Quercus bicolor, the swamp white oak, is a North American species of medium-sized trees in the beech family. It is a common element of America's north central and northeastern mixed forests. It can survive in a variety of habitats. It forms hybrids with bur oak where they occur together in the wild.
Quercus bicolor grows rapidly and can reach 18 to 24 meters (60 to 80 feet) tall with the tallest known reaching 29 m (95 ft) and lives up to 285 years.[6] The bark resembles that of the white oak. The leaves are broad ovoid, 12–18 centimetres (4+3⁄4–7 inches) long and 7–11 cm (2+3⁄4–4+1⁄4 in) broad, always more or less glaucous on the underside, and are shallowly lobed with five to seven lobes on each side, intermediate between the chestnut oak and the white oak. In autumn, they turn brown, yellow-brown, or sometimes reddish, but generally, the color is not as reliable or as brilliant as the white oak can be. The fruit is a peduncledacorn, 1.5–2 cm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in), rarely 2.5 cm (1 in), long and 1–2 cm (3⁄8–3⁄4 in) broad, maturing about six months after pollination.[7]
Swamp white oak may live up to 300 years.
Leaves
Bark
Distribution and habitatEdit
Swamp white oak, a lowland tree, occurs across the eastern and central United States and eastern and central Canada, from Maine to South Carolina, west as far as Ontario, Minnesota, and Tennessee with a few isolated populations in Nebraska and Alabama. This species is most common and reaches its largest size in western New York and northern Ohio.[8][9]
The swamp white oak generally occurs singly in four different forest types: black ash–American elm–red maple, silver maple–American elm, bur oak, and pin oak–sweetgum. Occasionally the swamp white oak is abundant in small areas. It is found within a very wide range of mean annual temperatures from 16 to 4 °C (61 to 39 °F). Extremes in temperature vary from 41 to −34 °C (106 to −29 °F). Average annual precipitation is from 640 to 1,270 millimetres (25 to 50 in). The frost-free period ranges from 210 days in the southern part of the growing area to 120 days in the northern part. The swamp white oak typically grows on hydromorphic soils. It is not found where flooding is permanent, although it is usually found in broad stream valleys, low-lying fields, and the margins of lakes, ponds, or sloughs. It occupies roughly the same ecological niche as pin oak, which seldom lives longer than 100 years, but is not nearly as abundant.
UsesEdit
It is one of the more important white oaks for lumber production. The wood is similar to that of Q. alba and is not differentiated from it in the lumber trade. In recent years, the swamp white oak has become a popular landscaping tree due to its relative ease of transplanting. This is the species that was chosen to be planted around the 911 Memorial Site in Manhattan.
Being in the white oak group, wildlife such as deer, bears, turkeys, ducks, and geese as well as other animals are attracted to this tree when acorns are dropping in the fall.
CultivarsEdit
A mix of Quercus robur fastigiata x Quercus bicolor, named 'Nadler' or the Kindred Spirit hybrid oak, exists.
ReferencesEdit
^Kenny, L.; Wenzell, K.; Jerome, D. (2017). "Quercus bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T194069A111189345. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T194069A111189345.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^First described in Muhlenberg, Heinrich Ernst (1801). With remarks by Carl Ludwig Willdenow. "Kurze Bemerkungen über die in der Gegend von Lancaster in Nordamerika wachsenden Arten der Gattungen Juglans, Fraxinus und Quercus" [Short remarks on the plants growing in the region of Lancaster in North America from the genera Juglans, Fraxinus, and Quercus]. Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Neue Schriften. 3: 396.
^Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus bicolor". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^"Quercus bicolor". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
External linksEdit
Quercus bicolor images from Vanderbilt University
photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1934
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quercus bicolor.
