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Pygmy right whale

April 13, 2024

The pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) is a species of baleen whale. It may be a member of the cetotheres,[5] a family of baleen whales which until 2012 were thought to be extinct; C. marginata has otherwise been considered the sole member of the family Neobalaenidae[6] and is the only member of the genus Caperea. First described by John Edward Gray in 1846, it is the smallest of the baleen whales, ranging between 6 and 6.5 metres (20 and 21 ft) in length and 3,000 and 3,500 kilograms (6,610 and 7,720 lb) in mass. Despite its name, the pygmy right whale may have more in common with the gray whale and rorquals than the bowhead and right whales.[6]

Pygmy right whale[1]
Temporal range: 6.2–0 Ma Late Miocene – Recent[2]
Size compared to an average human
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[4]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Cetotheriidae
Subfamily: Neobalaeninae
(Gray, 1873)
Genus: Caperea
Gray, 1864
Species:
C. marginata
Binomial name
Caperea marginata
(Gray, 1846)
Pygmy right whale range

The pygmy right whale is found in temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, and feeds on copepods and euphausiids. Little is known about its population or social habits. Unlike most other baleen whales, it has rarely been subject to exploitation.

Taxonomy edit

During the 1839-43 voyage of James Clark Ross, naturalists found bones and baleen plates resembling a smaller version of the right whale. In his Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror (1846), John Edward Gray described the new species, naming it Balaena marginata. In 1864, Gray established a new genus (Caperea) after receiving a skull and some bones of another specimen. Six years later, in 1870, he added the name Neobalaena. He soon realized the three species were one and the same: Caperea marginata[7] (caperea means "wrinkle" in Latin, "referring to the wrinkled appearance of the ear bone"; while marginata translates to "enclosed with a border", which "refers to the dark border around the baleen plates of some individuals").[8] In research findings published on December 18, 2012, paleontologist Felix Marx compared the skull bones of pygmy right whales to those of extinct cetaceans, finding it to be a close relative to the Cetotheriidae, making the pygmy right whale a living fossil.[5][9] A 2023 study using genomic DNA confirmed that pygmy right whales are more closely related to rorquals than to balaenid right whales, consistent with a close relationship with the cetotheres.[10]

In 2012, Italian palaeontologist Michelangelo Bisconti described Miocaperea pulchra, a first fossil pygmy right whale from Peru. This new genus differs from the living genus in some cranial details, but Bisconti's study confirmed the monophyly of the Neobalaenidae and he concluded that the rorqual-like features in C. marginata must be the result of parallel evolution. The presence of a fossil neobalaenid some 2,000 km (1,200 mi) north of the known range of C. marginata, suggests that environmental change has caused a southern shift in neobalaenid distribution.[11] A second, undescribed species was tentatively assigned to Neobalaenidae in 2012.[12] A fossil from the Messinian age (Late Miocene) about 6.2 to 5.4 million years ago has been identified as Caperea sp. in 2018.[2]

Description edit

The pygmy right whale is rarely encountered and consequently little studied. However, it is known that it is by far the smallest of the baleen whales. Calves are estimated to be about 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in) to 2.2 metres (7 ft 3 in) at birth[13] (an approximately 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) fetus was reported from a 6 metres (20 ft) female that had stranded in Perkins Bay, Tasmania, in 1982[14]). By the time they are weaned, they may be about 3 to 3.5 metres (9.8 to 11.5 ft) long. It is believed they become sexually mature at about 5 metres (16 ft) and physically mature at about 6 metres (20 ft).[6] The longest male registered, was a 6.1 metres (20 ft) individual which had stranded in Cloudy Bay, Tasmania,[15] while the longest female was a 6.45 metres (21.2 ft) individual which had stranded in Stanley, Tasmania in 1981.[14] Pygmy right whales can weigh as much as 3,430 kilograms (7,560 lb).[6] A 6.21 metres (20.4 ft) female weighed 3,200 kilograms (7,100 lb) and a 5.47 metres (17.9 ft) male weighed 2,850 kilograms (6,280 lb).[16] Gestation and lactation periods and longevity are all unknown. Part of the reason for the scarcity of data may be the relative inactivity of the whale, making location for study difficult. The blow is small and indistinct and the whale is usually a slow undulating swimmer, although capable of bursts of acceleration.[citation needed]

