Al-Ma'idah
Al-Ma'idah (Arabic: ٱلمائدة, Al-Māʾidah; meaning: "The Table" or "The Table Spread with Food") is the fifth chapter (sūrah) of the Quran, with 120 verses (āyāt). Regarding the timing and contextual background of the revelation (asbāb al-nuzūl), it is a "Medinan surah", which means it is believed to have been revealed in Medina, instead of Mecca.
| المائدة Al-Māʼidah The Table Spread with Food | |
|---|---|
| |
| Classification | Medinan |
| Other names | The Feast |
| Position | Juzʼ 6 to 7 |
| Hizb no. | 11 to 13 |
| No. of Rukus | 16 |
| No. of verses | 120 |
| No. of Sajdahs | none |
| No. of words | 2837 |
| No. of letters | 12206 |
The chapter's topics include animals which are forbidden, and Jesus' and Moses' missions. Verse 90 prohibits "the intoxicant" (alcohol). Verse 8 contains the passage: "Do not let the hatred of a people lead you to injustice".[1] Al-Tabligh Verse 67 is relevant to the Farewell Pilgrimage and Ghadir Khumm.[Quran 5:67]
Verses 5:32-33 have been quoted to denounce killing, by using an abbreviated form such as, "If anyone kills a person, it would be as if he killed the whole people: and if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people". The same formulation appears in the Mishnah in Sanhedrin.[2] However, a columnist for Mosaic presents evidence suggesting that this coincidence is part of the Quran's critique of Judaism, and early Muslims were aware of this context.[3]
Summary Edit
- 1 Covenants are to be fulfilled
- 2 Lawful meats
- 3 Heathen pilgrims not to be molested
- 4 Islam completed—last revelation of the Quran , Certain kinds of food, gaming, and lotteries forbidden
- 5 Muslims permitted to eat the food of Jews and Christians, and to marry their women
- 6 The law of purifications
- 7-8 Believers reminded of the covenant of Aqabah, Muslims should bear true testimony and not let the hatred of a people prevent them from being just
- 9-11 Muslims should forget old quarrels with brethren
- 12 God’s favour to Muslims
- 13-15 Disobedience of Jews and Christians exposed
- 16-18 Jews and Christians are exhorted to accept Islam
- 19-20 The divinity of Christ denied
- 21 Jews and Christians not the children of God
- 22 Muhammad sent as a warner
- 23-29 Israel’s rebellion at Kadesh Barnea
- 30-34 The story of Cain and Abel
- 35-36 The sin of homicide
- 37-38 The punishment of theft accompanied by apostasy
- 39 The faithful exhorted to fight for religion
- 40-41 The punishment of infidels
- 42-44 The penalty of theft
- 45-55 Muhammad to judge the Jews and Christians by the law, gospel, and the Quran
- 56 Muslims forbidden to fraternise with Jews and Christians
- 57-58 Hypocrites threatened
- 59-61 Believers warned and instructed. The fate of the People of the Book[4]
- 62-63 Muslims not to associate with infidels
- 64-65 The Jews exhorted and warned
- 66-69 The hypocrisy and unbelief of the Jews rebuked
- 70 Promises to believing Jews and Christians
- 71 Muhammad required to preach
- 72 He attests to Jewish and Christian Scriptures
- 73 Believing Jews, Sabians, and Christians to be saved
- 74-75 The Jews rejected and killed the prophets of God
- 76-81 The doctrines of the Trinity and Christ’s Sonship rejected
- 82-84 Disobedient Jews cursed by their prophets
- 85-88 Jewish hatred and Christian friendship compared
- 89-90 Muslims to use lawful food etc
- 91 Expiation for perjury
- 92-94 Wine and lots forbidden
- 95-97 Law concerning hunting and gaming during pilgrimage
- 98-100 Pilgrimage and its rites enjoined
- 101-102 The Prophet not to be pestered with questions
- 102-104 Heathen Arab customs denounced
- 105-107 Wills to be attested by witnesses
- 108 The prophets ignorant of the characters of their followers
- 109-110 Jesus—his miracles—God’s favour to him
- 111 The apostles of Jesus were Muslims
- 112-114 A table provided by Jesus for the apostles
- 115-118 Jesus did not teach his followers to worship him and his mother
- 119 The reward of the true believer
- 120 God is sovereign [5]
Placement and coherence with other surahs Edit
This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such as nazm and munasabah in non-English literature and coherence, text relations, intertextuality, and unity in English literature. Hamiduddin Farahi, an Islamic scholar of the Indian subcontinent, is known for his work on the concept of nazm, or coherence, in the Quran. Fakhruddin al-Razi (died 1209 CE), Zarkashi (died 1392) and several other classical as well as contemporary Quranic scholars have contributed to the studies.[6] The entire Qur'an thus emerges as a well-connected and systematic book.[7] Each division has a distinct theme. Topics within a division are more or less in the order of revelation. Within each division, each member of the pair complements the other in various ways. The seven divisions are as follows:
| Group | From | To | Central theme |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Al-Fatiha 1:1 | Al-Ma'ida 5:1 | Islamic law |
| 2 | Al-An'am 6:1 | At-Tawba 9:1 | The consequences of denying Muhammad for the polytheists of Mecca |
| 3 | Yunus 10:1 | An-Nur 24:1 | Glad tidings of Muhammad's domination |
| 4 | Al-Furqan 25:1 | Al-Ahzab 33:1 | Arguments on the prophethood of Muhammad and the requirements of faith in him |
| 5 | Saba 34:1 | Al-Hujraat 49:1 | Arguments on monotheism and the requirements of faith in Allah. |
| 6 | Qaf 50:1 | At-Tahrim 66:1 | The requirement to have faith in Allah (God) God in Islam and the afterlife and that to Allah (God) is the final return. |
| 7 | Al-Mulk 67:1 | An-Nas 114:1 | Admonition to the Quraysh about their fate in the Herein and the Hereafter if they deny Muhammad |
Exegesis Edit
3 Verse of Ikmal al-Din Edit
"Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favour upon you, and chosen Islam as your way..."
