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Puss in Boots

April 17, 2023

This article is about the 1697 European fairy tale. For other uses, see Puss in Boots (disambiguation).

"Puss in Boots" (Italian: Il gatto con gli stivali; French: Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté; German: Der gestiefelte Kater) is a European fairy tale about an anthropomorphic cat who uses trickery and deceit to gain power, wealth, and the hand in marriage of a princess for his penniless and low-born master.

"Puss in Boots"
Illustration 1843, from édition L. Curmer
CountryItaly (1550–1553)
France (1697)
LanguageItalian (originally)
Genre(s)Literary fairy tale
Publication typeFairy tale collection

The oldest written telling version is Costantino Fortunato (Italian for "Lucky Costantino") by Italian author Giovanni Francesco Straparola, included in The Facetious Nights of Straparola (c. 1550–1553), in which the cat is a fairy in disguise who helps his owner, a poor boy named Costantino, to gain his princess by duping a king, a lord and many commoners.[1][2] There is a version written by Girolamo Morlini, from whom Straparola used various tales in The Facetious Nights;[3] another version was published in 1634 by Giambattista Basile with the title Cagliuso. The most popular version of the tale was written in French at the close of the seventeenth century by Charles Perrault (1628–1703), a retired civil servant and member of the Académie française.[4] Puss in Boots appears in DreamWorks' Shrek franchise, appearing in all three sequels to the original film, as well as two spin-off films, Puss in Boots (2011) and Puss in Boots: The Last Wish (2022), where he is voiced by Antonio Banderas. The character is signified in the logo of Japanese anime studio Toei Animation, and is also a popular pantomime in the UK.

Analysis

Tale type

In folkloristics, Puss in Boots is classified as Aarne–Thompson–Uther ATU 545B, "Puss in Boots", a subtype of ATU 545, "The Cat as Helper".[5] Folklorists Joseph Jacobs and Stith Thompson point that the Perrault's tale is the possible source of the Cat Helper story in later European folkloric traditions.[6][7] Similarly, Frisian professor Jurjen van der Kooi noted that variants from oral tradition were only starting to be recorded from the 19th century onwards, and tales from Central and Western Europe follow Perrault's and Grimm's redaction very closely.[8]

Motifs

The animal helper

According to scholars (e.g., van der Kooi, Hans-Jörg Uther, Stith Thompson and Ines Köhler-Zülch), while the cat appears mostly in Europe as the animal helper, variants across cultures replace the cat with a jackal, a fox or another species of animal,[9][10][11][12] like a dog, a rooster, or an ape.[13] German folklorist Köhler-Zulch noted the geographical distribution of the different animal helpers: a fox in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, as well in the Caucasus and Central Asia; and an ape, a jackal or a gazelle in Southern Asia and in Africa.[14] For instance, professor Damiana Eugenio remarked that the helpful animal is a monkey "in all Philippine variants".[15]

In the Hungarian National Catalogue of Folktales (MNK), tale type 545B, A csizmás kandúr ("The (Tom)cat with boots"), the protagonist may be helped either by a cat or a rooster received from his father as his inheritance, or rescues a fox from peril (e.g., starvation, hunters), and the animal promises to help him in return.[16]

According to Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungman [sv], a cycle of tales that developed in Northern Europe involves the spirit of a dead man instead of a cat. This cycle is found in Denmark, Finland and Estonia.[17]

The fox helper

According to the description of the tale type in the East Slavic Folktale Catalogue (Russian: СУС, romanized: SUS), last updated by scholar Lev Barag [ru] in 1979, the hero may be helped either by a cat ("кот", in Russian), or by a fox ("лиса").[18] Similarly, the Bulgarian Folktale Catalogue names type 545B as "Воденичарят и лисицата" ("The Miller and the Fox").[19][20]

