fbpx
Wikipedia

Province of Ljubljana

January 11, 2023

The Province of Ljubljana (Italian: Provincia di Lubiana, Slovene: Ljubljanska pokrajina, German: Provinz Laibach) was the central-southern area of Slovenia. In 1941, it was annexed by Fascist Italy, and after 1943 occupied by Nazi Germany. Created on May 3, 1941, it was abolished on May 9, 1945, when the Slovene Partisans and partisans from other parts of Yugoslavia liberated it from the Nazi Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral. Its administrative centre was Ljubljana.

During World War II, Nazi Germany and Hungary occupied and annexed the northern areas (brown and dark green areas, respectively), while Fascist Italy occupied the vertically hashed black area, including Gottschee area. (Solid black western part being annexed by Italy already with the Treaty of Rapallo). After 1943, Germany took over the Italian occupational area, as well.

Background

During World War II, Drava Banovina was in a unique situation. While Greece shared its experience of being trisected, this territory (roughly present-day Slovenia) experienced a further step—absorption and annexation into neighboring Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Hungary.[1] After Yugoslavia was invaded by Axis Powers on 6 April 1941, Germany and Hungary occupied and annexed the northern part of the region. The ethnic German Gottscheers were moved out of the province because Hitler opposed having them in the Italian occupation zone.

Territory

After the attack on Yugoslavia by Germany and Italy, the central area of Slovenia was occupied by Italy as a territory that had historically belonged to the County of Gorizia, the Duchy of Friuli, and the Ancient Roman provinces of Illyria, and the Roman city of Emona (modern Ljubljana) had been an important hub of communication.[2] The bulk of its territory was:

Fascist Italy occupied Marindol and other villages that had previously belonged to the Banovina of Croatia, Milić-Selo, Paunović-Selo, Žunić-Selo, Vukobrati, Vidnjevići, and Vrhovci. These villages were annexed to the municipality of Črnomelj as part of the Province of Ljubljana, despite being predominantly inhabited by Orthodox Serbs.

After the war the inhabitants of those areas demanded to be returned to the People’s Republic of Croatia as part of the county of Karlovac[citation needed]. By the administrative organization of 1947, Marindol and the surrounding villages on the left bank of Kolpa constituted a local community in the composition of the county of Karlovac. It was still a constituent part of the county at the time of 1948 census. After that the complete area was under Slovene authority. Parts of the Žumberak/Gorjanci area were also annexed by Italy to the Ljubljana Province and parts of Gorski Kotar mainly in the Čabar area (villages around Prezid), all from what was earlier part of the Banovina of Croatia. This was an agreement between the Kingdom of Italy and the Independent State of Croatia on the border between the two Axis states during the Second World War.

Administration

The Italian period

Pre-resistance

Compared to the German policies in the northern Nazi-occupied area of Slovenia and the forced Fascist italianization in the former Austrian Littoral that was annexed after the First World War, the initial Italian policy in the central Slovenia was not as violent. Tens of thousands of Slovenes from German-occupied Lower Styria and Upper Carniola escaped to the Province of Ljubljana until June 1941.

The central area of Slovenia was first occupied by Fascist Italy in April 1941. It was subjected to military occupation but in May 1941, after the debellatio of the Yugoslav State by the Axis Powers, it was formally annexed by the Kingdom of Italy under the name of Provincia di Lubiana. The province was created as a specific administration unit within Italy. Although considered as an integral part of Italy, it was treated as a corpus separatum. Unlike other provinces, it was administered by a High Commissioner, appointed by the Italian Government. The High Commissioner had a similar position as prefects in other Italian provinces, but was given wider competences. The first High Commissioner was Emilio Grazioli. The province did enjoy some political or administrative autonomy and several concessions were given to the local Slovene population. In the countryside, most of the municipal administrations, elected in general elections during the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, could continue to function. Judiciary and local administration personnel were also kept. Both Italian and Slovene were given the status of official languages and also the status of an administrative language. Most Slovenian cultural and educational institutions of national importance, such as the University of Ljubljana and the Academy of Sciences and Arts, were kept. Education in Slovene was kept, although Italian was introduced as an obligatory second language. The population of the Province was exempted from military service in the Italian Army.

