fbpx
Wikipedia

Azhdarchidae

February 06, 2023

Azhdarchidae (from the Persian word azhdar, اژدر, a dragon-like creature in Persian mythology) is a family of pterosaurs known primarily from the Late Cretaceous Period, though an isolated vertebra apparently from an azhdarchid is known from the Early Cretaceous as well (late Berriasian age, about 140 million years ago).[1] Azhdarchids included some of the largest known flying animals of all time, but smaller cat-size members have also been found.[2] Originally considered a sub-family of Pteranodontidae, Nesov (1984)[3] named the Azhdarchinae to include the pterosaurs Azhdarcho, Quetzalcoatlus, and Titanopteryx (now known as Arambourgiania). They were among the last known surviving members of the pterosaurs, and were a rather successful group with a worldwide distribution. By the time of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, most pterosaur families except for the Azhdarchidae disappear from the fossil record, but recent studies indicate a wealth of pterosaurian fauna, including pteranodontids, nyctosaurids, tapejarids and several indeterminate forms.[4] In several analyses, some taxa such as Navajodactylus, Bakonydraco and Montanazhdarcho were moved from Azhdarchidae to other clades.[5][6][7]

Azhdarchids
Temporal range: Cretaceous, 108–66 Ma Possible Early Cretaceous record[1]
Reconstructed skeleton of Quetzalcoatlus northropi
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Order: †Pterosauria
Suborder: †Pterodactyloidea
Clade: †Azhdarchiformes
Family: †Azhdarchidae
Nesov, 1984
Type species
†Azhdarcho lancicollis
Nesov, 1984
Genera
Synonyms
  • "Titanopterygiidae"
    Padian, 1984 (preoccupied)

Description

 
Artist Mark Witton's reconstruction of Hatzegopteryx hunting the ornithopod Zalmoxes.
 
Hatzegopteryx (A-B) compared with Arambourgiania (C) and Quetzalcoatlus (D-E). This illustrates the difference between the "blunt-beaked" azhdarchids and the "slender-beaked" forms.

Azhdarchids are characterized by their long legs and extremely long necks, made up of elongated neck vertebrae which are round in cross section. Most species of azhdarchids are still known mainly from their distinctive neck bones and not much else. The few azhdarchids that are known from reasonably good skeletons include Zhejiangopterus and Quetzalcoatlus. Azhdarchids are also distinguished by their relatively large heads and long, spear-like jaws. There are two major types of azhdarchid morphologies: the "blunt-beaked" forms with shorter and deeper bills and the "slender-beaked" forms with longer and thinner jaws.[8]

It had been suggested azhdarchids were skimmers,[3][9] but further research has cast doubt on this idea, demonstrating that azhdarchids lacked the necessary adaptations for a skim-feeding lifestyle, and that they may have led a more terrestrial existence similar to modern storks and ground hornbills.[10][11][12][13][14] Most large azhdarchids probably fed on small prey, including hatchling and small dinosaurs; in an unusual modification of the azhdarchid bodyplan, the robust Hatzegopteryx may have tackled larger prey as the apex predator in its ecosystem.[15] In another departure from typical azhdarchid lifestyles, the jaw of Alanqa may possibly be an adaptation to crushing shellfish and other hard foodstuffs.[16]

Azhdarchids are generally medium- to large-sized pterosaurs, with the largest achieving wingspans of 10–12 metres (33–39 ft),[17] but several small-sized species have recently been discovered.[18][19] Another azhdarchid that is currently unnamed, recently discovered in Transylvania, may be the largest representative of the family thus far discovered. This unnamed specimen (nicknamed "Dracula" by paleontologists), currently on display in the Altmühltal Dinosaur Museum in Bavaria is estimated to have a wingspan of 12–20 m (39–66 ft), although similarities to the contemporary azhdarchid Hatzegopteryx have also been noted.[20]

Systematics

Azhdarchids were originally classified as close relatives of Pteranodon due to their long, toothless beaks. Others have suggested they were more closely related to the toothy ctenochasmatids (which include filter-feeders like Ctenochasma and Pterodaustro). Currently it is widely agreed that azhdarchids were closely related to pterosaurs such as Tupuxuara and Tapejara.[citation needed]

Taxonomy

Classification after Unwin 2006, except where noted.[21]

 
Reconstructed feeding posture of an azhdarchid with sagittally aligned limbs.

