Lipid-rich, collagen fiber-laced blubber comprises the hypodermis[1] and covers the whole body, except for parts of the appendages. It is strongly attached to the musculature and skeleton by highly organized, fan-shaped networks of tendons and ligaments, can comprise up to 50% of the body mass of some marine mammals during some points in their lives, and can range from 2 inches (5 cm) thick in dolphins and smaller whales, to more than 12 inches (30 cm) thick in some bigger whales, such as right and bowhead whales. However, this is not indicative of larger whales' ability to retain heat better, as the thickness of a whale's blubber does not significantly affect heat loss. More indicative of a whale's ability to retain heat is the water and lipid concentration in blubber, as water reduces heat-retaining capacities, and lipid increases them.[2]
Function
Blubber is the primary fat storage on some mammals, specifically those that live in water. It is particularly important for species that feed and breed in different parts of the ocean. During these periods, the animals metabolize fat. Blubber may save energy for marine mammals, such as dolphins, in that it adds buoyancy while swimming.[3]
Blubber differs from other forms of adipose tissue in its extra thickness, which provides an efficient thermal insulator, making blubber essential for thermoregulation. Blubber is more vascularized—rich in blood vessels—than other adipose tissue.
Blubber has advantages over fur (as in sea otters) in that, though fur retains heat by holding pockets of air, the air expels under pressure (i.e., when the animal dives). Blubber, however, does not compress under pressure. It is effective enough that some whales can dwell in temperatures as low as 40 °F (4 °C).[4] While diving in cold water, blood vessels covering the blubber constrict and decrease blood flow, thus increasing blubber's efficiency as an insulator.[5]
Blubber aids buoyancy and streamlines the body, because the organized, complex collagenous network supports the noncircular cross sections characteristic of cetaceans. The buoyancy of blubber could be problematic for bottom-feeding marine mammals such as sirenians and the extinct marine sloths, both of which do or probably did have limited amounts of it for that reason.[6][7]
Research[8] into the thermal conductivity of the common bottlenose dolphin's blubber reveals its thickness and lipid content vary greatly amongst individuals and across life history categories. Blubber from emaciated dolphins is a poorer insulator than that from nonpregnant adults, which in turn have a higher heat conductivity than blubber from pregnant females and adolescents.
Uqhuq,[9] or uqsuq,[10] ("blubber" in the Inuktitut language) is an important part of the traditional diets of the Inuit and of other northern peoples, because of its high energy value and availability. Whale blubber, which tastes like arrowroot biscuits, has similar properties.[11]
Whaling largely targeted the collection of blubber: whalers rendered it into oil in try pots, or later, in vats on factory ships. The oil could serve in the manufacture of soap, leather, and cosmetics.[12] Whale oil was used in candles as wax, and in oil lamps as fuel. A single blue whale can yield a blubber harvest of up to 50 tons.[13]
Health
Blubber from whales and seals contains omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D.[14] Without the vitamin D, for example, the Inuit and other natives of the Arctic would likely suffer from rickets. There is evidence blubber and other fats in the arctic diet also provide the calories needed to replace the lack of carbohydrates which are found in the diets of cultures in the rest of the world.[15]
Toxicity
In the 21st century, blubber contains man-made polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), carcinogens that damage human nervous, immune, and reproductive systems.[16][17] The source of PCB concentrations is unknown. Since toothed whales are high on the food chain, they likely consume large amounts of industrial pollutants (bioaccumulation); even baleen whales, by merit of the huge amount of food they consume, are bound to have toxic chemicals stored in their bodies. Additionally, there are high levels of mercury in the blubber of seals of the Canadian arctic.[18]
^. Science Update. AAAS. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
^"Secrets of the Ocean Realm". from the original on 4 May 2017.
^Galbraith, Don; et al. Biology 11. Canada: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 12.
^Horgan, P.; Booth, D.; Nichols, C.; Lanyon, J. M. (2014). "Insulative capacity of the integument of the dugong (Dugong dugon): thermal conductivity, conductance and resistance measured by in vitro heat flux". Marine Biology. 161 (6): 1395–1407. doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2428-4. S2CID 83824482.
^Amson, E.; Argot, C.; McDonald, H. G.; de Muizon, C. (2015). "Osteology and functional morphology of the axial postcranium of the marine sloth Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Tardigrada) with paleobiological implications". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 22 (4): 473–518. doi:10.1007/s10914-014-9280-7. S2CID 16700349.
^Dunkin, R. C. (2005). "The ontogenetic changes in the thermal properties of blubber from Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus". Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (8): 1469–80. doi:10.1242/jeb.01559. PMID 15802671.
