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Tapejaridae

February 20, 2023

Tapejaridae (from a Tupi word meaning "the old being") are a family of pterodactyloid pterosaurs from the Cretaceous period. Members are currently known from Brazil, England, Hungary, Morocco,[2] Spain,[3] the United States,[4] and China. The most primitive genera were found in China, indicating that the family has an Asian origin.[5]

Tapejaridae
Temporal range: Early to Late Cretaceous, 125–85 Ma
Collection of various tapejarid skulls to scale with one another. From left to right, top to bottom:

Caiuajara dobruskii (CP.V 8175), Caiuajara dobruskii (holotype), Tupandactylus imperator, Tapejara wellnhoferi, Huaxiadraco corollatus (holotype of H. benxiensis), Sinopterus dongi

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Order: †Pterosauria
Suborder: †Pterodactyloidea
Clade: †Tapejaromorpha
Family: †Tapejaridae
Kellner, 1989
Type species
†Tapejara wellnhoferi
Kellner, 1989
Genera

Description

 
Reconstructed profiles of three Brazilian species; from top to bottom, Tapejara wellnhoferi (A), Tupandactylus navigans (B), and Tupandactylus imperator (C)

Tapejarids were small to medium-sized pterosaurs with several unique, shared characteristics, mainly relating to the skull. Most tapejarids possessed a bony crest arising from the snout (formed mostly by the premaxillary bones of the upper jaw tip). In some species, this bony crest is known to have supported an even larger crest of softer, fibrous tissue that extends back along the skull. Tapejarids are also characterized by their large nasoantorbital fenestra, the main opening in the skull in front of the eyes, which spans at least half the length of the entire skull in this family. Their eye sockets were small and pear-shaped.[6] Studies of tapejarid brain cases show that they had extremely good vision, more so than in other pterosaur groups, and probably relied nearly exclusively on vision when hunting or interacting with other members of their species.[7] Tapejarids had unusually reduced shoulder girdles that would have been slung low on the torso, resulting in wings that protruded from near the belly rather than near the back, a "bottom decker" arrangement reminiscent of some planes.[7]

Biology

Tapejarids appear to have been arboreal, having more curved claws than other azhdarchoid pterosaurs and occurring more commonly in fossil sites with other arboreal flying vertebrates such as early birds. Tapejarids have long been speculated as having been frugivores or omnivores, based on their parrot-like beaks.[8] Direct evidence for plant-eating is known in a specimen of Sinopterus that preserves seeds in the abdominal cavity. The Barremian- Aptian distribution of some tapejarids may even be partially associated with the first radiation phase of the angiosperms, especially of the genus Klitzschophyllites which represents a more basal angiosperm.[9][10]

Assuming thalassodromines are tapejarids, this clade also included raptorial, macropredatory species adapted to hunt proportionally large prey.[11][12]

Classification

 
Life restorations of various members of the Tapejaridae
 
Hind leg of an indeterminate tapejarid, with preserved foot pads, scales, and claw sheaths

Tapejaridae was defined by Alexander Kellner in 1989 as the clade containing both Tapejara and Tupuxuara, plus all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. As originally conceived, it was composed of two subfamilies: the Tapejarinae, consisting of Tapejara and its close relatives, and the Thalassodrominae, consisting of Thalassodromeus and Tupuxuara.[13]

Some studies, such as one by Lü and colleagues in 2008, have found that the thalassodromines are more closely related to the azhdarchids proper than to the tapejarids,[14] and have placed them in their own family (which has sometimes been referred to as Tupuxuaridae,[15] though Thalassodrominae was named first[13]). At least one study has also found that the Chaoyangopteridae, often found to be closer to azhdarchids, represent a lineage within the Tapejaridae, more closely related to the tapejarines than to the thalassodromines. Felipe Pinheiro and colleagues (2011) reclassified the group as a subfamily of Tapejaridae, Chaoyangopterinae, for this reason.[6]