In the Typen türkischer Volksmärchen ("Turkish Folktale Catalogue"), by Wolfram Eberhard and Pertev Naili Boratav, both scholars listed the variants with the fox as the animal helper under Turkish type TTV 34, "Der Müller und der Fuchs" ("The Miller and the Fox"), which corresponds in the international classification to tale type ATU 545B.[21]

Distribution

The tale has also spread to the Americas, and is known in Asia (India, Indonesia and Philippines).[22] Greek scholar Marianthi Kaplanoglou states that the tale type ATU 545B, "Puss in Boots" (or, locally, "The Helpful Fox"), is an "example" of "widely known stories (...) in the repertoires of Greek refugees from Asia Minor".[23]

Adaptations

Main article: Adaptations of Puss in Boots

The phrase "enough to make a cat laugh" dates from the mid-1800s and is associated with the tale of Puss in Boots.[24]

The Bibliothèque de Carabas[25] book series was published by David Nutt in London in the late 19th century, in which the front cover of each volume depicts Puss in Boots reading a book.

References

Notes
Footnotes
  1. ^ W. G. Waters, The Mysterious Giovan Francesco Straparola, in Jack Zipes, a c. di, The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm, p 877, ISBN 0-393-97636-X
  2. ^ Cristina Bacchilega; Danielle Marie Roemer (2001). Angela Carter and the Fairy Tale. Wayne State University Press. p. 24.
  3. ^ Opie & Opie 1974, p. 21.
  4. ^ Brown 2007, p. 351
  5. ^ Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. pp. 58-59. ISBN 0-520-03537-2
  6. ^ Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. p. 58. ISBN 0-520-03537-2
  7. ^ Jacobs, Joseph. European Folk and Fairy Tales. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's sons. 1916. pp. 239-240.
  8. ^ van der Kooi, Jurjen. "De gelaarsde kat". In: Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 139.
  9. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2006). "The Fox in World Literature: Reflections on a 'Fictional Animal'". Asian Folklore Studies. 65 (2): 133–160. JSTOR 30030396.
  10. ^ Kaplanoglou, Marianthi (January 1999). "AT 545B 'Puss in Boots' and 'The Fox-Matchmaker': From the Central Asian to the European Tradition". Folklore. 110 (1–2): 57–62. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1999.9715981. JSTOR 1261067.
  11. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 0-520-03537-2. A difference is also made in the animal helper. Instead of a cat, very frequently there appears a fox, and sometimes even other animals. ... As one gets away from central Europe, the greater variations one finds from the literary version of Perrault.
  12. ^ Köhler-Zülch, Ines. "Puss in Boots". In: The Greenwood Encyclopedia Of Folktales And Fairy Tales. Westport, Connecticut; London: Greenwood Press, 2008. p. 794. ISBN 978-0-313-33441-2.
  13. ^ van der Kooi, Jurjen. "De gelaarsde kat". In: Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 139.
  14. ^ Köhler-Zülch, Ines. "Puss in Boots". In: The Greenwood Encyclopedia Of Folktales And Fairy Tales. Westport, Connecticut; London: Greenwood Press, 2008. p. 794. ISBN 978-0-313-33441-2.
  15. ^ Eugenio, Damiana L. (1985). "Philippine Folktales: An Introduction". Asian Folklore Studies. 44 (2): 155–177. doi:10.2307/1178506. JSTOR 1178506.
  16. ^ Dömötör Ákos (szerk.). Magyar népmesekatalógus 2. Budapest, MTA Néprajzi Kutató Csoport, 1988. A magyar tündérmesék katalógusa (AaTh 300-749). p. 312.
  17. ^ Liungman, Waldemar. Die Schwedischen Volksmärchen: Herkunft und Geschichte. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2022 [1961]. pp. 151-152. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112618004-004
  18. ^ Barag, Lev. "Сравнительный указатель сюжетов. Восточнославянская сказка". Leningrad: НАУКА, 1979. p. 154.
  19. ^ Kotseva, Yordanka; Mitseva, Evgeniya; Daskalova, Lilyana; Dobreva, Doroteya (1984). "Каталог на българските фолклорни приказки (Предварителни материали)" [A Catalogue of Bulgarian Folktales (Preliminary Materials)]. Български фолклор [Bulgarian Folklore]. Институт за етнология и фолклористика с Етнографски музей при БАН. X (2): 92–93.
  20. ^ Kotseva, Yordanka (2002). "Вълшебните приказки в Архива на Института за фолклор. Каталог" [The Fairy-Tales in the Archive of the Institute of Folklore. Catalogue]. Български фолклор [Bulgarian Folklore] (in Bulgarian). Институт за етнология и фолклористика с Етнографски музей при БАН. XXVIII (3–4): 93–94.
  21. ^ Eberhard, Wolfram; Boratav, Pertev Nailî. Typen türkischer Volksmärchen. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1953. pp. 49-51 (tale type), 421 (table of correspondences).
  22. ^ Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. p. 59. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  23. ^ Kaplanoglou, Marianthi (December 2010). "Two Storytellers from the Greek-Orthodox Communities of Ottoman Asia Minor. Analyzing Some Micro-data in Comparative Folklore". Fabula. 51 (3–4): 251–265. doi:10.1515/fabl.2010.024. S2CID 161511346.
  24. ^ "https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/enough+to+make+a+cat+laugh">enough to make a cat laugh
  25. ^ "Nutt, Alfred Trübner". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35269. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Works cited

