Procolophonidae is an extinct family of small, lizard-like parareptiles known from the Late Permian to Late Triassic that were distributed across Pangaea, having been reported from Europe, North America, China, South Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia. The most primitive procolophonids were likely insectiovous or omnivorous, more derived members of the clade developed bicusped molars, and were likely herbivorous feeding on high fiber vegetation or durophagous omnivores.[3] Many members of the group are noted for spines projecting from the quadratojugal bone of the skull, which likely served a defensive purpose as well as possibly also for display.[4] At least some taxa were likely fossorial burrowers.[5] While diverse during the Early and Middle Triassic, they had very low diversity during the Late Triassic, and were extinct by the beginning of the Jurassic.[6]
^Cisneros, J. C. (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of procolophonid parareptiles with remarks on their geological record". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (3): 345–366. Bibcode:2008JSPal...6..345C. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002350. S2CID 84468714.
^Hans-Dieter Sues and Robert R. Reisz (2008). "Anatomy and Phylogenetic Relationships of Sclerosaurus armatus (Amniota: Parareptilia) from the Buntsandstein (Triassic) of Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (4): 1031–1042. Bibcode:2008JVPal..28.1031S. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1031. S2CID 53967912.
^Pinheiro, Felipe L.; Silva-Neves, Eduardo; Da-Rosa, Átila A. S. (August 2021). Ruta, Marcello (ed.). "An early-diverging procolophonid from the lowermost Triassic of South America and the origins of herbivory in Procolophonoidea". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (3): 1601–1612. Bibcode:2021PPal....7.1601P. doi:10.1002/spp2.1355. ISSN 2056-2799. S2CID 233797716.
^Zaher, Marta; Coram, Robert A.; Benton, Michael J. (February 2019). Angielczyk, Kenneth (ed.). "The Middle Triassic procolophonid Kapes bentoni : computed tomography of the skull and skeleton". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (1): 111–138. Bibcode:2019PPal....5..111Z. doi:10.1002/spp2.1232. hdl:1983/3dd2d71d-a439-404a-997f-758063f40678. S2CID 134058607.
^Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Smith, Roger Malcolm Harris (September 2012). "Palaeobiology of Triassic procolophonids, inferred from bone microstructure". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 11 (6): 419–433. Bibcode:2012CRPal..11..419B. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.03.002.
^MacDougall, Mark J.; Brocklehurst, Neil; Fröbisch, Jörg (2019-03-20). "Species richness and disparity of parareptiles across the end-Permian mass extinction". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1899): 20182572. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2572. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC6452079. PMID 30890099.
^Ruta, M.; Cisneros, J. C.; Liebrecht, T.; Tsuji, L. A.; Müller, J. (2011). "Amniotes through major biological crises: Faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction". Palaeontology. 54 (5): 1117–1137. Bibcode:2011Palgy..54.1117R. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x. S2CID 83693335.
^ abcButler, R. J.; Meade, L. E.; Cleary, T. J.; McWhirter, K. T.; Brown, E. E.; Kemp, T. S.; Benito, J.; Fraser, N. C. (2023). "Hwiccewyrm trispiculum gen. et sp. nov., a new leptopleuronine procolophonid from the Late Triassic of southwest England". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.25316. PMID 37735997.
Sourcesedit
Lambert, David (2001). Dinosaur Encyclopedia. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 72. ISBN9780789479358.
procolophonidae, extinct, family, small, lizard, like, parareptiles, known, from, late, permian, late, triassic, that, were, distributed, across, pangaea, having, been, reported, from, europe, north, america, china, south, africa, south, america, antarctica, a. Procolophonidae is an extinct family of small lizard like parareptiles known from the Late Permian to Late Triassic that were distributed across Pangaea having been reported from Europe North America China South Africa South America Antarctica and Australia The most primitive procolophonids were likely insectiovous or omnivorous more derived members of the clade developed bicusped molars and were likely herbivorous feeding on high fiber vegetation or durophagous omnivores 3 Many members of the group are noted for spines projecting from the quadratojugal bone of the skull which likely served a defensive purpose as well as possibly also for display 4 At least some taxa were likely fossorial burrowers 5 While diverse during the Early and Middle Triassic they had very low diversity during the Late Triassic and were extinct by the beginning of the Jurassic 6 ProcolophonidsTemporal range 265 201 3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Middle Permian Late Triassic Skeleton top and life restoration bottom of Kapes bentoni Procolophoninae scale bar 1cm Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Clade Parareptilia Order Procolophonomorpha Superfamily Procolophonoidea Family ProcolophonidaeSeeley 