The exact relationships of tapejarids to one another and to other azhdarchoid pterosaurs has historically been unclear, with different studies producing significantly different cladograms (family trees). It is also unclear exactly which pterosaurs belong to the Tapejaridae; some researchers have found the thalassodromines and chaoyangopterines to be members of this family,[6][13] while other studies have found them to be more closely related to the azhdarchids (in the clade Neoazhdarchia).[16] Several studies have shown that the "tapejarids" as traditionally thought of (that is, including the classic examples of both Tapejara and Tupuxuara) are paraphyletic, and do not form a natural group, but instead represent sequential branches of the tree leading. In light of this discovery, several of the traditional names associated with the group have been re-defined. Martill and Naish proposed a revised definition for Tapejaridae, as all species more closely related to Tapejara than to Quetzalcoatlus.[16] Andres and colleagues did not follow this proposal, instead formally defining Tapejaridae as the clade Tapejara + Sinopterus. They also re-defined the Tapejarinae as all species closer to Tapejara than to Sinopterus, and added a new clade, Tapejarini, to include all descendants of the last common ancestor of Tapejara and Tupandactylus.[17][18]

Below are two alternate cladograms: the first, presented by Andres and colleagues in 2014, found the a grouping of tapejarids at the base of the clade, with thalassodromines more closely related to azhdarchids, chaoyangopterids, and dsungaripterids, all of them within the group Neoazhdarchia. Their cladogram is shown on the left.[17] Later however, a number of studies had begun to favor Kellner's defition of the group, meaning that the members of the Thalassodrominae were reclassified within this group.[19][20] An example of one of these studies is the one by Kellner and colleagues in 2019. The cladogram on the right shows their phylogenetic analysis.[21] In 2021 a new study focus on the most complete Tapejaridae, a skeleton Tupandactylus navigans, confirmed the 2019 topology[22].