Further reading

  • Blair, Graham (2019). "Jack Ships to the Cat". Clever Maids, Fearless Jacks, and a Cat: Fairy Tales from a Living Oral Tradition. University Press of Colorado. pp. 93–103. ISBN 978-1-60732-919-0. JSTOR j.ctvqc6hwd.11.
  • Kaplanoglou, Marianthi (January 1999). "AT 545B 'Puss in Boots' and 'The Fox-Matchmaker': From the Central Asian to the European Tradition". Folklore. 110 (1–2): 57–62. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1999.9715981. JSTOR 1261067.
  • Köhler-Zülch, Ines (1994). "Котаракът в чизми или хитрата лисица" [Puss in Boots or the Clever She-fox]. Български фолклор. XX (5): 20–32.
  • Mazzoni, Cristina (2019). "Changing the sex of cats: Considerations on tale type ATU 545, "The cat as helper, or, Puss in Boots" between Italy and France". Quaderni d'Italianistica. 40 (2): 7–24. doi:10.33137/q.i..v40i2.34876. ISSN 0226-8043.
  • Neuhaus, Mareike (2011). "The Rhetoric of Harry Robinson's 'Cat With the Boots On'". Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature. 44 (2): 35–51. JSTOR 44029507. Project MUSE 440541 ProQuest 871355970.
  • Nikolajeva, Maria (2009). "Devils, Demons, Familiars, Friends: Toward a Semiotics of Literary Cats". Marvels & Tales. 23 (2): 248–267. JSTOR 41388926.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puss in boots.
 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Puss in Boots
  • Origin of the Story of 'Puss in Boots'
  • – English translation from The Blue Fairy Book (1889)
  • "Puss in Boots" – Beautifully illustrated in The Colorful Story Book (1941)
  • Folktales of ATU type 545B, "Puss in Boots" by D. L. Ashliman
  •   Master Cat, or Puss in Boots, The public domain audiobook at LibriVox