^Ohokak, G.; M. Kadlun; B. Harnum. (PDF). Kitikmeot Heritage Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Stefansson, Eero; Adriaensen, Arxontis (1893). Missionärer bland Eskimåer [Missionaries Among the Eskimos]. Uppdrag i Världen (in Swedish). Göteborg: Himmelriket på Jorden Publikationer. p. 138.
^Donovan, Greg (2008). "Whaling". Microsoft Encarta.
^Kuhnlein, H.V.; Barthet, V.; Farren, A.; Falahi, E.; Leggee, D.; Receveur, O.; Berti, P. (2006). "Vitamins A, D, and E in Canadian Arctic traditional food and adult diets". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 19 (6–7): 495–506. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2005.02.007.
^"The Inuit Paradox" (PDF). Washington.edu. (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2011.
^Teuten, E. L.; Xu, L; Reddy, CM (2005). "Two Abundant Bioaccumulated Halogenated Compounds Are Natural Products". Science. 307 (5711): 917–20. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..917T. doi:10.1126/science.1106882. PMID 15705850. S2CID 9377016.
"Chemical Compounds Found In Whale Blubber Are From Natural Sources, Not Industrial Contamination". ScienceDaily (Press release). 18 February 2005.
^"Japan warned on 'contaminated' blubber". BBC News. 24 January 2001. from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
^Braune, B (16 August 2005). "Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in marine biota of the Canadian Arctic: An overview of spatial and temporal trends" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 351–352: 32. Bibcode:2005ScTEn.351....4B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.034. PMID 16109439.
External links
. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008.
"Arctic Facts-Blubber".
March 20, 2023
blubber, other, uses, disambiguation, thick, layer, vascularized, adipose, tissue, under, skin, cetaceans, pinnipeds, penguins, sirenians, whale, blubber, contents, description, function, human, influences, uses, health, toxicity, also, references, external, l. For other uses see Blubber disambiguation Blubber is a thick layer of vascularized adipose tissue under the skin of all cetaceans pinnipeds penguins and sirenians Whale blubber Contents 1 Description 2 Function 3 Human influences 3 1 Uses 3 2 Health 3 3 Toxicity 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDescription EditLipid rich collagen fiber laced blubber comprises the hypodermis 1 and covers the whole body except for parts of the appendages It is strongly attached to the musculature and skeleton by highly organized fan shaped networks of tendons and ligaments can comprise up to 50 of the body mass of some marine mammals during some points in their lives and can range from 2 inches 5 cm thick in dolphins and smaller whales to more than 12 inches 30 cm thick in some bigger whales such as right and bowhead whales However this is not indicative of larger whales ability to retain heat better as the thickness of a whale s blubber does not significantly affect heat loss More indicative of a whale s ability to retain heat is the water and lipid concentration in blubber as water reduces heat retaining capacities and lipid increases them 2 Function EditBlubber is the primary fat storage on some mammals specifically those that live in water It is particularly important for species that feed and breed in different parts of the ocean During these periods the animals metabolize fat Blubber may save energy for marine mammals such as dolphins in that it adds buoyancy while swimming 3 Blubber differs from other forms of adipose tissue in its extra thickness which provides an efficient thermal insulator making blubber essential for thermoregulation Blubber is more vascularized rich in blood vessels than other adipose tissue Blubber has advantages over fur as in sea otters in that though fur retains heat by holding pockets of air the air expels under pressure i e when the animal dives Blubber however does not compress under pressure It is effective enough that some whales can dwell in temperatures as low as 40 F 4 C 4 While diving in cold water blood vessels covering the blubber constrict and decrease blood flow thus increasing blubber s efficiency as an insulator 5 Blubber aids buoyancy and streamlines the body because the organized complex collagenous network supports the noncircular cross sections characteristic of cetaceans The buoyancy of blubber could be problematic for bottom feeding marine mammals such as sirenians and the extinct marine sloths both of which do or probably did have limited amounts of it for that reason 6 7 Research 8 into the thermal conductivity of the common bottlenose dolphin s blubber reveals its thickness and lipid content vary greatly amongst individuals and across life history categories Blubber from emaciated dolphins is a poorer insulator than that from nonpregnant adults which in turn have a higher heat conductivity than blubber from pregnant females and adolescents Human influences Edit Try pot or Blubber Pot seen in Simon s Town in