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Procambarus clarkii

January 01, 1970

Procambarus clarkii, known variously as the red swamp crayfish, Louisiana crawfish or mudbug,[3] is a species of cambarid crayfish native to freshwater bodies of northern Mexico, and southern and southeastern United States, but also introduced elsewhere (both in North America and other continents), where it is often an invasive pest.[1]

Procambarus clarkii
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Family: Cambaridae
Genus: Procambarus
Species:
P. clarkii
Binomial name
Procambarus clarkii
(Girard, 1852)[2]

Appearance edit

P. clarkii is typically dark red, with long claws and head, small or no spines on the sides of its carapace just below the head, and rows of bright red bumps on the front and side of the first leg.[4]

 
Male red swamp crayfish have bigger claws than females

Range and range expansion edit

The native range of P. clarkii is from northern Mexico and far southeastern New Mexico, through the Gulf States to the Florida Panhandle, as well as inland north through the Mississippi Basin to southern Illinois.[1][4] It has also been introduced, sometimes deliberately, outside its natural range to countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and elsewhere in the Americas.[1][4] In northern Europe, the populations are self-maintaining but not expanding, while in southern Europe, P. clarkii is multiplying and actively colonizing new territories at the expense of the native crayfish, Astacus astacus and Austropotamobius spp. Individuals are reported to be able to cross many miles of relatively dry ground, especially in wet seasons, although the aquarium trade and anglers may have hastened the spread in some areas (anglers using P. clarkii as fishing bait are thought to have introduced it to the state of Washington). Attempts have also been made to use P. clarkii as a biological control organism, to reduce levels of the snails involved in the lifecycle of schistosomiasis, leading to the dispersal of P. clarkii in, for instance, Kenya.

Invasiveness edit

In Europe, P. clarkii is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[5] This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[6]

Ecology edit

 
P. clarkii, dorsal view

P. clarkii is most commonly found in warm freshwater bodies such as slow-flowing rivers, marshes, reservoirs, irrigation systems and rice paddies. It is considered to be the most ecologically plastic species in the order Decapoda and is able to grow quickly even in only seasonally present water, being able to tolerate dry spells of up to four months. P. clarkii grows quickly, and is capable of reaching weights over 50 g (1.8 oz) and sizes of 5.5–12 cm (2.2–4.7 in) long.[7] It is also able to tolerate slightly saline water, which is unusual for a crayfish. Additionally, P. clarkii are physiologically capable of tolerating relatively low dissolved oxygen concentrations.[8] The average lifetime of P. clarkii is five years, although some individuals are known to have reached ages (in nature) of over six years.

The burrowing activities of P. clarkii can lead to damage to existing water courses and to crops, particularly rice, and its feeding can disrupt native ecosystems. It may outcompete the native crayfish species and is a vector for the crayfish plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci, for crayfish virus vibriosis and for a number of parasitic worms on vertebrates. Their burrowing activities may also be a threat to civil infrastructure such as storm ponds and levees.[9]

In 2007, troglomorphic specimens of P. clarkii were found in central Portugal in the karst springs of the Rio Anços in the Sicó massif and of the Alviela River in the Estremenho massiff. In 2011, another cave-dwelling population was discovered in caves in the San Giuliano Terme municipality in the Province of Pisa in Italy. Both localities consist of karst landscapes with extensive cave formations. The Portuguese population is entirely depigmented, although pigmented specimens are present in nearby surface streams; the deepest recorded specimen was a male recovered at a depth of 240 metres (790 ft). 53% of Italian specimens displayed a blue-white coloration. The greater presence of pigmented individuals suggests either a more recent entrance, an external source of carotenoids, or movement between surface and underground waters. Collectively, these potations make up the first recorded instances of troglodytic crayfish in Europe. The invasive crayfish have the potential to pose an environmental threat to native stygobitic fauna, due to the crayfish's recorded ability to prey on diverse sources of food and the highly restricted ranges of native cave fauna.[10]

Economic importance edit

Harvests of P. clarkii for food account for a large majority of the crayfish produced in the United States and elsewhere. Crayfish farming began in Louisiana in the 18th century, taking place in rice fields in a concurrent or alternate culture system. The concurrent polyculture of rice and crayfish combination makes good use of land, resources, equipment and infrastructure already being used for rice production.

However, crayfish production has decreased in recent years due to an increase of imports from China, which is now the world's leading producer of farmed crayfish using a rice-based system.[11] A number of species of crustaceans were introduced to China to create markets for aquaculture and because they are better adapted to growing in a rice field than native fish species. Rice-fish farming originated in China and is once again growing as the yields from Green Revolution practices used to grow rice are no longer increasing, and resources such as land and water are becoming more limited.[12] Crayfish are also cultivated as animal feed for poultry farms, fish farms and bullfrog farms, or used to add into organic fertilizers.