The coloring and shape of the pygmy right whale, dark gray dorsally and lighter gray ventrally, commonly with a pair of chevron-shaped lighter patches behind the eyes, is similar to that of the dwarf minke and Antarctic minke whales and at sea the species may easily be confused with these two species, in case the jaw and flippers are not carefully observed. The arched jawline is not as pronounced as other right whales and may not be sufficient to distinguish a pygmy right whale from a minke whale. The long, narrow cream-coloured baleen plates with a distinctive white gumline are the most effective discriminators. Unlike true right whales, pygmy rights do not have callosities. The dorsal fin is falcate (crescent-shaped) and located about three-quarters of the way along the back of the animal. Unlike the minke whales, occasionally the dorsal will not be seen on the whale surfacing. Like the minkes, though, it doesn't raise its flukes when it dives.[citation needed]

The skull and skeleton of the pygmy right whale is unlike those of any other extant whale: the supraoccipital shield extends farther posteriorly; the ear bone has a lateral wrinkle and is roughly square in outline. All seven cervical vertebrae are fused, and the pygmy right has only 44 vertebrae. The 18 pairs of ribs are broad and flat, and make up 39–45% of the vertebral column (compared to 33% in other mysticetes).[6][17] Each thoracic vertebrae has a pair of huge wing-like transverse processes, many of which overlap. The dorsal end of the ribs are remarkably thin and almost fail to make contact with the transverse processes. The reduced tail (or sacrocaudal region) features a vestigial pelvis and small chevron bones.[18] The flippers have four digits. The lungs and heart are relatively small, which suggests that the pygmy right whale is not a deep diver. The larynx is reported to be different from any other cetacean.[6]

Like other mysticetes, the pygmy right whale has a large laryngeal sac, but in contrast to other mysticetes, this sac is positioned on the right side of the midline in the pygmy right. The presence of this laryngeal sac can possibly be the explanation for the long thorax and flattened ribs, but the peculiar ribs have led to multiple speculations as to their origin.[17]

Behavior and ecology edit

Analysis of the stomach contents of dead pygmy right whales indicates that it feeds on copepods and euphausiids (krill). The social and mating structures are unknown. The whale is typically seen alone or in pairs, sometimes associated with other cetaceans (including dolphins, pilot whales, minke whales, and once a sei whale cow and calf).[6][13][19] Occasionally larger groups are seen — in 2001 a group of 14 were seen at 46°S in the South Pacific about 450 km southeast of New Zealand, while in 1992 a group of about 80 individuals were seen 320 nautical miles (590 km) southwest of Cape Leeuwin[3] and another group of over 100 individuals were sighted in June 2007 about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Portland, Victoria.[20][21]

The flukes, blubber, and baleen plates of a pygmy right whale calf were found in a 7.47 m (24.5 ft) killer whale caught by whalers off South Africa.[22]

Population and distribution edit

The pygmy right whale is among the least studied cetaceans; until 2008, fewer than 25 sightings of the species had been made at sea.[6] The species lives in the Southern Hemisphere and is believed to be circumpolar, living in a band from about 30°S to 55°S[3] in areas with surface water temperatures between 5 and 20 °C (41 and 68 °F).[19] Individuals have been found on the coasts of Chile,[23] Tierra del Fuego, Namibia, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. One group may be a year-round resident off Tasmania.[19] The total population is unknown.

There is an extralimital stranding record in the Northern Hemisphere.[24]

Whaling and whale-watching edit

On account of its relatively small size and sparse distribution, the pygmy right whale has rarely been taken by whalers. A 3.39 metres (11.1 ft) male was taken off South Africa in 1917,[25] and a couple were caught for scientific purposes by Soviet whalers in the South Atlantic in 1970.[26] Also a few pygmy right whales are known to have been caught in fishing nets. These factors are not believed to have had a significant impact on the population.

Most data about pygmy right whales come from individual specimens washed up on coastlines; they are rarely encountered at sea and so they are not the primary subject of any whale watching cruises.

Conservation edit

The pygmy right whale is listed on Appendix II [27] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II,[27] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.