October 16, 2023
quercus, bicolor, swamp, white, north, american, species, medium, sized, trees, beech, family, common, element, america, north, central, northeastern, mixed, forests, survive, variety, habitats, forms, hybrids, with, where, they, occur, together, wild, swamp, . Quercus bicolor the swamp white oak is a North American species of medium sized trees in the beech family It is a common element of America s north central and northeastern mixed forests It can survive in a variety of habitats It forms hybrids with bur oak where they occur together in the wild Swamp white oakMorton Arboretum acc 71 69 2Conservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Secure NatureServe 2 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder FagalesFamily FagaceaeGenus QuercusSubgenus Quercus subg QuercusSection Quercus sect QuercusSpecies Q bicolorBinomial nameQuercus bicolorWilld 3 Natural rangeSynonyms 4 5 List Quercus bicolor var angustifolia DippelQuercus bicolor var cuneiformis DippelQuercus bicolor var platanoides Castigl A DCQuercus discolor var bicolor Willd HamptonQuercus mollis Raf Quercus paludosa Petz amp G Kirchn Quercus platanoides Castigl SudworthQuercus prinus var bicolor Willd SpachQuercus prinus var discolor F MichxQuercus prinus var platanoides Castigl Quercus prinus var tomentosaMichx Quercus filiformis Muhl ex A DC not validly publishedQuercus pannosa Bosc ex A DC not validly publishedQuercus platanoides Lam Sudw Quercus velutina L Her ex A DC Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Uses 4 Cultivars 5 References 6 External linksDescription EditQuercus bicolor grows rapidly and can reach 18 to 24 meters 60 to 80 feet tall with the tallest known reaching 29 m 95 ft and lives up to 285 years 6 The bark resembles that of the white oak The leaves are broad ovoid 12 18 centimetres 4 3 4 7 inches long and 7 11 cm 2 3 4 4 1 4 in broad always more or less glaucous on the underside and are shallowly lobed with five to seven lobes on each side intermediate between the chestnut oak and the white oak In autumn they turn brown yellow brown or sometimes reddish but generally the color is not as reliable or as brilliant as the white oak can be The fruit is a peduncled acorn 1 5 2 cm 5 8 3 4 in rarely 2 5 cm 1 in long and 1 2 cm 3 8 3 4 in broad maturing about six months after pollination 7 Swamp white oak may live up to 300 years nbsp Leaves nbsp BarkDistribution and habitat EditSwamp white oak a lowland tree occurs across the eastern and central United States and eastern and central Canada from Maine to South Carolina west as far as Ontario Minnesota and Tennessee with a few isolated populations in Nebraska and Alabama This species is most common and reaches its largest size in western New York and northern Ohio 8 9 The swamp white oak generally occurs singly in four different forest types black ash American elm red maple silver maple American elm bur oak and pin oak sweetgum Occasionally the swamp white oak is abundant in small areas It is found within a very wide range of mean annual temperatures from 16 to 4 C 61 to 39 F Extremes in temperature vary from 41 to 34 C 106 to 29 F Average annual precipitation is from 640 to 1 270 millimetres 25 to 50 in The frost free period ranges from 210 days in the southern part of the growing area to 120 days in the northern part The swamp white oak typically grows on hydromorphic soils It is not found where flooding is permanent although it is usually found in broad stream valleys low lying fields and the margins of lakes ponds or sloughs It occupies roughly the same ecological niche as pin oak which seldom lives longer than 100 years but is not nearly as abundant Uses EditIt is one of the more important white oaks for lumber production The wood is similar to that of Q alba and is not differentiated from it in the lumber trade In recent years the swamp white oak has become a popular landscaping tree due to its relative ease of transplanting This is the species that was chosen to be planted around the 911 Memorial Site in Manhattan Being in the white oak group wildlife such as deer bears turkeys ducks and geese as well as other animals are attracted to this tree when acorns are dropping in the fall Cultivars EditA mix of Quercus robur fastigiata x Quercus bicolor named Nadler or the Kindred Spirit hybrid oak exists References Edit Kenny L Wenzell K Jerome D 2017 Quercus bicolor IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T194069A111189345 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 2 RLTS T194069A111189345 en Retrieved 18 November 2021 NatureServe Explorer Retrieved 27 May 2021 First described in Muhlenberg Heinrich Ernst 1801 With remarks by Carl Ludwig Willdenow Kurze Bemerkungen uber die in der Gegend von Lancaster in Nordamerika wachsenden Arten der Gattungen Juglans Fraxinus und Quercus Short remarks on the plants growing in the region of Lancaster in North America from the genera Juglans Fraxinus and Quercus Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Neue Schriften 3 396 Quercus bicolor Tropicos Missouri Botanical Garden Quercus bicolor World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew via The Plant List Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages Nixon Kevin C 1997 Quercus bicolor In Flora of North America Editorial Committee ed Flora of North America North of Mexico FNA Vol 3 New York and Oxford Oxford University Press via eFloras org Missouri Botanical Garden St Louis MO amp Harvard University Herbaria Cambridge MA Rogers Robert 1990 Quercus bicolor In Burns Russell M Honkala Barbara H eds Hardwoods Silvics of North America Washington D C United States Forest Service USFS United States Department of Agriculture USDA Vol 2 Retrieved 14 December 2009 via Southern Research Station Quercus bicolor County level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas NAPA Biota of North America Program BONAP 2014 External links EditQuercus bicolor images from Vanderbilt University photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden collected in Missouri in 1934 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quercus bicolor Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Quercus bicolor amp oldid 1176602298, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