Phylogeny

The most complete cladogram of azhdarchids is presented by Andres (2021):[29]

In the analysis Cretornis and Volgadraco were recovered as pteranodontians, Alanqa was recovered as a thalassodromine, and Montanazhdarcho was recovered just outside Azhdarchidae.[29]

An alternate phylogeny of Azhdarchidae was presented by Ortiz David et al. (2022) in their description of Thanatosdrakon:[30]

In this analysis, Alanqa is interpreted as a non-azhdarchid azhdarchoid closely related to Keresdrakon.[30]

References

  1. ^ a b Dyke, G.; Benton, M.; Posmosanu, E.; Naish, D. (2010). "Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) birds and pterosaurs from the Cornet bauxite mine, Romania". Palaeontology. 54: 79–95. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00997.x. S2CID 15172374.
  2. ^ Cat-Size Flying Reptile Shakes Up Pterosaur Family Tree
  3. ^ a b Nesov, L. A. (1984). . Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1984 (1): 47–57. Archived from the original on 2009-01-05.
  4. ^ Agnolin, Federico L. & Varricchio, David (2012). (PDF). Geodiversitas. 34 (4): 883–894. doi:10.5252/g2012n4a10. S2CID 56002643. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-15.
  5. ^ a b Carroll, Nathan (2015). . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35: 104. Archived from the original on 2019-12-24. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  6. ^ Andres, B.; Myers, T. S. (2013). "Lone Star Pterosaurs". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 103 (3–4): 383–398. doi:10.1017/S1755691013000303. S2CID 84617119.
  7. ^ Wilton, Mark P. (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150611.
  8. ^ Witton, M. P. (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press.
  9. ^ Kellner, A. W. A.; Langston, W. (1996). "Cranial remains of Quetzalcoatlus (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from Late Cretaceous sediments of Big Bend National Park, Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (2): 222–231. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011310.
  10. ^ Chatterjee, S.; Templin, R. J. (2004). Posture, locomotion, and paleoecology of pterosaurs. GSA Special Papers. Vol. 376. pp. 1–64. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2376-0.1. ISBN 9780813723761.
  11. ^ Ősi, A.; Weishampel, D.B.; Jianu, C.M. (2005). "First evidence of azhdarchid pterosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 777–787.
  12. ^ Humphries, S.; Bonser, R.H.C.; Witton, M.P.; Martill, D.M. (2007). "Did pterosaurs feed by skimming? Physical modelling and anatomical evaluation of an unusual feeding method". PLOS Biology. 5 (8): e204. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050204. PMC 1925135. PMID 17676976.
  13. ^ Witton, Mark P.; Naish, Darren; McClain, Craig R. (28 May 2008). "A Reappraisal of Azhdarchid Pterosaur Functional Morphology and Paleoecology". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2271. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2271W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002271. PMC 2386974. PMID 18509539.
  14. ^ Veldmeijer, Andre J.; Witton, Mark; Nieuwland, Ilja (2012). Pterosaurs. ISBN 9789088900938.
  15. ^ Naish, D.; Witton, M.P. (2017). "Neck biomechanics indicate that giant Transylvanian azhdarchid pterosaurs were short-necked arch predators". PeerJ. 5: e2908. doi:10.7717/peerj.2908. PMC 5248582. PMID 28133577.
  16. ^ Martill, D.M.; Ibrahim, N. (2015). "An unusual modification of the jaws in cf. Alanqa, a mid-Cretaceous azhdarchid pterosaur from the Kem Kem beds of Morocco" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 53: 59–67. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.11.001.
  17. ^ Witton, M.P.; Habib, M.B. (2010). "On the Size and Flight Diversity of Giant Pterosaurs, the Use of Birds as Pterosaur Analogues and Comments on Pterosaur Flightlessness". PLOS ONE. 5 (11): e13982. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513982W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013982. PMC 2981443. PMID 21085624.
  18. ^ Martin-Silverstone, Elizabeth; Witton, Mark P.; Arbour, Victoria M.; Currie, Philip J. (2016). "A small azhdarchoid pterosaur from the latest Cretaceous, the age of flying giants". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (8): 160333. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360333M. doi:10.1098/rsos.160333. PMC 5108964. PMID 27853614.
  19. ^ Prondvai, E.; Bodor, E. R.; Ösi, A. (2014). "Does morphology reflect osteohistology-based ontogeny? A case study of Late Cretaceous pterosaur jaw symphyses from Hungary reveals hidden taxonomic diversity" (PDF). Paleobiology. 40 (2): 288–321. doi:10.1666/13030. S2CID 85673254.