Also, the Consult was created as an advisory council of the High Commissioner's office. It was composed by members of local economic and professional associations, as well as of those political party leaders that were willing to collaborate with Italian authorities.

Post-resistance and war crimes against the Slovene civil population

 
1942 announcement that exiting Ljubljana is forbidden by Fascist Italian authority

The initial tolerant policies of the Italian administration did not last long. After the establishment of the Liberation Front and the emergence of the partisan resistance, the Italian army's opinion has been in accord with the 1920s speech by Benito Mussolini:

When dealing with such a race as Slavic - inferior and barbarian - we must not pursue the carrot, but the stick policy.... We should not be afraid of new victims.... The Italian border should run across the Brenner Pass, Monte Nevoso and the Dinaric Alps.... I would say we can easily sacrifice 500,000 barbaric Slavs for 50,000 Italians....

— Benito Mussolini, speech held in Pula, 22 February 1922[3][4]

As noted by Minister of Foreign Affairs in Mussolini government, Galeazzo Ciano, when describing a meeting with secretary general of the Fascist party who wanted Italian army to kill all the Slovenes:

(...) I took the liberty of saying they (the Slovenes) totaled one million. It doesn't matter - he replied firmly - we should model ourselves upon ascari (auxiliary Eritrean troops infamous for their cruelty) and wipe them out".[5]

General Mario Robotti, Commander of the Italian XI Corps (Italy) in Slovenia and Croatia, issued an order in line with a directive received from Mussolini in June 1942: "I would not be opposed to all (sic) Slovenes being imprisoned and replaced by Italians. In other words, we should take steps to ensure that political and ethnic frontiers coincide.",[6] which qualifies as ethnic cleansing policy.

The Province of Ljubljana saw the deportation of 25,000 people, which equaled 7.5% of the total population. The operation, one of the most drastic in Europe, filled up Italian concentration camps on the island Rab, in Gonars, Monigo (Treviso), Renicci d'Anghiari, Chiesanuova and elsewhere.

Mario Roatta's "Circular 3C" (Circolare 3C), tantamount to a declaration of war on the Slovene civil population, involved him in war crimes while he was the commander of the 2nd Italian Army in Province of Ljubljana.[7]

Italians put the barbed wire fence - which is now Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship - around Ljubljana in order to prevent communication between the Liberation Front in the city and the Partisan resistance in the surrounding countryside.[8]

On February 25, 1942, only two days after the Italian Fascist regime established Gonars concentration camp the first transport of 5,343 internees (1,643 of whom were children) arrived from - at the time already overpopulated - Rab concentration camp, from the Province of Ljubljana itself and from another Italian concentration camp in Monigo (near Treviso). The survivors received no compensation from the Italian state after the war.

The violence against the Slovene civil population easily matched the German.[9] For every major military operation, General M. Roatta issued additional special instructions, including one that the orders must be "carried out most energetically and without any false compassion".[10]

One of Roatta's soldiers wrote home on July 1, 1942: "We have destroyed everything from top to bottom without sparing the innocent. We kill entire families every night, beating them to death or shooting them."[11] The idea that Italian excesses in violence was due to anger or grief at the loss of comrades is false, since the process of killing and mass execution was a consequence of Fascist propaganda, de-humanizing the Slovenes as racially inferior.[12][13]

After the war Roatta was on the list of the most sought after Italian war criminals indicted by Yugoslavia and other countries, but never saw anything like the Nuremberg Trials because the British government saw in Pietro Badoglio, also on the list, a guarantee of an anti-communist post-war Italy within the context of the Cold War. Some of the most notorious were put on trial however, including Roatta. But he escaped just before being jailed, and fled to Spain.[14][15]

Structure

 
Province of Lubiana (1941-1943)

The province was divided into five districts (Italian: distretti) based around the pre-existing Yugoslav district boundaries, plus the city of Lubiana. Each district was further sub-divided into municipalities (Italian: comuni). The five districts were:[16]

The German period (1943–1945)

After the Italian armistice in September 1943, the province was occupied by Nazi Germany. The province was kept in the same borders that were set by Italian occupation forces. The province was included in the Adriatic Littoral. It was finally abolished on May 9, 1945.