The pygmy right whale is also covered by Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).[28]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Marx, Felix G.; Park, Travis; Fitzgerald, Erich M.G.; Evans, Alistair R. (2018). "A Miocene pygmy right whale fossil from Australia". PeerJ. 6: e5025. doi:10.7717/peerj.5025. PMC 6016540. PMID 29942692.
  3. ^ a b c Cooke, J.G. (2018). "Caperea marginata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3778A50351626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3778A50351626.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  4. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  5. ^ a b Fordyce, R. E.; Marx, F. G. (2013). "The pygmy right whale Caperea marginata: the last of the cetotheres". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1753): 1–6. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2645. PMC 3574355. PMID 23256199.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Kemper, Catherine (2008). "Pygmy Right Whale". In Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 939–41.
  7. ^ Cousteau, Jacques, Whales (1986), p. 70.
  8. ^ Reeves, Randall, Guide to Marine Mammals of the World (2002), p. 202.
  9. ^ "'Extinct' whale found: Odd-looking pygmy whale traced back 2 million years". CSMonitor.com. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  10. ^ Dutoit, L.; Mitchell, K.J.; et al. (July 2023). "Convergent evolution of skim feeding in baleen whales". Marine Mammal Science. 39 (4): 1337–1343. doi:10.1111/mms.13047.
  11. ^ Bisconti, M. (2012). "Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 166 (4): 876–911. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00862.x.
  12. ^ Fitzgerald, Erich M. G. (2012). "Possible neobalaenid from the Miocene of Australia implies a long evolutionary history for the pygmy right whale Caperea marginata (Cetacea, Mysticeti)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (4): 976–980. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.669803. S2CID 83784488.
  13. ^ a b Klinowska, M. (1991). Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Cambridge, U.K.: IUCN.
  14. ^ a b Munday, B. L.; Green, R. H.; Obendorf, D. L. (1982). "A pygmy right whale Caperea marginata (Grey, 1846) stranded at Stanley, Tasmania". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 116: 1–4. doi:10.26749/rstpp.116.1.
  15. ^ Mead, James G. and Joy P. Gold (2002). Whales and Dolphins In Question: the Smithsonian Answer Book. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  16. ^ Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  17. ^ a b Naish, Dairen (October 2010). "Pouches, pockets and sacs in the heads, necks and chests of mammals, part III: baleen whales". Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  18. ^ Naish, Darren (October 2010). "Did I mention that Caperea is really, really weird?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 150 (4): 875–894. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00313.x. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  19. ^ a b c Shirihai, H. & Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton Field Guides. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-69112757-6.
  20. ^ Ford, John K. B.; Reeves, Randall R. (2010). "Caperea Alive!". Mammal Review. 38: 50–86. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.573.6671. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00118.x. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  21. ^ Gill, P. C.; Kemper, C. M.; Talbot, M.; Lydon, S. A. (2008). "Large group of pygmy right whales seen in a shelf upwelling region off Victoria, Australia". Marine Mammal Science. 24 (4): 962–968. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00220.x.
  22. ^ Best, P.B., A. Meyer, and C. Lockyer. 2010. "Killer whales in South African waters – a review of their biology". African Journal of Marine Science 32:171-186.
  23. ^ Cabrera, E.; Carlson, C.; Galletti, V.M.B.; Cardenas, J.C.; Brownell Jr., R.L. (2005). A pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) from Chiloe Island, Chile. SC/57/O20.
  24. ^ Tsai, Cheng-Hsiu; Mead, James G. (2018). "Crossing the equator: a northern occurrence of the pygmy right whale". Zoological Letters. 4 (30): 30. doi:10.1186/s40851-018-0117-8. PMC 6296048. PMID 30574356.
  25. ^ Best, P. B.; Ross, G. J. (1986). "Catches of right whales from shore-based establishments in southern Africa, 1792-1975". Reports of the International Whaling Commission. 10: 275–289.
  26. ^ Cousteau, J. T. and Y. Paccalet. 1988. Whales. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, p. 169.
  27. ^ a b "Appendix II 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.
  28. ^ "CMS Pacific Cetaceans MOU for Cetaceans and their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region".

Further reading edit

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caperea marginata.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Caperea marginata.
  • Reidenberg, Bruce (May 2008). "What are we looking for in the throat? Dissection of a stranded pygmy right whale". Retrieved 30 November 2013.