1888 Subgroups and Genera Coletta Gomphiosauridion Kinelia Kitchingnathus Lasasaurus Oryporan Phaanthosaurus Pintosaurus Sauropareion Smilodonterpeton Sphenosaurus Suchonosaurus Spondylolestes Tichvinskia Xenodiphyodon Youngetta Leptopleuroninae Procolophoninae Theledectinae Synonyms Sclerosauridae Nopcsa 1923 1 2 Skull of Kapes bentoni Contents 1 Phylogeny 2 References 3 Sources 4 External linksPhylogeny editBelow is a cladogram from Ruta et al 2011 7 Procolophonidae Coletta seca Pintosaurus magnidentis Sauropareion anoplus Kitchingnathus untabeni Phaanthosaurus ignatjevi Phaanthosaurus simus Theledectinae Eumetabolodon dongshengensis Theledectes perforatus Tichvinskia vjatkensis Leptopleuroninae Pentaedrusaurus ordosianus Neoprocolophon asiaticus Sclerosaurus armatus Scoloparia glyphanodon Leptopleuron lacertinum Soturnia caliodon Hypsognathus fenneri Procolophoninae Eumetabolodon bathycephalus Procolophon trigoniceps Teratophon spinigenis Thelerpeton oppressus Timanophon raridentatus Thelephon contritus Anomoiodon liliensterni Kapes amaenus Kapes bentoni Kapes komiensis Kapes majmesculae Below are three cladograms that follow phylogenetic analyses by Butler et al 2023 Analysis 1 Strict consensus of 760 most parsimonious trees MPTs 8 Procolophonidae Eomurruna Procolina Anomoiodon Lasasaurus Kitchingnathus Phonodus Thelephon Kapes bentoni Kapes majmesculae Timanophon Tichvinskia Theledectes Eumetabolodon dongshengensis Phaantosaurus sic Sauropareion Pintosaurus Coletta Eumetabolodon bathycephalus Procolophoninae Teratophon Thelerpeton Procolophon Leptopleuroninae Neoprocolophon Pentaedrusaurus Mandaphon Scoloparia Sclerosaurus Hwiccewyrm Hypsognathus Soturnia Leptopleuron Analysis 2 Single MPT 8 Procolophonidae Coletta Lasasaurus Sauropareion Kitchingnathus Pintosaurus Phaantosaurus sic Eomurruna Eumetabolodon dongshengensis Timanophon Tichvinskia Procolophoninae Eumetabolodon bathycephalus Thelerpeton Teratophon Procolophon Leptopleuroninae Kapes bentoni Thelephon Kapes majmesculae Pentaedrusaurus Anomoiodon Theledectes Procolina Phonodus Mandaphon Neoprocolophon Scoloparia Sclerosaurus Hwiccewyrm Leptopleuron Hypsognathus Soturnia Analysis 3 Strict consensus of 18 MPTs 8 Procolophonidae Coletta Sauropareion Kitchingnathus Phaantosaurus sic Eumetabolodon dongshengensis Eomurruna Theledectes Procolina Phonodus Lasasaurus Anomoiodon Thelephon Kapes bentoni Kapes majmesculae Timanophon Tichvinskia Eumetabolodon bathycephalus Procolophoninae Teratophon Thelerpeton Procolophon Leptopleuroninae Neoprocolophon Pentaedrusaurus Mandaphon Scoloparia Sclerosaurus Hwiccewyrm Hypsognathus Soturnia LeptopleuronReferences edit Cisneros J C 2008 Phylogenetic relationships of procolophonid parareptiles with remarks on their geological record Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6 3 345 366 Bibcode 2008JSPal 6 345C doi 10 1017 S1477201907002350 S2CID 84468714 Hans Dieter Sues and Robert R Reisz 2008 Anatomy and Phylogenetic Relationships of Sclerosaurus armatus Amniota Parareptilia from the Buntsandstein Triassic of Europe Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 4 1031 1042 Bibcode 2008JVPal 28 1031S doi 10 1671 0272 4634 28 4 1031 S2CID 53967912 Pinheiro Felipe L Silva Neves Eduardo Da Rosa Atila A S August 2021 Ruta Marcello ed An early diverging procolophonid from the lowermost Triassic of South America and the origins of herbivory in Procolophonoidea Papers in Palaeontology 7 3 1601 1612 Bibcode 2021PPal 7 1601P doi 10 1002 spp2 1355 ISSN 2056 2799 S2CID 233797716 Zaher Marta Coram Robert A Benton Michael J February 2019 Angielczyk Kenneth ed The Middle Triassic procolophonid Kapes bentoni computed tomography of the skull and skeleton Papers in Palaeontology 5 1 111 138 Bibcode 2019PPal 5 111Z doi 10 1002 spp2 1232 hdl 1983 3dd2d71d a439 404a 997f 758063f40678 S2CID 134058607 Botha Brink Jennifer Smith Roger Malcolm Harris September 2012 Palaeobiology of Triassic procolophonids inferred from bone microstructure Comptes Rendus Palevol 11 6 419 433 Bibcode 2012CRPal 11 419B doi 10 1016 j crpv 2012 03 002 MacDougall Mark J Brocklehurst Neil Frobisch Jorg 2019 03 20 Species richness and disparity of parareptiles across the end Permian mass extinction Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 286 1899 20182572 doi 10 1098 rspb 2018 2572 ISSN 0962 8452 PMC 6452079 PMID 30890099 Ruta M Cisneros J C Liebrecht T Tsuji L A Muller J 2011 Amniotes through major biological crises Faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end Permian mass extinction Palaeontology 54 5 1117 1137 Bibcode 2011Palgy 54 1117R doi 10 1111 j 1475 4983 2011 01051 x S2CID 83693335 a b c Butler R J Meade L E Cleary T J McWhirter K T Brown E E Kemp T S Benito J Fraser N C 2023 Hwiccewyrm trispiculum gen et sp nov a new leptopleuronine procolophonid from the Late Triassic of southwest England The Anatomical Record doi 10 1002 ar 25316 PMID 37735997 Sources editLambert David 2001 Dinosaur Encyclopedia New York Dorling Kindersley p 72 ISBN 9780789479358 External links editIntroduction to Procolophonoidea nbsp This article about a prehistoric reptile is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Procolophonidae amp oldid 1208149188, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
