukrainian fighters radar over the radar of current Russian fighters used in the war such as Irbis E and N110M Bars M 26 27 28 In August 2023 the National Police of Ukraine claimed that a R 37 missile had been used in an airstrike in Kramatorsk Raion 29 dubious discuss See also editAIM 54 Phoenix United States AIM 152 AAAM United States AIM 260 JATM United States Novator KS 172 Russia PL 21 China Long Range Engagement Weapon United States Meteor France United Kingdom Italy Germany Spain Sweden Astra Mark 3 India Gallery edit nbsp RVV BD nbsp RVV BDReferences edit a b c d e f g h i Missiles in the Asia Pacific PDF Defence Today 67 May 2005 archived from the original PDF on 26 January 2009 a b c d e f g R 37 R 37M AA X 13 Russian Federation AIR TO AIR MISSILES BEYOND VISUAL RANGE janes com 12 January 2009 Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 RVV BD Long range air to air missile YouTube Rosoboronexport 2023 08 25 RVV BD Aircraft Guided Air to Air Missile Federal Service of Military Technical Cooperation Russia Retrieved 2023 10 10 The military tested a long range missile for the Su 57 In Russian N 1 Newdick Thomas October 5 2020 Russian Air To Air Missile Tests Signal Potential New Capabilities For Flanker and Felon The Drive Butowski Piotr 7 February 2024 Model Reveals New Russian Air To Air Missile For The Sukhoi Su 57 Aviation Week amp Space Technology Upravlyaemaya aviacionnaya raketa klassa vozduh vozduh bolshoj dalnosti RVV BD missile ru October 2011 Retrieved 26 August 2019 New Russian long range AAM integration to expand to four fighter models Jane s 360 janes com 9 July 2018 Archived from the original on 13 July 2018 Retrieved 4 January 2019 Kakie razrabotki korporacii Takticheskoe raketnoe vooruzhenie skryvaet fyuzelyazh Su 57 Ezhenedelnik Voenno promyshlennyj kurer First Kill Russian Su 57 Stealth Fighter Downs Ukrainian Su 27 Jet With New Long Range Missile Media Claims eurasiantimes com October 19 2022 Extreme Range Kill on Ukraine s Top Fighter Was a Su 57 Not an Air Defence System Reports Military Watch Magazine Retrieved 20 December 2022 The Russian Air War and Ukrainian Requirements for Air Defence RUSI 7 November 2022 Russia s MiG 31 Crews Are Shooting At Ukrainian Pilots From A Hundred Miles Away And The Ukrainians Can t Shoot Back Forbes 8 November 2022 Piotr Butowski Thomas Newdick 10 November 2022 Russia s MiG 31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft The Drive Retrieved 20 May 2023 Piotr Butowski Thomas Newdick 10 November 2022 Russia s MiG 31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft The Drive Retrieved 14 November 2022 Forbes Staff 30 April 2022 Ukraine s Pilots Are Flying Into Battle With Old Dumb Missiles It s One Reason They Get Shot Down Forbes Retrieved 14 November 2022 David Axe 10 November 2022 Fly Low Get Aggressive How Ukrainian Pilots Fought The Russian Air Force To A Standstill Forbes Retrieved 14 November 2022 Sakshi Tiwari 10 November 2022 Russia Is Outfoxing Ukrainian Warplanes With Its Foxhounds MiG 31s Prove Much Superior To Sukhoi Counterparts EurAsian Times Retrieved 14 November 2022 It seems that the Russian Federation lost a rare MiG 31 with Kinzhal in the occupied Crimea the pilot died Sundires 8 October 2022 Retrieved 14 November 2022 Ukraine Acquires Wreckage of R 37M Russian Missile Used for Attack hngn com 18 February 2023 Retrieved 20 May 2023 Ukraine Seizes Scary Russian R 37M Missile Wreckage Used To Launch Deadly Strikes From Su 35 MiG 31 Fighters Eurasian Times 14 February 2023 Retrieved 20 May 2023 CAMTO Novaya raketa R 37M klassa vozduh vozduh pokazala v ramkah SVO ochen vysokuyu veroyatnost porazheniya celej armstrade org David Axe 30 May 2023 With F 16s Ukrainian Pilots Could Finally Beat Back Russia s MiG 31s Forbes com Ukraine Needs a Squadron of F 16s to Scare Away Russian Jets Defense Mirror 29 May 2023 Ukraine discusses F 16 modernization Ukrainian Military Center 23 November 2023 Retrieved 8 January 2024 Ukraine Wants Modern Radar Latest Weapons in F 16s Jets Defense Mirror 23 November 2023 Retrieved 8 January 2024 Assessing Ukraine s Air Defense Deterrent Analysis Eurasia Review 27 May 2023 Retrieved 8 January 2024 Shestero poranenih za dobu Policejski Donechchini zibrali dokazi voyennih zlochiniv rosiyi proti civilnogo naselennya Six wounded in a day The police of Donetsk region collected evidence of Russian war crimes against the civilian population in Ukrainian 25 August 2023 Retrieved 25 August 2023 External links editR 37M RVV BD Vympel MKB R 37M Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title R 37 missile amp oldid 1221247213, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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