  20. ^ "World's largest pterodactyl skeleton goes on show in Germany". The Local Germany. 2018-03-23.
  21. ^ Unwin, David M. (2006). The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time. New York: Pi Press. p. 273. ISBN 0-13-146308-X.
  22. ^ Ibrahim, N.; Unwin, D.M.; Martill, D.M.; Baidder, L.; Zouhri, S. (2010). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.). "A New Pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10875. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510875I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010875. PMC 2877115. PMID 20520782.
  23. ^ Averianov, A.O. (2007). "New records of azhdarchids (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the late Cretaceous of Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia". Paleontological Journal. 41 (2): 189–197. doi:10.1134/S0031030107020098. S2CID 128637719.
  24. ^ Averianov, A.O. (2010). "The osteology of Azhdarcho lancicollis Nessov, 1984 (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 314 (3): 246–317.
  25. ^ Vremir, M. T. S.; Kellner, A. W. A.; Naish, D.; Dyke, G. J. (2013). Viriot, Laurent (ed.). "A New Azhdarchid Pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of the Transylvanian Basin, Romania: Implications for Azhdarchid Diversity and Distribution". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54268. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854268V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054268. PMC 3559652. PMID 23382886.
  26. ^ Romain Vullo; Géraldine Garcia; Pascal Godefroit; Aude Cincotta; Xavier Valentin (2018). "Mistralazhdarcho maggii, gen. et sp. nov., a new azhdarchid pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of southeastern France". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (4): (1)-(16). doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1502670. S2CID 91265861.
  27. ^ Averianov, A.O.; Arkhangelsky, M.S.; Pervushov, E.M. (2008). "A New Late Cretaceous Azhdarchid (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the Volga Region". Paleontological Journal. 42 (6): 634–642. doi:10.1134/S0031030108060099. S2CID 129558986.
  28. ^ Kellner, A.W.A.; Calvo, J.O. (2017). "New azhdarchoid pterosaur (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) with an unusual lower jaw from the Portezuelo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Neuquén Group, Patagonia, Argentina". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 89 (3 suppl): 2003–2012. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201720170478. PMID 29166530.
  29. ^ a b Andres, Brian (2021-12-07). "Phylogenetic systematics of Quetzalcoatlus Lawson 1975 (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (sup1): 203–217. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1801703. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 245078533.
  30. ^ a b Ortiz David, Leonardo D.; González Riga, Bernardo J.; Kellner, Alexander W. A. (12 April 2022). "Thanatosdrakon amaru, gen. ET SP. NOV., a giant azhdarchid pterosaur from the upper Cretaceous of Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 135: 105228. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105228. S2CID 248140163. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  • Astibia, H.; Buffetaut, E.; Buscalioni, A.D.; Cappetta, H.; Corral, C.; Estes, R.; Garcia-Garmilla, F.; Jaeger, Mazin; Jimenez-Fuentes, J.J.; Loeuff, J. Le; Mazin, J.M.; Orue-Etxebarria, X.; Pereda-Suberbiola, J.; Powell, J.E.; Rage, J.C.; Rodriguez-Lazaro, J.; Sanz, J.L.; Tong, H.; et al. (1991). "The fossil vertebrates from Lafio (Basque Country, Spain); new evidence on the composition and affinities of the Late Cretaceous continental fauna of Europe". Terra Nova. 2 (5): 460–466. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1990.tb00103.x.
  • Bennett, S. C. (2000). "Pterosaur flight: the role of actinofibrils in wing function". Historical Biology. 14 (4): 255–284. doi:10.1080/10292380009380572. S2CID 85185457.
  • Nesov, L.A. (1990). "Flying reptiles of the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the USSR and the significance of their remains for the reconstruction of palaeogeographic conditions". Bulletin of Leningrad University, Series 7, Geology and Geography (in Russian). 4 (28): 3–10.
  • Nesov, L.A. (1991). "Giant flying reptiles of the family Azhdarchidae: 11. Environment, sedirnentological conditions and preservation of remains". Bulletin of Leningrad University, Series 7, Geology and Geography (in Russian). 3 (21): 16–24.