April 17, 2023
puss, boots, this, article, about, 1697, european, fairy, tale, other, uses, disambiguation, italian, gatto, stivali, french, maître, chat, chat, botté, german, gestiefelte, kater, european, fairy, tale, about, anthropomorphic, uses, trickery, deceit, gain, po. This article is about the 1697 European fairy tale For other uses see Puss in Boots disambiguation Puss in Boots Italian Il gatto con gli stivali French Le Maitre chat ou le Chat botte German Der gestiefelte Kater is a European fairy tale about an anthropomorphic cat who uses trickery and deceit to gain power wealth and the hand in marriage of a princess for his penniless and low born master Puss in Boots Illustration 1843 from edition L CurmerCountryItaly 1550 1553 France 1697 LanguageItalian originally Genre s Literary fairy talePublication typeFairy tale collectionThe oldest written telling version is Costantino Fortunato Italian for Lucky Costantino by Italian author Giovanni Francesco Straparola included in The Facetious Nights of Straparola c 1550 1553 in which the cat is a fairy in disguise who helps his owner a poor boy named Costantino to gain his princess by duping a king a lord and many commoners 1 2 There is a version written by Girolamo Morlini from whom Straparola used various tales in The Facetious Nights 3 another version was published in 1634 by Giambattista Basile with the title Cagliuso The most popular version of the tale was written in French at the close of the seventeenth century by Charles Perrault 1628 1703 a retired civil servant and member of the Academie francaise 4 Puss in Boots appears in DreamWorks Shrek franchise appearing in all three sequels to the original film as well as two spin off films Puss in Boots 2011 and Puss in Boots The Last Wish 2022 where he is voiced by Antonio Banderas The character is signified in the logo of Japanese anime studio Toei Animation and is also a popular pantomime in the UK Contents 1 Analysis 1 1 Tale type 1 2 Motifs 1 2 1 The animal helper 1 2 2 The fox helper 1 3 Distribution 2 Adaptations 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksAnalysis EditTale type Edit In folkloristics Puss in Boots is classified as Aarne Thompson Uther ATU 545B Puss in Boots a subtype of ATU 545 The Cat as Helper 5 Folklorists Joseph Jacobs and Stith Thompson point that the Perrault s tale is the possible source of the Cat Helper story in later European folkloric traditions 6 7 Similarly Frisian professor Jurjen van der Kooi noted that variants from oral tradition were only starting to be recorded from the 19th century onwards and tales from Central and Western Europe follow Perrault s and Grimm s redaction very closely 8 Motifs Edit The animal helper Edit According to scholars e g van der Kooi Hans Jorg Uther Stith Thompson and Ines Kohler Zulch while the cat appears mostly in Europe as the animal helper variants across cultures replace the cat with a jackal a fox or another species of animal 9 10 11 12 like a dog a rooster or an ape 13 German folklorist Kohler Zulch noted the geographical distribution of the different animal helpers a fox in Eastern and Southeastern Europe as well in the Caucasus and Central Asia and an ape a jackal or a gazelle in Southern Asia and in Africa 14 For instance professor Damiana Eugenio remarked that the helpful animal is a monkey in all Philippine variants 15 In the Hungarian National Catalogue of Folktales MNK tale type 545B A csizmas kandur The Tom cat with boots the protagonist may be helped either by a cat or a rooster received from his father as his inheritance or rescues a fox from peril e g starvation hunters and the animal promises to help him in return 16 According to Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungman sv a cycle of tales that developed in Northern Europe involves the spirit of a dead man instead of a cat This cycle is found in Denmark Finland and Estonia 17 The fox helper Edit According to the description of the tale type in the East Slavic Folktale Catalogue Russian SUS romanized SUS last updated by scholar Lev Barag ru in 1979 the hero may be helped either by a