April 13, 2024
pygmy, right, whale, pygmy, right, whale, caperea, marginata, species, baleen, whale, member, cetotheres, family, baleen, whales, which, until, 2012, were, thought, extinct, marginata, otherwise, been, considered, sole, member, family, neobalaenidae, only, mem. The pygmy right whale Caperea marginata is a species of baleen whale It may be a member of the cetotheres 5 a family of baleen whales which until 2012 were thought to be extinct C marginata has otherwise been considered the sole member of the family Neobalaenidae 6 and is the only member of the genus Caperea First described by John Edward Gray in 1846 it is the smallest of the baleen whales ranging between 6 and 6 5 metres 20 and 21 ft in length and 3 000 and 3 500 kilograms 6 610 and 7 720 lb in mass Despite its name the pygmy right whale may have more in common with the gray whale and rorquals than the bowhead and right whales 6 Pygmy right whale 1 Temporal range 6 2 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Miocene Recent 2 Size compared to an average humanConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 3 CITES Appendix I CITES 4 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ArtiodactylaInfraorder CetaceaFamily CetotheriidaeSubfamily Neobalaeninae Gray 1873 Genus CapereaGray 1864Species C marginataBinomial nameCaperea marginata Gray 1846 Pygmy right whale rangeThe pygmy right whale is found in temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere and feeds on copepods and euphausiids Little is known about its population or social habits Unlike most other baleen whales it has rarely been subject to exploitation Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Behavior and ecology 4 Population and distribution 5 Whaling and whale watching 6 Conservation 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksTaxonomy editDuring the 1839 43 voyage of James Clark Ross naturalists found bones and baleen plates resembling a smaller version of the right whale In his Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror 1846 John Edward Gray described the new species naming it Balaena marginata In 1864 Gray established a new genus Caperea after receiving a skull and some bones of another specimen Six years later in 1870 he added the name Neobalaena He soon realized the three species were one and the same Caperea marginata 7 caperea means wrinkle in Latin referring to the wrinkled appearance of the ear bone while marginata translates to enclosed with a border which refers to the dark border around the baleen plates of some individuals 8 In research findings published on December 18 2012 paleontologist Felix Marx compared the skull bones of pygmy right whales to those of extinct cetaceans finding it to be a close relative to the Cetotheriidae making the pygmy right whale a living fossil 5 9 A 2023 study using genomic DNA confirmed that pygmy right whales are more closely related to rorquals than to balaenid right whales consistent with a close relationship with the cetotheres 10 In 2012 Italian palaeontologist Michelangelo Bisconti described Miocaperea pulchra a first fossil pygmy right whale from Peru This new genus differs from the living genus in some cranial details but Bisconti s study confirmed the monophyly of the Neobalaenidae and he concluded that the rorqual like features in C marginata must be the result of parallel evolution The presence of a fossil neobalaenid some 2 000 km 1 200 mi north of the known range of C marginata suggests that environmental change has caused a southern shift in neobalaenid distribution 11 A second undescribed species was tentatively assigned to Neobalaenidae in 2012 12 A fossil from the Messinian age Late Miocene about 6 2 to 5 4 million years ago has been identified as Caperea sp in 2018 2 Description editThe pygmy right whale is rarely encountered and consequently little studied However it is known that it is by far the smallest of the baleen whales Calves are estimated to be about 1 6 metres 5 ft 3 in to 2 2 metres 7 ft 3 in at birth 13 an approximately 2 metres 6 ft 7 in fetus was reported from a 6 metres 20 ft female that had stranded in Perkins Bay Tasmania in 1982 14 By the time they are weaned they may be about 3 to 3 5 metres 9 8 to 11 5 ft long It is believed they become sexually mature at about 5 metres 16 ft and physically mature at about 6 metres 20 ft 6 The longest male registered was a 6 1 metres 20 ft individual which had stranded in Cloudy Bay Tasmania 15 while the longest female was a 6 45 metres 21 2 ft individual which had stranded in Stanley Tasmania in 1981 14 Pygmy right whales can weigh as much as 3 430 kilograms 7 560 lb 6 A 6 21 metres 20 4 ft female weighed 3 200 kilograms 7 100 lb and a 5 47 metres 17 9 ft male weighed 2 850 kilograms 6 280 lb 16 Gestation and lactation periods and longevity are all unknown Part of the reason for the scarcity of data may be the relative inactivity of the whale making location for study difficult The blow is small and indistinct and the whale is usually a slow undulating swimmer