References

  1. ^ David M. Martill; Mick Green; Roy Smith; Megan Jacobs; John Winch (2020). "First tapejarid pterosaur from the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group: Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the United Kingdom". Cretaceous Research. 113: Article 104487. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104487. S2CID 219099220.
  2. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, Eric Buffetaut (1999). "Pterosaur remains from the Cretaceous of Morocco". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 73 (1–2): 133–142. doi:10.1007/BF02987987. S2CID 129032233.
  3. ^ Vullo, R.; Marugán-Lobón, J. S.; Kellner, A. W. A.; Buscalioni, A. D.; Gomez, B.; De La Fuente, M.; Moratalla, J. J. (2012). Claessens, Leon (ed.). "A New Crested Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Spain: The First European Tapejarid (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea)". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e38900. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738900V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038900. PMC 3389002. PMID 22802931.
  4. ^ Campos, Hebert Bruno Nascimento (July 31, 2021). "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Javelina Formation of Texas". Biologia. doi:10.1007/s11756-021-00841-7. S2CID 238764420 – via Springer Link.
  5. ^ Lü, J.; Jin, X.; Unwin, D.M.; Zhao, L.; Azuma, Y.; Ji, Q. (2006). "A new species of Huaxiapterus (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China with comments on the systematics of tapejarid pterosaurs". Acta Geologica Sinica. 80 (3): 315–326. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00251.x. S2CID 129851866.
  6. ^ a b c Pinheiro, F.L.; Fortier, D.C.; Schultz, C.L.; De Andrade, J.A.F.G.; Bantim, R.A.M. (2011). "New information on Tupandactylus imperator, with comments on the relationships of Tapejaridae (Pterosauria)". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56: 567–580. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0057.
  7. ^ a b Eck, K.; Elgin, R.A.; Frey, E. (2011). "On the osteology of Tapejara wellnhoferi KELLNER 1989 and the first occurrence of a multiple specimen assemblage from the Santana Formation, Araripe Basin, NE-Brazil". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 130 (2): 277–296. doi:10.1007/s13358-011-0024-5. S2CID 84883165.
  8. ^ Wu, Wen-Hao; Zhou, Chang-Fu; Andres, Brian (2017). "The toothless pterosaur Jidapterus edentus (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchoidea) from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and its paleoecological implications". PLOS ONE. 12 (9): e0185486. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285486W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185486. PMC 5614613. PMID 28950013.
  9. ^ Meng, X. (2008). "A New Species of Sinopterus from Jehol Biota and Reconstraction of Stratigraphic Sequence of the Jiufotang Formation". Thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
  10. ^ Could Tapejarid Pterosaurs be the dispersers of Klitzschophyllites angiosperm? A preliminary case of study of zoocory Flaviana J. Lima 1*, Renan A. M. Bantim1,2, Antônio A. F. Saraiva1 & Juliana M. Sayão3
  11. ^ Mark P. Witton (2013), Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-15061-1
  12. ^ Pêgas, R. V.; Costa, F. R.; Kellner, A. W. A. (2018). "New Information on the osteology and a taxonomic revision of the genus Thalassodromeus (Pterodactyloidea, Tapejaridae, Thalassodrominae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (2): e1443273. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1443273. S2CID 90477315.
  13. ^ a b c Kellner, A.W.A.; Campos, D.A. (2007). "Short note on the ingroup relationships of the Tapejaridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea". Boletim do Museu Nacional. 75: 1–14.
  14. ^ Lü, J., Unwin, D.M., Xu, L., and Zhang, X. (2008). "A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China and its implications for pterosaur phylogeny and evolution." Naturwissenschaften,
  15. ^ Martill, D.M., Bechly, G., and Heads, S.W. (2007). "Appendix: species list for the Crato Formation." In: Martill, D.M., Bechly, G., and Loveridge, R.F. (eds.), 2007. The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 582–607.
  16. ^ a b Martill, D.M.; Naish, D. (2006). "Cranial crest development in the azhdarchoid pterosaur Tupuxuara, with a review of the genus and tapejarid monophyly". Palaeontology. 49 (4): 925–941. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00575.x.
  17. ^ a b Andres, B.; Clark, J.; Xu, X. (2014). "The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group". Current Biology. 24 (9): 1011–6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030. PMID 24768054.
  18. ^ Beccari, Victor; Pinheiro, Felipe Lima; Nunes, Ivan; Anelli, Luiz Eduardo; Mateus, Octávio; Costa, Fabiana Rodrigues (2021-08-25). "Osteology of an exceptionally well-preserved tapejarid skeleton from Brazil: Revealing the anatomy of a curious pterodactyloid clade". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): e0254789. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254789. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8386889. PMID 34432814.
  19. ^ Borja Holgado, Rodrigo V. Pêgas, José Ignacio Canudo, Josep Fortuny, Taissa Rodrigues, Julio Company & Alexander W.A. Kellner, 2019, "On a new crested pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula and the radiation of the clade Anhangueria", Scientific Reports 9: 4940 doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41280-4
  20. ^ Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Holgado, Borja; Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla; Nohra, Roy; Sayão, Juliana M.; Currie, Philip J. (2019). "First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 17875. Bibcode:2019NatSR...917875K. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z. PMC 6884559. PMID 31784545.
  21. ^ Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Weinschütz, Luiz C.; Holgado, Borja; Bantim, Renan A. M.; Sayão, Juliana M. (19 August 2019). "A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 91 (suppl 2): e20190768. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920190768. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 31432888.
  22. ^ Beccari, Victor; Pinheiro, Felipe Lima; Nunes, Ivan; Anelli, Luiz Eduardo; Mateus, Octávio; Costa, Fabiana Rodrigues (2021-08-25). "Osteology of an exceptionally well-preserved tapejarid skeleton from Brazil: Revealing the anatomy of a curious pterodactyloid clade". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): e0254789. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254789. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8386889. PMID 34432814.