February 06, 2023
azhdarchidae, from, persian, word, azhdar, اژدر, dragon, like, creature, persian, mythology, family, pterosaurs, known, primarily, from, late, cretaceous, period, though, isolated, vertebra, apparently, from, azhdarchid, known, from, early, cretaceous, well, l. Azhdarchidae from the Persian word azhdar اژدر a dragon like creature in Persian mythology is a family of pterosaurs known primarily from the Late Cretaceous Period though an isolated vertebra apparently from an azhdarchid is known from the Early Cretaceous as well late Berriasian age about 140 million years ago 1 Azhdarchids included some of the largest known flying animals of all time but smaller cat size members have also been found 2 Originally considered a sub family of Pteranodontidae Nesov 1984 3 named the Azhdarchinae to include the pterosaurs Azhdarcho Quetzalcoatlus and Titanopteryx now known as Arambourgiania They were among the last known surviving members of the pterosaurs and were a rather successful group with a worldwide distribution By the time of the end Cretaceous mass extinction most pterosaur families except for the Azhdarchidae disappear from the fossil record but recent studies indicate a wealth of pterosaurian fauna including pteranodontids nyctosaurids tapejarids and several indeterminate forms 4 In several analyses some taxa such as Navajodactylus Bakonydraco and Montanazhdarcho were moved from Azhdarchidae to other clades 5 6 7 AzhdarchidsTemporal range Cretaceous 108 66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Early Cretaceous record 1 Reconstructed skeleton of Quetzalcoatlus northropiScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataOrder PterosauriaSuborder PterodactyloideaClade AzhdarchiformesFamily AzhdarchidaeNesov 1984Type species Azhdarcho lancicollisNesov 1984Genera Alanqa Argentinadraco Bogolubovia Montanazhdarcho Navajodactylus Palaeocursornis Tethydraco Volgadraco Azhdarchinae Aerotitan Albadraco Azhdarcho Mistralazhdarcho Quetzalcoatlinae Aralazhdarcho Arambourgiania Cryodrakon Eurazhdarcho Hatzegopteryx Phosphatodraco Quetzalcoatlus Thanatosdrakon Wellnhopterus Zhejiangopterus Synonyms Titanopterygiidae Padian 1984 preoccupied Contents 1 Description 2 Systematics 2 1 Taxonomy 2 2 Phylogeny 3 ReferencesDescription Edit Artist Mark Witton s reconstruction of Hatzegopteryx hunting the ornithopod Zalmoxes Hatzegopteryx A B compared with Arambourgiania C and Quetzalcoatlus D E This illustrates the difference between the blunt beaked azhdarchids and the slender beaked forms Azhdarchids are characterized by their long legs and extremely long necks made up of elongated neck vertebrae which are round in cross section Most species of azhdarchids are still known mainly from their distinctive neck bones and not much else The few azhdarchids that are known from reasonably good skeletons include Zhejiangopterus and Quetzalcoatlus Azhdarchids are also distinguished by their relatively large heads and long spear like jaws There are two major types of azhdarchid morphologies the blunt beaked forms with shorter and deeper bills and the slender beaked forms with longer and thinner jaws 8 It had been suggested azhdarchids were skimmers 3 9 but further research has cast doubt on this idea demonstrating that azhdarchids lacked the necessary adaptations for a skim feeding lifestyle and that they may have led a more terrestrial existence similar to modern storks and ground hornbills 10 11 12 13 14 Most large azhdarchids probably fed on