P. clarkii has also been introduced elsewhere for cultivation, such as Spain, where its success is attributable to its ability to colonize disturbed habitats that would be unsuitable for the native crayfish (Astacus astacus). P. clarkii is also marketed by biological supply companies for teaching and research. P. clarkii also exhibits different colour morphs, including white, blue and orange, which are commonly sold in pet stores.

The introduction of P. clarkii has also resulted in economic losses in some regions. In the Baixo Mondego region of Portugal, it caused a decrease in 6.3% of profits in rice fields.[13] However, this was on a wet-seeded field. All negative effects of crayfish can be avoided if adult crayfish are separated from the seed and seedlings.[14]

As food edit

Main article: Crayfish as food
 
Boiled crawfish, Louisiana

P. clarkii is eaten in China, Cambodia, Thailand, Europe, Africa, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Caribbean. In the United States, crayfish are particularly popular in Louisiana, where the standard culinary terms vary between "crawfish", "crayfish", "crawdaddy" or "mudbug", and crawfish boils are popular social gatherings centered around eating the crustaceans.[15] Louisiana crawfish are usually boiled in a large pot with heavy seasoning (salt, cayenne pepper, lemon, garlic, bay leaf, etc.) and other items such as potatoes and corn on the cob. Many differing methods are used to season the dish, and there are an equal number of opinions on which one is correct.[16]

In 1990, Louisiana produced 90% of the crayfish in the world, and consumed 70% locally.[17] However, as early as 2003, Asian fish farms and fisheries produced more and continued to outpace production in any other part of the world. By 2018, P. clarkii crayfish production in the Americas represented just 4% of total global P. clarkii supply.[18] Louisiana crayfish remain in demand for local production and consumption. In 2018, 93% of crayfish farms in the US were located in Louisiana.[19]

Reproduction edit

Procambarus clarkii normally reproduces sexually, but research suggests it may also reproduce by parthenogenesis.[20]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Crandall, K.A. (2010). "Procambarus clarkii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T153877A4557336. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153877A4557336.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ C. Girard (1852). "A revision of the North American astaci, with observations on their habits and geographic distribution". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 6: 87–91.
  3. ^ "Seafood List Search Returns". FDA Acceptable Seafood Name Database. 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c Nagy, R.; A. Fusaro; W. Conard (17 November 2016). "Procambarus clarkii". Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. USGS. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  5. ^ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  6. ^ "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species".
  7. ^ "Procambarus clarkii (crustacean)". Global Invasive Species Database. March 31, 2006. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
  8. ^ Bonvillain, Christopher P.; D. Allen Rutherford; William E. Kelso; Christopher C. Green (2012). "Physiological biomarkers of hypoxic stress in red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii from field and laboratory experiments". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 163 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.04.015. PMID 22554447.
  9. ^ Metcalfe, John (31 August 2017). "Southern Crawfish Are the Newest Scourge to Northern Infrastructure". Citylab. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  10. ^ Mazza, Giuseppe; Sofia, Ana; Reboleira, P.S.; Goncalves, Fernando; Aquiloni, Laura; Inghilesi, Alberto; Spigoli, Daniele; Stoch, Fabio; Taiti, Stefano; Gherardi, Francesca; Tricarico, Elena (2014). "A New Threat to Groundwater Ecosystems: First Occurrences of the Invasive Crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) in European Caves". Journal of Cave and Karst Studies. 86 (1): 62–65. doi:10.4311/2013LSC0115.
  11. ^ W. Ray McClain & Robert P. Romaire. "Crawfish culture: A Louisiana aquaculture success story" (PDF). World Aquaculture. 35 (4): 31–35, 60–61.
  12. ^ Miao Weimin (2010). "Recent Developments in Rice-Fish Culture in China: A Holistic Approach for Livelihood Improvement in Rural Areas". Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture. pp. 15–40. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3087-0_2. ISBN 978-90-481-3087-0.
  13. ^ Pedto M. Anastácio; Vasco S. Parente & Alexandra M. Correia (2005). "Crayfish effects on seeds and seedlings: identification and quantification of damage". Freshwater Biology. 50 (4): 697–704. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01343.x.
  14. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2011-04-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ Kiniry, Laura (1 May 2014). "Why Crawfish Are Louisiana's Culinary Gift to the Nation". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  16. ^ How to Season a Crawfish Boil
  17. ^ Larry W. de la Bretonne Jr. & Robert P. Romaire (1990). (PDF). SRAC Publication. 42. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-12.
  18. ^ "Global Aquaculture Production: Procambarus clarkii, 1990-2018". FAO Fisheries Division. Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  19. ^ "Table 18. Crustacean Sales by Species: 2018 and 2013" (PDF). 2018 Census of Agriculture. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  20. ^ G. H. Yue; G. L. Wang; B. Q. Zhu; C. M. Wang; Z .Y. Zhu; L. C. Lo (2008). "Discovery of four natural clones in a crayfish species Procambarus clarkii". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 4 (5): 279–282. doi:10.7150/ijbs.4.279. PMC 2532795. PMID 18781225.