although capable of bursts of acceleration citation needed The coloring and shape of the pygmy right whale dark gray dorsally and lighter gray ventrally commonly with a pair of chevron shaped lighter patches behind the eyes is similar to that of the dwarf minke and Antarctic minke whales and at sea the species may easily be confused with these two species in case the jaw and flippers are not carefully observed The arched jawline is not as pronounced as other right whales and may not be sufficient to distinguish a pygmy right whale from a minke whale The long narrow cream coloured baleen plates with a distinctive white gumline are the most effective discriminators Unlike true right whales pygmy rights do not have callosities The dorsal fin is falcate crescent shaped and located about three quarters of the way along the back of the animal Unlike the minke whales occasionally the dorsal will not be seen on the whale surfacing Like the minkes though it doesn t raise its flukes when it dives citation needed The skull and skeleton of the pygmy right whale is unlike those of any other extant whale the supraoccipital shield extends farther posteriorly the ear bone has a lateral wrinkle and is roughly square in outline All seven cervical vertebrae are fused and the pygmy right has only 44 vertebrae The 18 pairs of ribs are broad and flat and make up 39 45 of the vertebral column compared to 33 in other mysticetes 6 17 Each thoracic vertebrae has a pair of huge wing like transverse processes many of which overlap The dorsal end of the ribs are remarkably thin and almost fail to make contact with the transverse processes The reduced tail or sacrocaudal region features a vestigial pelvis and small chevron bones 18 The flippers have four digits The lungs and heart are relatively small which suggests that the pygmy right whale is not a deep diver The larynx is reported to be different from any other cetacean 6 Like other mysticetes the pygmy right whale has a large laryngeal sac but in contrast to other mysticetes this sac is positioned on the right side of the midline in the pygmy right The presence of this laryngeal sac can possibly be the explanation for the long thorax and flattened ribs but the peculiar ribs have led to multiple speculations as to their origin 17 Behavior and ecology editAnalysis of the stomach contents of dead pygmy right whales indicates that it feeds on copepods and euphausiids krill The social and mating structures are unknown The whale is typically seen alone or in pairs sometimes associated with other cetaceans including dolphins pilot whales minke whales and once a sei whale cow and calf 6 13 19 Occasionally larger groups are seen in 2001 a group of 14 were seen at 46 S in the South Pacific about 450 km southeast of New Zealand while in 1992 a group of about 80 individuals were seen 320 nautical miles 590 km southwest of Cape Leeuwin 3 and another group of over 100 individuals were sighted in June 2007 about 40 kilometres 25 mi southwest of Portland Victoria 20 21 The flukes blubber and baleen plates of a pygmy right whale calf were found in a 7 47 m 24 5 ft killer whale caught by whalers off South Africa 22 Population and distribution editThe pygmy right whale is among the least studied cetaceans until 2008 fewer than 25 sightings of the species had been made at sea 6 The species lives in the Southern Hemisphere and is believed to be circumpolar living in a band from about 30 S to 55 S 3 in areas with surface water temperatures between 5 and 20 C 41 and 68 F 19 Individuals have been found on the coasts of Chile 23 Tierra del Fuego Namibia South Africa Australia and New Zealand One group may be a year round resident off Tasmania 19 The total population is unknown There is an extralimital stranding record in the Northern Hemisphere 24 Whaling and whale watching editOn account of its relatively small size and sparse distribution the pygmy right whale has rarely been taken by whalers A 3 39 metres 11 1 ft male was taken off South Africa in 1917 25 and a couple were caught for scientific purposes by Soviet whalers in the South Atlantic in 1970 26 Also a few pygmy right whales are known to have been caught in fishing nets These factors are not believed to have had a significant impact on the population Most data about pygmy right whales come from individual specimens washed up on coastlines they are rarely encountered at sea and so they are not the primary subject of any whale watching cruises Conservation editThe pygmy right whale is listed on Appendix II 27 of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals CMS It is listed on Appendix II 27 as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co operation organised by tailored agreements The pygmy right whale is also covered by Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region Pacific Cetaceans MOU 28 See also editList of cetaceansReferences edit Mead J G Brownell R L Jr 2005 Order Cetacea In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 723 743 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 