Administration

During the Italian period (1941–1943), the province was ruled by a High Commissioner; for most of its history this post was held by Emilio Grazioli, replaced in early 1943 by Giuseppe Lombrassa who after the fall of Fascism was in turn replaced by General Riccardo Moizo, who only held the post for a month before the Armistice of Cassibile. In the first months after the province was officially annexed to Italy (May 1941), a so-called Consultation Council (consulta) was set up from high-ranking members of local economic, professional and political elites. The first chairman of the council was Marko Natlačen, former Yugoslav governor of the Drava Banovina. Already in 1942, he stepped down in opposition to Italian occupation policies, and the Council itself ceased to be summoned.

After the German occupation in September 1943, Leon Rupnik was named president of the province. He managed to establish a fairly autonomous provincial administration with the help of a small circle of collaborators.

Armies

In 1942 so called village guards started appearing spontaneously, as a self-defense against partisan revolutionary violence. They turned to Italians for weapons and equipment, and the Italians soon organized them as a part of Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia. They were called White Guard by the partisans (and even Germans later on).

After the capitulation of Italy most of the Slovene Chetniks were destroyed in the Battle of Grcarice (quietly helped by the Partisans, who then became the only resistance group in Slovenia) and members of the 'White Guard' were killed, captured, dispersed or fled to the Germans, where they formed the core of the newly established Slovenian Home Guard corps led by former general of the Royal Yugoslav Army Leon Rupnik. He became chief of the puppet provincial government of Ljubljana Province and came into the service of the Third Reich. Many previously captured or dispersed members of the White Guard soon joined the Slovenian Home Guard.

While the war was still going on some of the leaders of the 'White Guard' underwent a military court-martial in Kočevje and were sentenced to death. The trial was organized by the Slovenian National Liberation Council.

On the Allied side there was the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People which was formed on 27 April 1941 by the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovenia, which refrained from active participation in the fighting as the Communist line at the time was that both sides were engaged in an 'imperialist' war. Originally, organizations from the entire political spectrum participated, but as the influence of the Communist Party within the Liberation Front started to grow, some of them turned against it.

Ending

The area of the Province of Ljubljana after the Second World War were united with the rest of Slovene Lands that were under the control of Tito’s Yugoslavia and formed the People’s Republic of Slovenia in 1947 that was in the meantime called the Federal State of Slovenia (short form: Federal Slovenia).

Some of its territory was returned to Croatia but some was subsequently claimed by Slovenia.

The bulk of its territory is now the Republic of Slovenia.

See also

References

  1. ^ Gregor Joseph Kranjc (2013).To Walk with the Devil, University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division, p. introduction 5
  2. ^ Davide Rodogno (2006). Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-521-84515-1.
  3. ^ Verginella, Marta (2011). "Antislavizmo, rassizmo di frontiera?". Aut aut (in Italian). ISBN 978-88-6576-106-9.
  4. ^ Santarelli, Enzo (1979). Scritti politici: di Benito Mussolini; Introduzione e cura di Enzo Santarelli (in Italian). p. 196.
  5. ^ The Ciano Diaries 1939–1943: The Complete, Unabridged Diaries of Count Galeazzo Ciano, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1936–1943 (2000) ISBN 1-931313-74-1
  6. ^ Tommaso Di Francesco, Giacomo Scotti (1999) Sixty years of ethnic cleansing, Le Monde Diplomatique, May Issue.
  7. ^ James H. Burgwyn: "General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942", Journal of Modern Italian Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, September 2004, pp. 314-329(16), link by IngentaConnect
  8. ^ Vurnik, Blaž (22 April 2016). "Kabinet čudes: Ljubljana v žičnem obroču" [Cabinet of Curiosities: Ljubljana in the Barbed Wire Ring]. Delo.si (in Slovenian).
  9. ^ Ballinger, P. (2002). History in exile: memory and identity at the borders of the Balkans. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08697-4
  10. ^ Giuseppe Piemontese (1946): Twenty-nine months of Italian occupation of the Province of Ljubljana. Page 10.
  11. ^ James Walston, a historian at the American University of Rome. Quoted in , The Guardian, London, UK, June 25, 2003
  12. ^ Niall MacGalloway (2014): Book review of the Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi's book The Italian Army in Slovenia. Strategies of antipartisan Repression, 1941-1943, 'Diacronie: Studi Di Storia Contemporanea'. No.20, Vol 4
  13. ^ Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi (2013): 'The Italian Army in Slovenia. Strategies of antipartisan Repression, 1941-1943', New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
  14. ^ Effie G. H. Pedaliu (2004) Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945-48. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory, pp. 503-529 (JStor.org preview)
  15. ^ , The Guardian, London, UK, June 25, 2003
  16. ^ Davide Rodogno. Fascism's European empire. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006 Pp. 419.