Further reading edit

  • M. James Norrocky (1991). "Observations on the ecology, reproduction and growth of the burrowing crayfish Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) fodiens (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in North-central Ohio". American Midland Naturalist. 125 (1): 75–86. doi:10.2307/2426371. JSTOR 2426371.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Procambarus clarkii at Wikimedia Commons
  • Procambarus clarkii at Animal Diversity Web

January 01, 1970
procambarus, clarkii, known, variously, swamp, crayfish, louisiana, crawfish, mudbug, species, cambarid, crayfish, native, freshwater, bodies, northern, mexico, southern, southeastern, united, states, also, introduced, elsewhere, both, north, america, other, c. Procambarus clarkii known variously as the red swamp crayfish Louisiana crawfish or mudbug 3 is a species of cambarid crayfish native to freshwater bodies of northern Mexico and southern and southeastern United States but also introduced elsewhere both in North America and other continents where it is often an invasive pest 1 Procambarus clarkii Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Malacostraca Order Decapoda Suborder Pleocyemata Family Cambaridae Genus Procambarus Species P clarkii Binomial name Procambarus clarkii Girard 1852 2 Contents 1 Appearance 2 Range and range expansion 3 Invasiveness 4 Ecology 5 Economic importance 5 1 As food 6 Reproduction 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksAppearance editP clarkii is typically dark red with long claws and head small or no spines on the sides of its carapace just below the head and rows of bright red bumps on the front and side of the first leg 4 nbsp Male red swamp crayfish have bigger claws than femalesRange and range expansion editThe native range of P clarkii is from northern Mexico and far southeastern New Mexico through the Gulf States to the Florida Panhandle as well as inland north through the Mississippi Basin to southern Illinois 1 4 It has also been introduced sometimes deliberately outside its natural range to countries in Asia Africa Europe and elsewhere in the Americas 1 4 In northern Europe the populations are self maintaining but not expanding while in southern Europe P clarkii is multiplying and actively colonizing new territories at the expense of the native crayfish Astacus astacus and Austropotamobius spp Individuals are reported to be able to cross many miles of relatively dry ground especially in wet seasons although the aquarium trade and anglers may have hastened the spread in some areas anglers using P clarkii as fishing bait are thought to have introduced it to the state of Washington Attempts have also been made to use P clarkii as a biological control organism to reduce levels of the snails involved in the lifecycle of schistosomiasis leading to the dispersal of P clarkii in for instance Kenya Invasiveness editIn Europe P clarkii is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern the Union list 5 This implies that this species cannot be imported bred transported commercialized or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union 6 Ecology edit nbsp P clarkii dorsal view P clarkii is most commonly found in warm freshwater bodies such as slow flowing rivers marshes reservoirs irrigation systems and rice paddies It is considered to be the most ecologically plastic species in the order Decapoda and is able to grow quickly even in only seasonally present water being able to tolerate dry spells of up to four months P clarkii grows quickly and is capable of reaching weights over 50 g 1 8 oz and sizes of 5 5 12 cm 2 2 4 7 in long 7 It is also able to tolerate slightly saline water which is unusual for a crayfish Additionally P clarkii are physiologically capable of tolerating relatively low dissolved oxygen concentrations 8 The average lifetime of P clarkii is five years although some individuals are known to have reached ages in nature of over six years The burrowing activities of P clarkii can lead to damage to existing water courses and to crops particularly rice and its feeding can disrupt native ecosystems It may outcompete the native crayfish species and is a vector for the crayfish plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci for crayfish virus vibriosis and for a number of parasitic worms on vertebrates Their burrowing activities may also be a threat to civil infrastructure such as storm ponds and levees 9 In 2007 troglomorphic specimens of P clarkii were found in central Portugal in the karst springs of the Rio Ancos in the Sico massif and of the Alviela River in the Estremenho massiff In 2011 another cave dwelling population was discovered in caves in the San Giuliano Terme municipality in the Province of Pisa in Italy Both localities consist of karst landscapes with extensive cave formations The Portuguese population is entirely depigmented although pigmented specimens are present in nearby surface streams the deepest recorded specimen was a male recovered at a depth of 240 metres 790 ft 53 of Italian specimens displayed a blue white coloration The greater presence of pigmented individuals suggests either a more recent entrance an external source of carotenoids or movement between surface and underground waters Collectively these potations make up the first recorded instances of troglodytic crayfish in Europe The invasive crayfish have the potential to pose an environmental threat to native stygobitic fauna due to the crayfish s recorded ability to prey on diverse sources of food and the highly restricted ranges of