small prey including hatchling and small dinosaurs in an unusual modification of the azhdarchid bodyplan the robust Hatzegopteryx may have tackled larger prey as the apex predator in its ecosystem 15 In another departure from typical azhdarchid lifestyles the jaw of Alanqa may possibly be an adaptation to crushing shellfish and other hard foodstuffs 16 Azhdarchids are generally medium to large sized pterosaurs with the largest achieving wingspans of 10 12 metres 33 39 ft 17 but several small sized species have recently been discovered 18 19 Another azhdarchid that is currently unnamed recently discovered in Transylvania may be the largest representative of the family thus far discovered This unnamed specimen nicknamed Dracula by paleontologists currently on display in the Altmuhltal Dinosaur Museum in Bavaria is estimated to have a wingspan of 12 20 m 39 66 ft although similarities to the contemporary azhdarchid Hatzegopteryx have also been noted 20 Systematics EditAzhdarchids were originally classified as close relatives of Pteranodon due to their long toothless beaks Others have suggested they were more closely related to the toothy ctenochasmatids which include filter feeders like Ctenochasma and Pterodaustro Currently it is widely agreed that azhdarchids were closely related to pterosaurs such as Tupuxuara and Tapejara citation needed Taxonomy Edit Classification after Unwin 2006 except where noted 21 Reconstructed feeding posture of an azhdarchid with sagittally aligned limbs Family Azhdarchidae Aerotitan Alanqa 22 Aralazhdarcho 23 Arambourgiania Azhdarcho Cretornis 24 Eurazhdarcho 25 Hatzegopteryx Mistralazhdarcho 26 Montanazhdarcho 5 Palaeocursornis Phosphatodraco Quetzalcoatlus Volgadraco 27 Zhejiangopterus Possible valid azhdarchid genera Argentinadraco azhdarchoid tentatively classified as an azhdarchid 28 Bennettazhia Bogolubovia Navajodactylus Phylogeny Edit The most complete cladogram of azhdarchids is presented by Andres 2021 29 Azhdarchidae Azhdarchinae AzhdarchoAlbadracoAerotitanMistralazhdarchoQuetzalcoatlinae PhosphatodracoAralazhdarchoEurazhdarchoZhejiangopterusWellnhopterusCryodrakonHatzegopteryxArambourgianiaQuetzalcoatlusIn the analysis Cretornis and Volgadraco were recovered as pteranodontians Alanqa was recovered as a thalassodromine and Montanazhdarcho was recovered just outside Azhdarchidae 29 An alternate phylogeny of Azhdarchidae was presented by Ortiz David et al 2022 in their description of Thanatosdrakon 30 Azhdarchidae EurazhdarchoPhosphatodracoAralazhdarchoZhejiangopterusAzhdarchoQuetzalcoatlinae CryodrakonThanatosdrakonQuetzalcoatlusHatzegopteryxAlbadracoArambourgianiaMistralazhdarchoAerotitanIn this analysis Alanqa is interpreted as a non azhdarchid azhdarchoid closely related to Keresdrakon 30 References Edit a b Dyke G Benton M Posmosanu E Naish D 2010 Early Cretaceous Berriasian birds and pterosaurs from the Cornet bauxite mine Romania Palaeontology 54 79 95 doi 10 1111 j 1475 4983 2010 00997 x S2CID 15172374 Cat Size Flying Reptile Shakes Up Pterosaur Family Tree a b Nesov L A 1984 Upper Cretaceous pterosaurs and birds from Central Asia Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1984 1 47 57 Archived from the original on 2009 01 05 Agnolin Federico L amp Varricchio David 2012 Systematic reinterpretation of Piksi barbarulna Varricchio 2002 from the Two Medicine Formation Upper Cretaceous of Western USA Montana as a pterosaur rather than a bird PDF Geodiversitas 34 4 883 894 doi 10 5252 g2012n4a10 S2CID 