Further reading

  • Ballinger, P. (2002). History in exile: memory and identity at the borders of the Balkans. Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-08697-4
  • Burgwyn, H.J. (2005). Empire on the Adriatic: Mussolini's Conquest of Yugoslavia 1941-1943 (introduction by Lutz Klinkhammer), Enigma Books, ISBN 1-929631-35-9
  • Guerrazzi, Amedeo Osti (2013): 'The Italian Army in Slovenia. Strategies of antipartisan Repression, 1941-1943', New York, Palgrave Macmillan
  • Giuseppe Piemontese (1946): Twenty-nine months of Italian occupation of the Province of Ljubljana

Coordinates: 46°03′20″N 14°30′30″E / 46.0556°N 14.5083°E / 46.0556; 14.5083

January 11, 2023
province, ljubljana, italian, provincia, lubiana, slovene, ljubljanska, pokrajina, german, provinz, laibach, central, southern, area, slovenia, 1941, annexed, fascist, italy, after, 1943, occupied, nazi, germany, created, 1941, abolished, 1945, when, slovene, . The Province of Ljubljana Italian Provincia di Lubiana Slovene Ljubljanska pokrajina German Provinz Laibach was the central southern area of Slovenia In 1941 it was annexed by Fascist Italy and after 1943 occupied by Nazi Germany Created on May 3 1941 it was abolished on May 9 1945 when the Slovene Partisans and partisans from other parts of Yugoslavia liberated it from the Nazi Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral Its administrative centre was Ljubljana Nazi Germany Hungary FascistItaly IndependentState ofCroatiaDuring World War II Nazi Germany and Hungary occupied and annexed the northern areas brown and dark green areas respectively while Fascist Italy occupied the vertically hashed black area including Gottschee area Solid black western part being annexed by Italy already with the Treaty of Rapallo After 1943 Germany took over the Italian occupational area as well Contents 1 Background 2 Territory 3 Administration 3 1 The Italian period 3 1 1 Pre resistance 3 1 2 Post resistance and war crimes against the Slovene civil population 3 1 3 Structure 3 2 The German period 1943 1945 3 3 Administration 4 Armies 5 Ending 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingBackground EditDuring World War II Drava Banovina was in a unique situation While Greece shared its experience of being trisected this territory roughly present day Slovenia experienced a further step absorption and annexation into neighboring Nazi Germany Fascist Italy and Hungary 1 After Yugoslavia was invaded by Axis Powers on 6 April 1941 Germany and Hungary occupied and annexed the northern part of the region The ethnic German Gottscheers were moved out of the province because Hitler opposed having them in the Italian occupation zone Territory EditAfter the attack on Yugoslavia by Germany and Italy the central area of Slovenia was occupied by Italy as a territory that had historically belonged to the County of Gorizia the Duchy of Friuli and the Ancient Roman provinces of Illyria and the Roman city of Emona modern Ljubljana had been an important hub of communication 2 The bulk of its territory was Lower Carniola except a strip of land along the Sava River occupied by the Third Reich The eastern portions of Inner Carniola the present day municipalities of Logatec Cerknica Bloke and Loska Dolina The city of Ljubljana and its southern suburbs The northern suburbs Sentvid were under the occupation of the Greater German Reich Fascist Italy occupied Marindol and other villages that had previously belonged to the Banovina of Croatia Milic Selo Paunovic Selo Zunic Selo Vukobrati Vidnjevici and Vrhovci These villages were annexed to the municipality of Crnomelj as part of the Province of Ljubljana despite being predominantly inhabited by Orthodox Serbs After the war the inhabitants of those areas demanded to be returned to the People s Republic of Croatia as part of the county of Karlovac citation needed By the administrative organization of 1947 Marindol and the surrounding villages on the left bank of Kolpa constituted a local community in the composition of the county of Karlovac It was still a constituent part of the county at the time of 1948 census After that the complete area was under Slovene authority Parts of the Zumberak Gorjanci area were also annexed by Italy to the Ljubljana Province and parts of Gorski Kotar mainly in the Cabar area villages around Prezid all from what was earlier part of the Banovina of Croatia This was an agreement between the Kingdom of Italy