February 20, 2023
tapejaridae, from, tupi, word, meaning, being, family, pterodactyloid, pterosaurs, from, cretaceous, period, members, currently, known, from, brazil, england, hungary, morocco, spain, united, states, china, most, primitive, genera, were, found, china, indicati. Tapejaridae from a Tupi word meaning the old being are a family of pterodactyloid pterosaurs from the Cretaceous period Members are currently known from Brazil England Hungary Morocco 2 Spain 3 the United States 4 and China The most primitive genera were found in China indicating that the family has an Asian origin 5 TapejaridaeTemporal range Early to Late Cretaceous 125 85 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NCollection of various tapejarid skulls to scale with one another From left to right top to bottom Caiuajara dobruskii CP V 8175 Caiuajara dobruskii holotype Tupandactylus imperator Tapejara wellnhoferi Huaxiadraco corollatus holotype of H benxiensis Sinopterus dongiScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataOrder PterosauriaSuborder PterodactyloideaClade TapejaromorphaFamily TapejaridaeKellner 1989Type species Tapejara wellnhoferiKellner 1989Genera Afrotapejara Thalassodrominae Caupedactylia Caupedactylus Aymberedactylus Eutapejaria Sinopterinae Bakonydraco Eopteranodon Huaxiadraco Huaxiapterus Sinopterus Wightia 1 Tapejarinae Eopteranodon Tapejarini Bakonydraco Caiuajara Europejara Tapejara Tupandactylus Contents 1 Description 2 Biology 3 Classification 4 ReferencesDescription Edit Reconstructed profiles of three Brazilian species from top to bottom Tapejara wellnhoferi A Tupandactylus navigans B and Tupandactylus imperator C Tapejarids were small to medium sized pterosaurs with several unique shared characteristics mainly relating to the skull Most tapejarids possessed a bony crest arising from the snout formed mostly by the premaxillary bones of the upper jaw tip In some species this bony crest is known to have supported an even larger crest of softer fibrous tissue that extends back along the skull Tapejarids are also characterized by their large nasoantorbital fenestra the main opening in the skull in front of the eyes which spans at least half the length of the entire skull in this family Their eye sockets were small and pear shaped 6 Studies of tapejarid brain cases show that they had extremely good vision more so than in other pterosaur groups and probably relied nearly exclusively on vision when hunting or interacting with other members of their species 7 Tapejarids had unusually reduced shoulder girdles that would have been slung low on the torso resulting in wings that protruded from near the belly rather than near the back a bottom decker arrangement reminiscent of some planes 7 Biology EditTapejarids appear to have been arboreal having more curved claws than other azhdarchoid pterosaurs and occurring more commonly in fossil sites with other arboreal flying vertebrates such as early birds Tapejarids have long been speculated as having been frugivores or omnivores based on their parrot like beaks 8 Direct evidence for plant eating is known in a specimen of Sinopterus that preserves seeds in the abdominal cavity The Barremian Aptian distribution of some tapejarids may even be partially associated with the first radiation phase of the angiosperms especially of the genus Klitzschophyllites which represents a more basal angiosperm 9 10 Assuming thalassodromines are tapejarids this clade also included raptorial macropredatory species adapted to hunt proportionally large prey 11 12 Classification Edit Life restorations of various members of the Tapejaridae Hind leg of an indeterminate tapejarid with preserved foot pads scales and claw sheaths Tapejaridae was defined by Alexander Kellner in 1989 as the clade containing both Tapejara and Tupuxuara plus all descendants of their most recent common ancestor As originally conceived it was composed of two subfamilies the Tapejarinae consisting of Tapejara and its close relatives and the Thalassodrominae consisting of Thalassodromeus and Tupuxuara 13 Some studies such as one by Lu and colleagues in 2008 have found that the thalassodromines are more closely related to the azhdarchids proper than to the tapejarids 14 and have placed them in their own family which has sometimes been referred to as Tupuxuaridae 15 though Thalassodrominae was named first 13 At least one study has also found that the Chaoyangopteridae often found to be closer to azhdarchids