cat kot in Russian or by a fox lisa 18 Similarly the Bulgarian Folktale Catalogue names type 545B as Vodenicharyat i lisicata The Miller and the Fox 19 20 In the Typen turkischer Volksmarchen Turkish Folktale Catalogue by Wolfram Eberhard and Pertev Naili Boratav both scholars listed the variants with the fox as the animal helper under Turkish type TTV 34 Der Muller und der Fuchs The Miller and the Fox which corresponds in the international classification to tale type ATU 545B 21 Distribution Edit The tale has also spread to the Americas and is known in Asia India Indonesia and Philippines 22 Greek scholar Marianthi Kaplanoglou states that the tale type ATU 545B Puss in Boots or locally The Helpful Fox is an example of widely known stories in the repertoires of Greek refugees from Asia Minor 23 Adaptations EditMain article Adaptations of Puss in Boots The phrase enough to make a cat laugh dates from the mid 1800s and is associated with the tale of Puss in Boots 24 The Bibliotheque de Carabas 25 book series was published by David Nutt in London in the late 19th century in which the front cover of each volume depicts Puss in Boots reading a book References EditNotes Footnotes W G Waters The Mysterious Giovan Francesco Straparola in Jack Zipes a c di The Great Fairy Tale Tradition From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm p 877 ISBN 0 393 97636 X Cristina Bacchilega Danielle Marie Roemer 2001 Angela Carter and the Fairy Tale Wayne State University Press p 24 Opie amp Opie 1974 p 21 Brown 2007 p 351 Thompson Stith The Folktale University of California Press 1977 pp 58 59 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Thompson Stith The Folktale University of California Press 1977 p 58 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Jacobs Joseph European Folk and Fairy Tales New York London G P Putnam s sons 1916 pp 239 240 van der Kooi Jurjen De gelaarsde kat In Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan Lexicon van sprookjes ontstaan ontwikkeling variaties 1ste druk Ton Dekker amp Jurjen van der Kooi amp Theo Meder Kritak Sun 1997 p 139 Uther Hans Jorg 2006 The Fox in World Literature Reflections on a Fictional Animal Asian Folklore Studies 65 2 133 160 JSTOR 30030396 Kaplanoglou Marianthi January 1999 AT 545B Puss in Boots and The Fox Matchmaker From the Central Asian to the European Tradition Folklore 110 1 2 57 62 doi 10 1080 0015587X 1999 9715981 JSTOR 1261067 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press pp 58 59 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 A difference is also made in the animal helper Instead of a cat very frequently there appears a fox and sometimes even other animals As one gets away from central Europe the greater variations one finds from the literary version of Perrault Kohler Zulch Ines Puss in Boots In The Greenwood Encyclopedia Of Folktales And Fairy Tales Westport Connecticut London Greenwood Press 2008 p 794 ISBN 978 0 313 33441 2 van der Kooi Jurjen De gelaarsde kat In Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan Lexicon van sprookjes ontstaan ontwikkeling variaties 1ste druk Ton Dekker amp Jurjen van der Kooi amp Theo Meder Kritak Sun 1997 p 139 Kohler Zulch Ines Puss in Boots In The Greenwood Encyclopedia Of Folktales And Fairy Tales Westport Connecticut London Greenwood Press 2008 p 794 ISBN 978 0 313 33441 2 Eugenio Damiana L 1985 Philippine Folktales An Introduction Asian Folklore Studies 44 2 155 177 doi 10 2307 1178506 JSTOR 1178506 Domotor Akos szerk Magyar nepmesekatalogus 2 Budapest MTA Neprajzi Kutato Csoport 1988 A magyar tundermesek katalogusa AaTh 300 749 p 312 Liungman Waldemar Die Schwedischen Volksmarchen Herkunft und Geschichte Berlin Boston De Gruyter 2022 1961 pp 151 152 https doi org 10 1515 9783112618004 004 Barag Lev Sravnitelnyj ukazatel syuzhetov Vostochnoslavyanskaya skazka Leningrad NAUKA 1979 p 154 Kotseva Yordanka Mitseva Evgeniya Daskalova Lilyana Dobreva Doroteya 1984 Katalog na blgarskite folklorni prikazki Predvaritelni materiali A Catalogue of Bulgarian Folktales Preliminary Materials Blgarski folklor Bulgarian Folklore