and the Independent State of Croatia on the border between the two Axis states during the Second World War Administration EditThe Italian period Edit Pre resistance Edit Compared to the German policies in the northern Nazi occupied area of Slovenia and the forced Fascist italianization in the former Austrian Littoral that was annexed after the First World War the initial Italian policy in the central Slovenia was not as violent Tens of thousands of Slovenes from German occupied Lower Styria and Upper Carniola escaped to the Province of Ljubljana until June 1941 The central area of Slovenia was first occupied by Fascist Italy in April 1941 It was subjected to military occupation but in May 1941 after the debellatio of the Yugoslav State by the Axis Powers it was formally annexed by the Kingdom of Italy under the name of Provincia di Lubiana The province was created as a specific administration unit within Italy Although considered as an integral part of Italy it was treated as a corpus separatum Unlike other provinces it was administered by a High Commissioner appointed by the Italian Government The High Commissioner had a similar position as prefects in other Italian provinces but was given wider competences The first High Commissioner was Emilio Grazioli The province did enjoy some political or administrative autonomy and several concessions were given to the local Slovene population In the countryside most of the municipal administrations elected in general elections during the Kingdom of Yugoslavia could continue to function Judiciary and local administration personnel were also kept Both Italian and Slovene were given the status of official languages and also the status of an administrative language Most Slovenian cultural and educational institutions of national importance such as the University of Ljubljana and the Academy of Sciences and Arts were kept Education in Slovene was kept although Italian was introduced as an obligatory second language The population of the Province was exempted from military service in the Italian Army Also the Consult was created as an advisory council of the High Commissioner s office It was composed by members of local economic and professional associations as well as of those political party leaders that were willing to collaborate with Italian authorities Post resistance and war crimes against the Slovene civil population Edit 1942 announcement that exiting Ljubljana is forbidden by Fascist Italian authorityThe initial tolerant policies of the Italian administration did not last long After the establishment of the Liberation Front and the emergence of the partisan resistance the Italian army s opinion has been in accord with the 1920s speech by Benito Mussolini When dealing with such a race as Slavic inferior and barbarian we must not pursue the carrot but the stick policy We should not be afraid of new victims The Italian border should run across the Brenner Pass Monte Nevoso and the Dinaric Alps I would say we can easily sacrifice 500 000 barbaric Slavs for 50 000 Italians Benito Mussolini speech held in Pula 22 February 1922 3 4 As noted by Minister of Foreign Affairs in Mussolini government Galeazzo Ciano when describing a meeting with secretary general of the Fascist party who wanted Italian army to kill all the Slovenes I took the liberty of saying they the Slovenes totaled one million It doesn t matter he replied firmly we should model ourselves upon ascari auxiliary Eritrean troops infamous for their cruelty and wipe them out 5 General Mario Robotti Commander of the Italian XI Corps Italy in Slovenia and Croatia issued an order in line with a directive received from Mussolini in June 1942 I would not be opposed to all sic Slovenes being imprisoned and replaced by Italians In other words we should take steps to ensure that political and ethnic frontiers coincide 6 which qualifies as ethnic cleansing policy The Province of Ljubljana saw the deportation of 25 000 people which equaled 7 5 of the total population The operation one of the most drastic in Europe filled up Italian concentration camps on the island Rab in Gonars Monigo Treviso Renicci d Anghiari Chiesanuova and elsewhere Mario Roatta s Circular 3C Circolare 3C tantamount to a declaration of war on the Slovene civil population involved him in war crimes while he was the commander of the 2nd Italian Army in Province of Ljubljana 7 Italians put the barbed wire fence which is now Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship around Ljubljana in order to prevent communication between the Liberation Front in the city and the Partisan resistance in the surrounding countryside 8 On February 25 1942 only two days after the Italian Fascist regime established Gonars concentration camp the first transport of 5 343 internees 1 643 of whom were children arrived from at the time already overpopulated Rab concentration camp from the Province of Ljubljana itself and from another Italian concentration camp in Monigo near Treviso The survivors received no compensation from the Italian state after the war The violence against the Slovene civil population easily matched the German 9 For every major military operation General M Roatta issued additional special instructions including one that the orders must be carried out most energetically and without any false compassion 10 One of Roatta s soldiers wrote home on July 1 1942 We have destroyed everything from top to bottom without sparing the innocent We kill entire families every night beating them to death or shooting them 11 The idea that Italian excesses in violence was due to anger or grief at the loss of comrades is false since the process of killing and mass execution was a consequence of Fascist propaganda de humanizing the Slovenes as racially inferior 12 13 After the war Roatta was on the list of the most sought after Italian war criminals indicted by Yugoslavia and other countries but never saw anything like the Nuremberg Trials because the British government saw in Pietro Badoglio also on the list a guarantee of an anti communist post war Italy within the context of the Cold War Some of the most notorious were put on trial however including Roatta But he escaped just before being jailed and fled to Spain 14 15 Structure Edit Province of Lubiana 1941 1943 The province was divided into five districts Italian distretti based around the pre existing Yugoslav district boundaries plus the city of Lubiana Each district was further sub divided into municipalities Italian comuni The five districts were 16 Lubiana 28 municipalities Longatico 11 municipalities Novo Mesto 31 municipalities Cernomegli 11 municipalities Cocevie 13 municipalities The German period 1943 1945 Edit After the Italian armistice in September 1943 the province was occupied by Nazi Germany The province was kept in the same borders that were set by Italian occupation forces The province was included in the Adriatic Littoral It was finally abolished on May 9 1945 Administration Edit During the Italian period 1941 1943 the province was ruled by a High Commissioner for most of its history this post was held by Emilio Grazioli replaced in early 1943 by Giuseppe Lombrassa who after the fall of Fascism was in turn replaced by General Riccardo Moizo who only held the post for a month before the Armistice of Cassibile In the first months after the province was officially annexed to Italy May 1941 a so called Consultation Council consulta was set up from high ranking members of local economic professional and political elites The first chairman of the council was Marko Natlacen former Yugoslav governor of the Drava Banovina Already in 1942 he stepped down in opposition to Italian occupation policies and the Council itself ceased to be summoned After the German occupation in September 1943 Leon Rupnik was named president of the province He managed to establish a fairly autonomous provincial administration with the help of a small circle of collaborators Armies EditIn 1942 so called village guards started appearing spontaneously as a self defense against partisan revolutionary violence They turned to Italians for weapons and equipment and the Italians soon organized them as a part of Anti Communist Volunteer Militia They were called White Guard by the partisans and even Germans later on After the capitulation of Italy most of the Slovene Chetniks were destroyed in the Battle of Grcarice quietly helped by the Partisans who then became the only resistance group in Slovenia and members of the White Guard were killed captured dispersed or fled to the Germans where they formed the core of the newly established Slovenian Home Guard corps led by former general of the Royal Yugoslav Army Leon Rupnik He became chief of the puppet provincial government of Ljubljana Province and came into the service of the Third Reich Many previously captured or dispersed