represent a lineage within the Tapejaridae more closely related to the tapejarines than to the thalassodromines Felipe Pinheiro and colleagues 2011 reclassified the group as a subfamily of Tapejaridae Chaoyangopterinae for this reason 6 The exact relationships of tapejarids to one another and to other azhdarchoid pterosaurs has historically been unclear with different studies producing significantly different cladograms family trees It is also unclear exactly which pterosaurs belong to the Tapejaridae some researchers have found the thalassodromines and chaoyangopterines to be members of this family 6 13 while other studies have found them to be more closely related to the azhdarchids in the clade Neoazhdarchia 16 Several studies have shown that the tapejarids as traditionally thought of that is including the classic examples of both Tapejara and Tupuxuara are paraphyletic and do not form a natural group but instead represent sequential branches of the tree leading In light of this discovery several of the traditional names associated with the group have been re defined Martill and Naish proposed a revised definition for Tapejaridae as all species more closely related to Tapejara than to Quetzalcoatlus 16 Andres and colleagues did not follow this proposal instead formally defining Tapejaridae as the clade Tapejara Sinopterus They also re defined the Tapejarinae as all species closer to Tapejara than to Sinopterus and added a new clade Tapejarini to include all descendants of the last common ancestor of Tapejara and Tupandactylus 17 18 Below are two alternate cladograms the first presented by Andres and colleagues in 2014 found the a grouping of tapejarids at the base of the clade with thalassodromines more closely related to azhdarchids chaoyangopterids and dsungaripterids all of them within the group Neoazhdarchia Their cladogram is shown on the left 17 Later however a number of studies had begun to favor Kellner s defition of the group meaning that the members of the Thalassodrominae were reclassified within this group 19 20 An example of one of these studies is the one by Kellner and colleagues in 2019 The cladogram on the right shows their phylogenetic analysis 21 In 2021 a new study focus on the most complete Tapejaridae a skeleton Tupandactylus navigans confirmed the 2019 topology 22 Topology 1 Andres and colleagues 2014 Azhdarchoidea NeoazhdarchiaTapejaromorpha BennettazhiaEopteranodon lii Sinopterus guiNemicolopterus crypticusHuaxiapterus jiiTapejaridae Sinopterus dongiTapejarinae Huaxiapterus benxiensis Huaxiapterus corollatusTapejarini Tupandactylus navigansTupandactylus imperatorBakonydraco galacziEuropejara olcadesorumTapejara wellnhoferi Topology 2 Kellner and colleagues 2019 Tapejaromorpha KeresdrakonTapejaridae Thalassodrominae ThalassodromeusTupuxuaraTapejarinae CaupedactylusAymberedactylusEopteranodon Huaxiapterus benxiensis Huaxiapterus corollatusSinopterusTapejarini EuropejaraCaiuajaraTapejaraTupandactylusReferences Edit David M Martill Mick Green Roy Smith Megan Jacobs John Winch 2020 First tapejarid pterosaur from the Wessex Formation Wealden Group Lower Cretaceous Barremian of the United Kingdom Cretaceous Research 113 Article 104487 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2020 104487 S2CID 219099220 Peter Wellnhofer Eric Buffetaut 1999 Pterosaur remains from the Cretaceous of Morocco Palaontologische Zeitschrift 73 1 2 133 142 doi 10 1007 BF02987987 S2CID 129032233 Vullo R Marugan Lobon J S Kellner A W A Buscalioni A D Gomez B De La Fuente M Moratalla J J 2012 Claessens Leon ed A New Crested Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Spain The First European Tapejarid Pterodactyloidea Azhdarchoidea PLOS ONE 7 7 e38900 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 738900V doi 10 1371 journal pone 0038900 PMC 3389002 PMID 22802931 Campos Hebert Bruno Nascimento July 31 2021 A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous Javelina Formation of Texas Biologia doi 10 1007 s11756 021 00841 7 S2CID 238764420 via Springer Link Lu J Jin X Unwin D M Zhao L Azuma Y Ji Q 2006 A new species of Huaxiapterus Pterosauria Pterodactyloidea from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning China with comments on the systematics of tapejarid pterosaurs Acta Geologica Sinica 80 3 315 326 doi 10 1111 j 1755 6724 2006 tb00251 x S2CID 129851866 a b c Pinheiro F L Fortier D C Schultz C L De Andrade J A F G Bantim R A M 2011 New information on Tupandactylus imperator