56002643 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 01 15 a b Carroll Nathan 2015 Reassignment of Montanazhdarcho minor as a non azhdarchid member of the Azhdarchoidea Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 104 Archived from the original on 2019 12 24 Retrieved 2021 01 21 Andres B Myers T S 2013 Lone Star Pterosaurs Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 103 3 4 383 398 doi 10 1017 S1755691013000303 S2CID 84617119 Wilton Mark P 2013 Pterosaurs Natural History Evolution Anatomy Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691150611 Witton M P 2013 Pterosaurs Natural History Evolution Anatomy Princeton University Press Kellner A W A Langston W 1996 Cranial remains of Quetzalcoatlus Pterosauria Azhdarchidae from Late Cretaceous sediments of Big Bend National Park Texas Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 2 222 231 doi 10 1080 02724634 1996 10011310 Chatterjee S Templin R J 2004 Posture locomotion and paleoecology of pterosaurs GSA Special Papers Vol 376 pp 1 64 doi 10 1130 0 8137 2376 0 1 ISBN 9780813723761 Osi A Weishampel D B Jianu C M 2005 First evidence of azhdarchid pterosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 4 777 787 Humphries S Bonser R H C Witton M P Martill D M 2007 Did pterosaurs feed by skimming Physical modelling and anatomical evaluation of an unusual feeding method PLOS Biology 5 8 e204 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0050204 PMC 1925135 PMID 17676976 Witton Mark P Naish Darren McClain Craig R 28 May 2008 A Reappraisal of Azhdarchid Pterosaur Functional Morphology and Paleoecology PLOS ONE 3 5 e2271 Bibcode 2008PLoSO 3 2271W doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002271 PMC 2386974 PMID 18509539 Veldmeijer Andre J Witton Mark Nieuwland Ilja 2012 Pterosaurs ISBN 9789088900938 Naish D Witton M P 2017 Neck biomechanics indicate that giant Transylvanian azhdarchid pterosaurs were short necked arch predators PeerJ 5 e2908 doi 10 7717 peerj 2908 PMC 5248582 PMID 28133577 Martill D M Ibrahim N 2015 An unusual modification of the jaws in cf Alanqa a mid Cretaceous azhdarchid pterosaur from the Kem Kem beds of Morocco PDF Cretaceous Research 53 59 67 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2014 11 001 Witton M P Habib M B 2010 On the Size and Flight Diversity of Giant Pterosaurs the Use of Birds as Pterosaur Analogues and Comments on Pterosaur Flightlessness PLOS ONE 5 11 e13982 Bibcode 2010PLoSO 513982W doi 10 1371 journal pone 0013982 PMC 2981443 PMID 21085624 Martin Silverstone Elizabeth Witton Mark P Arbour Victoria M Currie Philip J 2016 A small azhdarchoid pterosaur from the latest Cretaceous the age of flying giants Royal Society Open Science 3 8 160333 Bibcode 2016RSOS 360333M doi 10 1098 rsos 160333 PMC 5108964 PMID 27853614 Prondvai E Bodor E R Osi A 2014 Does morphology reflect osteohistology based ontogeny A case study of Late Cretaceous pterosaur jaw symphyses from Hungary reveals hidden taxonomic diversity PDF Paleobiology 40 2 288 321 doi 10 1666 13030 S2CID 85673254 World s largest pterodactyl skeleton goes on show in Germany The Local Germany 2018 03 23 Unwin David M 2006 The Pterosaurs From Deep Time New York Pi Press p 273 ISBN 0 13 146308 X Ibrahim N Unwin D M Martill D M Baidder L Zouhri S 2010 Farke Andrew Allen ed A New Pterosaur Pterodactyloidea Azhdarchidae from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco PLOS ONE 5 5 e10875 Bibcode 2010PLoSO 510875I doi 10 1371 journal pone 0010875 