a b Marx Felix G Park Travis Fitzgerald Erich M G Evans Alistair R 2018 A Miocene pygmy right whale fossil from Australia PeerJ 6 e5025 doi 10 7717 peerj 5025 PMC 6016540 PMID 29942692 a b c Cooke J G 2018 Caperea marginata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T3778A50351626 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T3778A50351626 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 14 January 2022 a b Fordyce R E Marx F G 2013 The pygmy right whale Caperea marginata the last of the cetotheres Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 280 1753 1 6 doi 10 1098 rspb 2012 2645 PMC 3574355 PMID 23256199 a b c d e f g h Kemper Catherine 2008 Pygmy Right Whale In Perrin W Wursig B Thewissen J eds Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals Academic Press pp 939 41 Cousteau Jacques Whales 1986 p 70 Reeves Randall Guide to Marine Mammals of the World 2002 p 202 Extinct whale found Odd looking pygmy whale traced back 2 million years CSMonitor com 23 April 2012 Retrieved 19 December 2012 Dutoit L Mitchell K J et al July 2023 Convergent evolution of skim feeding in baleen whales Marine Mammal Science 39 4 1337 1343 doi 10 1111 mms 13047 Bisconti M 2012 Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species Cetacea Mysticeti Neobalaenidae Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 4 876 911 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 2012 00862 x Fitzgerald Erich M G 2012 Possible neobalaenid from the Miocene of Australia implies a long evolutionary history for the pygmy right whale Caperea marginata Cetacea Mysticeti Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 4 976 980 doi 10 1080 02724634 2012 669803 S2CID 83784488 a b Klinowska M 1991 Dolphins Porpoises and Whales of the World The IUCN Red Data Book Cambridge U K IUCN a b Munday B L Green R H Obendorf D L 1982 A pygmy right whale Caperea marginata Grey 1846 stranded at Stanley Tasmania Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 116 1 4 doi 10 26749 rstpp 116 1 Mead James G and Joy P Gold 2002 Whales and Dolphins In Question the Smithsonian Answer Book Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Press Nowak Ronald M 1999 Walker s Mammals of the World Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press a b Naish Dairen October 2010 Pouches pockets and sacs in the heads necks and chests of mammals part III baleen whales Retrieved 31 December 2013 Naish Darren October 2010 Did I mention that Caperea is really really weird Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 4 875 894 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 2007 00313 x Retrieved 31 December 2013 a b c Shirihai H amp Jarrett B 2006 Whales Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World Princeton Field Guides pp 43 45 ISBN 978 0 69112757 6 Ford John K B Reeves Randall R 2010 Caperea Alive Mammal Review 38 50 86 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 573 6671 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2907 2008 00118 x Retrieved 30 September 2013 Gill P C Kemper C M Talbot M Lydon S A 2008 Large group of pygmy right whales seen in a shelf upwelling region off Victoria Australia Marine Mammal Science 24 4 962 968 doi 10 1111 j 1748 7692 2008 00220 x Best P B A Meyer and C Lockyer 2010 Killer whales in South African waters a review of their biology African Journal of Marine Science 32 171 186 Cabrera E Carlson C Galletti V M B Cardenas J C Brownell Jr R L 2005 A pygmy right whale Caperea marginata from Chiloe Island Chile SC 57 O20 Tsai Cheng Hsiu Mead James G 2018 Crossing the equator a northern occurrence of the pygmy right whale Zoological Letters 4 30 30 doi 10 1186 s40851 018 0117 8 PMC 6296048 PMID 30574356 Best P B Ross G J 1986 Catches of right whales from shore based establishments in southern Africa 1792 1975 Reports of the International Whaling Commission 10 275 289 Cousteau J T and Y Paccalet 1988 Whales Harry N Abrams Inc New York p 169 a b Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals CMS As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 1999 2002 2005 and 2008 Effective 5 March 2009 CMS Pacific Cetaceans MOU for Cetaceans and their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region Further reading editEncyclopedia of Marine Mammals Perrin Wursig and Thewissen eds ISBN 0 12 551340 2 Whales Dolphins and Porpoises Mark Carwardine ISBN 0 7513 2781 6 National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World ISBN 0 375 41141 0External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caperea marginata nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Caperea marginata Reidenberg Bruce May 2008 What are we looking for in the throat Dissection of a stranded pygmy right whale Retrieved 30 November 2013 Portals nbsp Cetaceans nbsp Mammals nbsp Animals nbsp Biology nbsp Marine Life Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pygmy right whale amp oldid 1218417919, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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