South Africa Uses Edit Uqhuq 9 or uqsuq 10 blubber in the Inuktitut language is an important part of the traditional diets of the Inuit and of other northern peoples because of its high energy value and availability Whale blubber which tastes like arrowroot biscuits has similar properties 11 Whaling largely targeted the collection of blubber whalers rendered it into oil in try pots or later in vats on factory ships The oil could serve in the manufacture of soap leather and cosmetics 12 Whale oil was used in candles as wax and in oil lamps as fuel A single blue whale can yield a blubber harvest of up to 50 tons 13 Health Edit Blubber from whales and seals contains omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin D 14 Without the vitamin D for example the Inuit and other natives of the Arctic would likely suffer from rickets There is evidence blubber and other fats in the arctic diet also provide the calories needed to replace the lack of carbohydrates which are found in the diets of cultures in the rest of the world 15 Toxicity Edit In the 21st century blubber contains man made polychlorinated biphenyl PCBs carcinogens that damage human nervous immune and reproductive systems 16 17 The source of PCB concentrations is unknown Since toothed whales are high on the food chain they likely consume large amounts of industrial pollutants bioaccumulation even baleen whales by merit of the huge amount of food they consume are bound to have toxic chemicals stored in their bodies Additionally there are high levels of mercury in the blubber of seals of the Canadian arctic 18 See also EditGlobster Greenlandic cuisine Muktuk whale blubber and skin as consumed in the North American and East Siberian Arctic Whale meatReferences Edit Struntz D J McLellan W A Dillaman R M Blum J E Kucklick J R Pabst D A 2004 Blubber development in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus Journal of Morphology 259 1 7 20 doi 10 1002 jmor 10154 PMID 14666521 S2CID 24897702 Kvadsheim P H Folkow L P Blix A S 1996 Thermal conductivity of minke whale blubber Journal of Thermal Biology 21 2 123 8 doi 10 1016 0306 4565 95 00034 8 Bouncy Blubber Science Update AAAS Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Secrets of the Ocean Realm Archived from the original on 4 May 2017 Galbraith Don et al Biology 11 Canada McGraw Hill Ryerson p 12 Horgan P Booth D Nichols C Lanyon J M 2014 Insulative capacity of the integument of the dugong Dugong dugon thermal conductivity conductance and resistance measured by in vitro heat flux Marine Biology 161 6 1395 1407 doi 10 1007 s00227 014 2428 4 S2CID 83824482 Amson E Argot C McDonald H G de Muizon C 2015 Osteology and functional morphology of the axial postcranium of the marine sloth Thalassocnus Mammalia Tardigrada with paleobiological implications Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22 4 473 518 doi 10 1007 s10914 014 9280 7 S2CID 16700349 Dunkin R C 2005 The ontogenetic changes in the thermal properties of blubber from Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus Journal of Experimental Biology 208 8 1469 80 doi 10 1242 jeb 01559 PMID 15802671 Ohokak G M Kadlun B Harnum Inuinnaqtun English Dictionary PDF Kitikmeot Heritage Society Archived from the original PDF on 4 September 2012 Retrieved 6 March 2013 Blubber Asuilaak Living Dictionary November 2016 permanent dead link Stefansson Eero Adriaensen Arxontis 1893 Missionarer bland Eskimaer Missionaries Among the Eskimos Uppdrag i Varlden in Swedish Goteborg Himmelriket pa Jorden Publikationer p 138 Donovan Greg 2008 Whaling Microsoft Encarta Cetacean Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2008 Kuhnlein H V Barthet V Farren A Falahi E Leggee D Receveur O Berti P 2006 Vitamins A D and E in Canadian Arctic traditional food and adult diets Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19 6 7 495 506 doi 10 1016 j jfca 2005 02 007 The Inuit Paradox PDF Washington edu Archived PDF from the original on 8 June 2011 Teuten E L Xu L Reddy CM 2005 Two Abundant Bioaccumulated Halogenated Compounds Are Natural Products Science 307 5711 917 20 Bibcode 2005Sci 307 917T doi 10 1126 science 1106882 PMID 15705850 S2CID 9377016 Chemical Compounds Found In Whale Blubber Are From Natural Sources Not Industrial Contamination ScienceDaily Press release 18 February 2005 Japan warned on contaminated blubber BBC News 24 January 2001 Archived from the original on 23 February 2009 Retrieved 31 December 2009 Braune B 16 August 2005 Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in marine biota of the Canadian Arctic An overview of spatial and temporal trends PDF Science of the Total Environment 351 352 32 Bibcode 2005ScTEn 351 4B doi 10 1016 j scitotenv 2004 10 034 PMID 16109439 External links Edit Education Resources for Teachers Blubber Experiment Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 Arctic Facts Blubber Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blubber amp oldid 1128613283, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