PMC 2877115 PMID 20520782 Averianov A O 2007 New records of azhdarchids Pterosauria Azhdarchidae from the late Cretaceous of Russia Kazakhstan and Central Asia Paleontological Journal 41 2 189 197 doi 10 1134 S0031030107020098 S2CID 128637719 Averianov A O 2010 The osteology of Azhdarcho lancicollis Nessov 1984 Pterosauria Azhdarchidae from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan PDF Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 314 3 246 317 Vremir M T S Kellner A W A Naish D Dyke G J 2013 Viriot Laurent ed A New Azhdarchid Pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of the Transylvanian Basin Romania Implications for Azhdarchid Diversity and Distribution PLOS ONE 8 1 e54268 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 854268V doi 10 1371 journal pone 0054268 PMC 3559652 PMID 23382886 Romain Vullo Geraldine Garcia Pascal Godefroit Aude Cincotta Xavier Valentin 2018 Mistralazhdarcho maggii gen et sp nov a new azhdarchid pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of southeastern France Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 4 1 16 doi 10 1080 02724634 2018 1502670 S2CID 91265861 Averianov A O Arkhangelsky M S Pervushov E M 2008 A New Late Cretaceous Azhdarchid Pterosauria Azhdarchidae from the Volga Region Paleontological Journal 42 6 634 642 doi 10 1134 S0031030108060099 S2CID 129558986 Kellner A W A Calvo J O 2017 New azhdarchoid pterosaur Pterosauria Pterodactyloidea with an unusual lower jaw from the Portezuelo Formation Upper Cretaceous Neuquen Group Patagonia Argentina Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 89 3 suppl 2003 2012 doi 10 1590 0001 3765201720170478 PMID 29166530 a b Andres Brian 2021 12 07 Phylogenetic systematics of Quetzalcoatlus Lawson 1975 Pterodactyloidea Azhdarchoidea Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 sup1 203 217 doi 10 1080 02724634 2020 1801703 ISSN 0272 4634 S2CID 245078533 a b Ortiz David Leonardo D Gonzalez Riga Bernardo J Kellner Alexander W A 12 April 2022 Thanatosdrakon amaru gen ET SP NOV a giant azhdarchid pterosaur from the upper Cretaceous of Argentina Cretaceous Research 135 105228 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2022 105228 S2CID 248140163 Retrieved 12 April 2022 Astibia H Buffetaut E Buscalioni A D Cappetta H Corral C Estes R Garcia Garmilla F Jaeger Mazin Jimenez Fuentes J J Loeuff J Le Mazin J M Orue Etxebarria X Pereda Suberbiola J Powell J E Rage J C Rodriguez Lazaro J Sanz J L Tong H et al 1991 The fossil vertebrates from Lafio Basque Country Spain new evidence on the composition and affinities of the Late Cretaceous continental fauna of Europe Terra Nova 2 5 460 466 doi 10 1111 j 1365 3121 1990 tb00103 x Bennett S C 2000 Pterosaur flight the role of actinofibrils in wing function Historical Biology 14 4 255 284 doi 10 1080 10292380009380572 S2CID 85185457 Nesov L A 1990 Flying reptiles of the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the USSR and the significance of their remains for the reconstruction of palaeogeographic conditions Bulletin of Leningrad University Series 7 Geology and Geography in Russian 4 28 3 10 Nesov L A 1991 Giant flying reptiles of the family Azhdarchidae 11 Environment sedirnentological conditions and preservation of remains Bulletin of Leningrad University Series 7 Geology and Geography in Russian 3 21 16 24 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Azhdarchidae amp oldid 1136288325, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.