with comments on the relationships of Tapejaridae Pterosauria Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 567 580 doi 10 4202 app 2010 0057 a b Eck K Elgin R A Frey E 2011 On the osteology of Tapejara wellnhoferi KELLNER 1989 and the first occurrence of a multiple specimen assemblage from the Santana Formation Araripe Basin NE Brazil Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 130 2 277 296 doi 10 1007 s13358 011 0024 5 S2CID 84883165 Wu Wen Hao Zhou Chang Fu Andres Brian 2017 The toothless pterosaur Jidapterus edentus Pterodactyloidea Azhdarchoidea from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and its paleoecological implications PLOS ONE 12 9 e0185486 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1285486W doi 10 1371 journal pone 0185486 PMC 5614613 PMID 28950013 Meng X 2008 A New Species of Sinopterus from Jehol Biota and Reconstraction of Stratigraphic Sequence of the Jiufotang Formation Thesis Chinese Academy of Sciences Could Tapejarid Pterosaurs be the dispersers of Klitzschophyllites angiosperm A preliminary case of study of zoocory Flaviana J Lima 1 Renan A M Bantim1 2 Antonio A F Saraiva1 amp Juliana M Sayao3 Mark P Witton 2013 Pterosaurs Natural History Evolution Anatomy Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 15061 1 Pegas R V Costa F R Kellner A W A 2018 New Information on the osteology and a taxonomic revision of the genus Thalassodromeus Pterodactyloidea Tapejaridae Thalassodrominae Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 2 e1443273 doi 10 1080 02724634 2018 1443273 S2CID 90477315 a b c Kellner A W A Campos D A 2007 Short note on the ingroup relationships of the Tapejaridae Pterosauria Pterodactyloidea Boletim do Museu Nacional 75 1 14 Lu J Unwin D M Xu L and Zhang X 2008 A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China and its implications for pterosaur phylogeny and evolution Naturwissenschaften Martill D M Bechly G and Heads S W 2007 Appendix species list for the Crato Formation In Martill D M Bechly G and Loveridge R F eds 2007 The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil Window into an Ancient World Cambridge University Press Cambridge Pp 582 607 a b Martill D M Naish D 2006 Cranial crest development in the azhdarchoid pterosaur Tupuxuara with a review of the genus and tapejarid monophyly Palaeontology 49 4 925 941 doi 10 1111 j 1475 4983 2006 00575 x a b Andres B Clark J Xu X 2014 The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group Current Biology 24 9 1011 6 doi 10 1016 j cub 2014 03 030 PMID 24768054 Beccari Victor Pinheiro Felipe Lima Nunes Ivan Anelli Luiz Eduardo Mateus Octavio Costa Fabiana Rodrigues 2021 08 25 Osteology of an exceptionally well preserved tapejarid skeleton from Brazil Revealing the anatomy of a curious pterodactyloid clade PLOS ONE 16 8 e0254789 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0254789 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 8386889 PMID 34432814 Borja Holgado Rodrigo V Pegas Jose Ignacio Canudo Josep Fortuny Taissa Rodrigues Julio Company amp Alexander W A Kellner 2019 On a new crested pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula and the radiation of the clade Anhangueria Scientific Reports 9 4940 doi 10 1038 s41598 019 41280 4 Kellner Alexander W A Caldwell Michael W Holgado Borja Vecchia Fabio M Dalla Nohra Roy Sayao Juliana M Currie Philip J 2019 First complete pterosaur from the Afro Arabian continent insight into pterodactyloid diversity Scientific Reports 9 1 17875 Bibcode 2019NatSR 917875K doi 10 1038 s41598 019 54042 z PMC 6884559 PMID 31784545 Kellner Alexander W A Weinschutz Luiz C Holgado Borja Bantim Renan A M Sayao Juliana M 19 August 2019 A new toothless pterosaur Pterodactyloidea from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 91 suppl 2 e20190768 doi 10 1590 0001 3765201920190768 ISSN 0001 3765 PMID 31432888 Beccari Victor Pinheiro Felipe Lima Nunes Ivan Anelli Luiz Eduardo Mateus Octavio Costa Fabiana Rodrigues 2021 08 25 Osteology of an exceptionally well preserved tapejarid skeleton from Brazil Revealing the anatomy of a curious pterodactyloid clade PLOS ONE 16 8 e0254789 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0254789 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 8386889 PMID 34432814 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tapejaridae amp oldid 1140136466, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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