Institut za etnologiya i folkloristika s Etnografski muzej pri BAN X 2 92 93 Kotseva Yordanka 2002 Vlshebnite prikazki v Arhiva na Instituta za folklor Katalog The Fairy Tales in the Archive of the Institute of Folklore Catalogue Blgarski folklor Bulgarian Folklore in Bulgarian Institut za etnologiya i folkloristika s Etnografski muzej pri BAN XXVIII 3 4 93 94 Eberhard Wolfram Boratav Pertev Naili Typen turkischer Volksmarchen Wiesbaden Steiner 1953 pp 49 51 tale type 421 table of correspondences Thompson Stith The Folktale University of California Press 1977 p 59 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Kaplanoglou Marianthi December 2010 Two Storytellers from the Greek Orthodox Communities of Ottoman Asia Minor Analyzing Some Micro data in Comparative Folklore Fabula 51 3 4 251 265 doi 10 1515 fabl 2010 024 S2CID 161511346 https idioms thefreedictionary com enough to make a cat laugh gt enough to make a cat laugh Nutt Alfred Trubner Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 35269 Subscription or UK public library membership required Works citedBarchilon Jacques 1960 The Authentic Mother Goose Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes Denver CO Alan Swallow Bettelheim Bruno 1977 1975 1976 The Uses of Enchantment New York Random House Vintage Books ISBN 0 394 72265 5 Brown David 2007 Tchaikovsky New York Pegasus Books LLC ISBN 978 1 933648 30 9 Gillespie Stuart Hopkins David eds 2005 The Oxford History of Literary Translation in English 1660 1790 Oxford and New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 924622 X Opie Iona Opie Peter 1974 The Classic Fairy Tales Oxford and New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 211559 6 Paulin Roger 2002 1985 Ludwig Tieck Oxford and New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 815852 1 Tatar Maria 2002 The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales New York and London W W Norton amp Company ISBN 0 393 05163 3 Wunderer Rolf 2008 Der gestiefelte Kater als Unternehmer Weisbaden Gabler Verlag ISBN 978 3 8349 0772 1 Zipes Jack David 1991 1988 Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 90513 3 Zipes Jack David 2001 The Great Fairy Tale Tradition From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm p 877 ISBN 0 393 97636 X Zipes Jack David 1997 Happily Ever After New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 91851 0Further reading EditBlair Graham 2019 Jack Ships to the Cat Clever Maids Fearless Jacks and a Cat Fairy Tales from a Living Oral Tradition University Press of Colorado pp 93 103 ISBN 978 1 60732 919 0 JSTOR j ctvqc6hwd 11 Kaplanoglou Marianthi January 1999 AT 545B Puss in Boots and The Fox Matchmaker From the Central Asian to the European Tradition Folklore 110 1 2 57 62 doi 10 1080 0015587X 1999 9715981 JSTOR 1261067 Kohler Zulch Ines 1994 Kotarakt v chizmi ili hitrata lisica Puss in Boots or the Clever She fox Blgarski folklor XX 5 20 32 Mazzoni Cristina 2019 Changing the sex of cats Considerations on tale type ATU 545 The cat as helper or Puss in Boots between Italy and France Quaderni d Italianistica 40 2 7 24 doi 10 33137 q i v40i2 34876 ISSN 0226 8043 Neuhaus Mareike 2011 The Rhetoric of Harry Robinson s Cat With the Boots On Mosaic A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 44 2 35 51 JSTOR 44029507 Project MUSE 440541 ProQuest 871355970 Nikolajeva Maria 2009 Devils Demons Familiars Friends Toward a Semiotics of Literary Cats Marvels amp Tales 23 2 248 267 JSTOR 41388926 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puss in boots Wikisource has original text related to this article Puss in Boots Origin of the Story of Puss in Boots Puss in Boots English translation from The Blue Fairy Book 1889 Puss in Boots Beautifully illustrated in The Colorful Story Book 1941 Folktales of ATU type 545B Puss in Boots by D L Ashliman Master Cat or Puss in Boots The public domain audiobook at LibriVox Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Puss in Boots amp oldid 1149210782, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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