members of the White Guard soon joined the Slovenian Home Guard While the war was still going on some of the leaders of the White Guard underwent a military court martial in Kocevje and were sentenced to death The trial was organized by the Slovenian National Liberation Council On the Allied side there was the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People which was formed on 27 April 1941 by the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovenia which refrained from active participation in the fighting as the Communist line at the time was that both sides were engaged in an imperialist war Originally organizations from the entire political spectrum participated but as the influence of the Communist Party within the Liberation Front started to grow some of them turned against it Ending EditThe area of the Province of Ljubljana after the Second World War were united with the rest of Slovene Lands that were under the control of Tito s Yugoslavia and formed the People s Republic of Slovenia in 1947 that was in the meantime called the Federal State of Slovenia short form Federal Slovenia Some of its territory was returned to Croatia but some was subsequently claimed by Slovenia The bulk of its territory is now the Republic of Slovenia See also EditLiberation Front of the Slovenian People Anti Communist Volunteer MilitiaReferences Edit Gregor Joseph Kranjc 2013 To Walk with the Devil University of Toronto Press Scholarly Publishing Division p introduction 5 Davide Rodogno 2006 Fascism s European empire Italian occupation during the Second World War Cambridge University Press p 82 ISBN 978 0 521 84515 1 Verginella Marta 2011 Antislavizmo rassizmo di frontiera Aut aut in Italian ISBN 978 88 6576 106 9 Santarelli Enzo 1979 Scritti politici di Benito Mussolini Introduzione e cura di Enzo Santarelli in Italian p 196 The Ciano Diaries 1939 1943 The Complete Unabridged Diaries of Count Galeazzo Ciano Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs 1936 1943 2000 ISBN 1 931313 74 1 Tommaso Di Francesco Giacomo Scotti 1999 Sixty years of ethnic cleansing Le Monde Diplomatique May Issue James H Burgwyn General Roatta s war against the partisans in Yugoslavia 1942 Journal of Modern Italian Studies Volume 9 Number 3 September 2004 pp 314 329 16 link by IngentaConnect Vurnik Blaz 22 April 2016 Kabinet cudes Ljubljana v zicnem obrocu Cabinet of Curiosities Ljubljana in the Barbed Wire Ring Delo si in Slovenian Ballinger P 2002 History in exile memory and identity at the borders of the Balkans Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 08697 4 Giuseppe Piemontese 1946 Twenty nine months of Italian occupation of the Province of Ljubljana Page 10 James Walston a historian at the American University of Rome Quoted in Rory Carroll Italy s bloody secret The Guardian Archived by WebCite The Guardian London UK June 25 2003 Niall MacGalloway 2014 Book review of the Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi s book The Italian Army in Slovenia Strategies of antipartisan Repression 1941 1943 Diacronie Studi Di Storia Contemporanea No 20 Vol 4 Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi 2013 The Italian Army in Slovenia Strategies of antipartisan Repression 1941 1943 New York Palgrave Macmillan Effie G H Pedaliu 2004 Britain and the Hand over of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia 1945 48 Journal of Contemporary History Vol 39 No 4 Special Issue Collective Memory pp 503 529 JStor org preview Rory Carroll Italy s bloody secret The Guardian Archived by WebCite The Guardian London UK June 25 2003 Davide Rodogno Fascism s European empire Cambridge England UK Cambridge University Press 2006 Pp 419 Further reading EditBallinger P 2002 History in exile memory and identity at the borders of the Balkans Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 08697 4 Burgwyn H J 2005 Empire on the Adriatic Mussolini s Conquest of Yugoslavia 1941 1943 introduction by Lutz Klinkhammer Enigma Books ISBN 1 929631 35 9 Guerrazzi Amedeo Osti 2013 The Italian Army in Slovenia Strategies of antipartisan Repression 1941 1943 New York Palgrave Macmillan Giuseppe Piemontese 1946 Twenty nine months of Italian occupation of the Province of LjubljanaCoordinates 46 03 20 N 14 30 30 E 46 0556 N 14 5083 E 46 0556 14 5083 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Province of Ljubljana amp oldid 1107874732, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.