— 5:3
This verse was revealed at Arafat as reported in the authentic hadith:
Narrated 'Umar bin Al-Khattab: Once a Jew said to me, "O the chief of believers! There is a verse in your Holy Book Which is read by all of you (Muslims), and had it been revealed to us, we would have taken that day (on which it was revealed as a day of celebration." 'Umar bin Al-Khattab asked, "Which is that verse?" The Jew replied, "This day I have perfected your religion For you, completed My favor upon you, And have chosen for you Islam as your religion." 'Umar replied,"No doubt, we know when and where this verse was revealed to the Prophet. It was Friday and the Prophet (ﷺ) was standing at 'Arafat (i.e. the Day of Hajj)"
— Sahih al-Bukhari 45
27-31 Cain and Abel Edit
The story appears in the Quran 5:27-31:[8]
5:27 Relate to them in truth ˹O Prophet˺ the story of Adam’s two sons—how each offered a sacrifice: Abel’s offering was accepted while Cain’s was not. So Cain threatened, “I will kill you!” His brother replied, “Allah only accepts ˹the offering˺ of the sincerely devout.
5:28 If you raise your hand to kill me, I will not raise mine to kill you, because I fear Allah—the Lord of all worlds.
5:29 I want to let you bear your sin against me along with your other sins, then you will be one of those destined to the Fire. And that is the reward of the wrongdoers.”
5:30 Yet Cain convinced himself to kill his brother, so he killed him—becoming a loser.
5:31 Then Allah sent a crow digging ˹a grave˺ in the ground ˹for a dead crow˺, in order to show him how to bury the corpse of his brother. He cried, “Alas! Have I ˹even˺ failed to be like this crow and bury the corpse of my brother?” So he became regretful.— Quran 5:27-31
33 Hirabah verse Edit
This verse from Qur'anic chapter al-ma'idah (5:33) is known as the Hirabah verse (ayat al-hiraba),[9] It specifies punishment for "those who wage war against God and His Messenger and strive to spread disorder in the land":[10] The verbal noun form (i.e. ḥirabah) is frequently used in classical and modern books of Islamic jurisprudence, but neither the word ḥirabah nor the root verb ḥaraba occurs in the Quran.[11] (Yuḥāribūna is the form used in Quran 5:33-34.)
According to early Islamic sources, the verse was revealed after some members of the Urayna tribe feigned conversion to Islam in order to steal Muslims' possessions and killed a young shepherd sent to teach them about the faith. In view of the broad and strong language of the verse, however, various state representatives beginning with the Umayyads have asserted that it applied to rebels in general.[12]
The original meanings of the triliteral root ḥrb are to despoil someones wealth or property, and also fighting or committing sinful act. The Quran "refers to both meanings" in 2:279 and 5:33-34.[13]
51 Do not take Jews and Christians as allies Edit
O believers! Take neither Jews nor Christians as guardians—they are guardians of each other. Whoever does so will be counted as one of them. Surely Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people.[14]
Some Muslim hard liners have used verses such as this one to denounce close relationships with non-Muslims[citation needed] and forbidding non-Muslims from becoming leaders in Muslim countries.[15] However, other Muslim scholars such as Shafi Usmani see this as forbidding only "indiscriminating intimacy" which might confuse the "distinctive hallmarks of Islam", while all other equitable relations as being allowed.[16] Ghamidi in the context of his Itmam al-Hujjah interpretation of Islam, restricts the subjects of this verse to only the Jews and Christians of the Muslim Prophet's time.[17] Others argue that only belligerent non-Muslims are being referenced here.[18] Verse 51 is preserved in the Ṣan‘ā’1 lower text.[19]
Verse 54 Edit
{{bq|O believers! Whoever among you abandons their faith, Allah will replace them with others who love Him and are loved by Him. They will be humble with the believers but firm towards the disbelievers, struggling in the Way of Allah; fearing no blame from anyone. This is the favour of Allah. He grants it to whoever He wills. And Allah is All-Bountiful, All-Knowing.[20]
Verse 54 is also interesting in relation to who the "beloved" are; some hadith view it as being Abu Musa al-Ashari.[21] Verse 54 is preserved in the Ṣan‘ā’1 lower text.[19]
Shia' view Edit
On the Shia interpretation of this verse, God used the singular form "waliyyukum" implying the "wilayah" (Guardianship of the believers) is a single project. In other words, the "wilayah" of the messenger and that of the Ali springs from the of God's wilayah. The word "wali" in the context of this verse cannot mean "friend" because there is not a single verse in the Quran where God says that any one of his messengers is a friend or helper of their followers. Further if the verse implied "wilayah" in the sense of friend or helper, then the singular form "waliyyukum" would not have been used but the plural form "awliya'ukum" would be appropriate because the "friendship" of God is unique.[citation needed]
Verses 72 and 73 Edit
The Quran: An Encyclopedia says, "The Quran’s objection to Christian practice is Christianity’s shirk, its worship of Jesus, Mary and the saints ‘in derogation of Allah’. There is no justification in believing in the Trinity, for Jesus never would have condoned such a concept".[22]
Those who say, “Allah is the Messiah, son of Mary,” have certainly fallen into disbelief. The Messiah ˹himself˺ said, “O Children of Israel! Worship Allah—my Lord and your Lord.” Whoever associates others with Allah ˹in worship˺ will surely be forbidden Paradise by Allah. Their home will be the Fire. And the wrongdoers will have no helpers.
Those who say, “Allah is one in a Trinity,” have certainly fallen into disbelief. There is only One God. If they do not stop saying this, those who disbelieve among them will be afflicted with a painful punishment.— Quran 5:72-73 -The Clear Quran
Verse 90 Edit
In Verse 90 it says, "O believers! Intoxicants, gambling, idols, and drawing lots for decisions are all evil of Satan’s handiwork. So shun them so you may be successful." This is a clear ruling in the Quran for Muslims to avoid alcohol and gambling.[23]
See also Edit
References Edit
- ^ Quran 5, Dr. Mustafa Khattab, the Clear Quran
- ^ Abramowitz, Rabbi Jack. "Sanhedrin 4:4–5".
- ^ "The Origins of the Precept 'Whoever Saves a Life Saves the World'". Mosaic.
- ^ Quran 5:59
- ^ Wherry, Elwood Morris (1896). A Complete Index to Sale's Text, Preliminary Discourse, and Notes. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Hamiduddin Farahi, translated by Tariq Mahmood Hashmi (2008). Exordium to coherence in the Quran : an English translation of Fātiḥah Niẓām al-Qurʼān (1st ed.). Lahore: al-Mawrid. ISBN 978-9698799571.
- ^ Esposito, John, ed. (2003), "Islahi, Amin Ahsan", The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-512558-4
- ^ Abel. "Abel - Ontology of Quranic Concepts from the Quranic Arabic Corpus". Corpus.quran.com. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
- ^ El Fadl, Khaled Abou (2006). "Rebellion". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 4. Brill. p. 364.
Q 5:33 [...] The verse (known as āyat al-hirāba)
- ^ Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, Mizan, The Penal Law of Islam, Al-Mawrid 2007-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Amin, ElSayed (2014). Reclaiming Jihad: A Qur'anic Critique of Terrorism. Kube Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 9780860375982. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Neither the word hirabah nor the triliteral root verb haraba occurs in the Quran, although the verbal noun form (i.e. hirabah) is frequently used in classical and modern books of Islamic jurisprudence.
- ^ El Fadl, Khaled Abou (2006). "Rebellion". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 4. Brill. p. 364.
- ^ Amin, ElSayed (2014). Reclaiming Jihad: A Qur'anic Critique of Terrorism. Kube Publishing. pp. 132–3. ISBN 9780860375982. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
- ^ Quran 5:51
- ^ McBeth, John (8 November 2016). . The National. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ Shafi, Muhammad. Ma'ariful Qur'an. p. 187.
Muslims can deal with non-Muslims in the spirit of tolerance, sympathy, goodwill, equity, justice, favour and kindness, almost every-thing within that line of conduct. In fact, they should do that for they have been taught to do that. But, what is not permitted is the kind of fast friendship and indiscriminating intimacy which may garble the distinctive hallmarks of Islam. This is the issue known as the 'Tark al-Muwālāt' to refrain from deep (friendship) in Islamic terminology.
- ^ Ghamidi, Javed Ahmed. Al-Bayan.
- ^ "Surah 5:51, 3:28, 4:144 Explained". Discover The Truth. 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
- ^ a b Behnam Sadeghi & Mohsen Goudarzi, "Sana'a and the Origins of the Qu'ran", Der Islam, 87 (2012), 37.
- ^ Quran 5:54
- ^ . Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
- ^ Leaman, Oliver, ed. (2006). The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia (PDF). Taylor & Francis. pp. 144–145. ISBN 0-415-32639-7. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
- ^ Tafsir Ibn Kathir 5:90
External links Edit
- Media related to Al-Ma'ida at Wikimedia Commons
- Quran 5 at Clear Quran translation
- Q5:117, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com