native cave fauna 10 Economic importance editHarvests of P clarkii for food account for a large majority of the crayfish produced in the United States and elsewhere Crayfish farming began in Louisiana in the 18th century taking place in rice fields in a concurrent or alternate culture system The concurrent polyculture of rice and crayfish combination makes good use of land resources equipment and infrastructure already being used for rice production However crayfish production has decreased in recent years due to an increase of imports from China which is now the world s leading producer of farmed crayfish using a rice based system 11 A number of species of crustaceans were introduced to China to create markets for aquaculture and because they are better adapted to growing in a rice field than native fish species Rice fish farming originated in China and is once again growing as the yields from Green Revolution practices used to grow rice are no longer increasing and resources such as land and water are becoming more limited 12 Crayfish are also cultivated as animal feed for poultry farms fish farms and bullfrog farms or used to add into organic fertilizers P clarkii has also been introduced elsewhere for cultivation such as Spain where its success is attributable to its ability to colonize disturbed habitats that would be unsuitable for the native crayfish Astacus astacus P clarkii is also marketed by biological supply companies for teaching and research P clarkii also exhibits different colour morphs including white blue and orange which are commonly sold in pet stores The introduction of P clarkii has also resulted in economic losses in some regions In the Baixo Mondego region of Portugal it caused a decrease in 6 3 of profits in rice fields 13 However this was on a wet seeded field All negative effects of crayfish can be avoided if adult crayfish are separated from the seed and seedlings 14 As food edit Main article Crayfish as food nbsp Boiled crawfish Louisiana P clarkii is eaten in China Cambodia Thailand Europe Africa the United States Canada Australia New Zealand and the Caribbean In the United States crayfish are particularly popular in Louisiana where the standard culinary terms vary between crawfish crayfish crawdaddy or mudbug and crawfish boils are popular social gatherings centered around eating the crustaceans 15 Louisiana crawfish are usually boiled in a large pot with heavy seasoning salt cayenne pepper lemon garlic bay leaf etc and other items such as potatoes and corn on the cob Many differing methods are used to season the dish and there are an equal number of opinions on which one is correct 16 In 1990 Louisiana produced 90 of the crayfish in the world and consumed 70 locally 17 However as early as 2003 Asian fish farms and fisheries produced more and continued to outpace production in any other part of the world By 2018 P clarkii crayfish production in the Americas represented just 4 of total global P clarkii supply 18 Louisiana crayfish remain in demand for local production and consumption In 2018 93 of crayfish farms in the US were located in Louisiana 19 Reproduction editProcambarus clarkii normally reproduces sexually but research suggests it may also reproduce by parthenogenesis 20 References edit a b c d Crandall K A 2010 Procambarus clarkii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010 e T153877A4557336 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2010 3 RLTS T153877A4557336 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 C Girard 1852 A revision of the North American astaci with observations on their habits and geographic distribution Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 6 87 91 Seafood List Search Returns FDA Acceptable Seafood Name Database 2008 Retrieved July 17 2010 a b c Nagy R A Fusaro W Conard 17 November 2016 Procambarus clarkii Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database Gainesville FL USGS Retrieved 14 June 2017 List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern Environment European Commission ec europa eu Retrieved 2021 07 27 REGULATION EU No 1143 2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species Procambarus clarkii crustacean Global Invasive Species Database March 31 2006 Retrieved January 31 2010 Bonvillain Christopher P D Allen Rutherford William E Kelso Christopher C Green 2012 Physiological biomarkers of hypoxic stress in red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii from field and laboratory experiments Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 163 1 15 21 doi 10 1016 j cbpa 2012 04 015 PMID 22554447 Metcalfe John 31 August 2017 Southern Crawfish Are the Newest Scourge to Northern Infrastructure Citylab Retrieved 1 September 2017 Mazza Giuseppe Sofia Ana Reboleira P S Goncalves Fernando Aquiloni Laura Inghilesi Alberto Spigoli Daniele Stoch Fabio Taiti Stefano Gherardi Francesca Tricarico Elena 2014 A New Threat to Groundwater Ecosystems First Occurrences of the Invasive Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Girard 1852 in European Caves Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 86 1 62 65 doi 10 4311 2013LSC0115 W Ray McClain amp Robert P Romaire Crawfish culture A Louisiana aquaculture success story PDF World Aquaculture 35 4 31 35 60 61 Miao Weimin 2010 Recent Developments in Rice Fish Culture in China A Holistic Approach for Livelihood Improvement in Rural Areas Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture pp 15 40 doi 10 1007 978 90 481 3087 0 2 ISBN 978 90 481 3087 0 Pedto M Anastacio Vasco S Parente amp Alexandra M Correia 2005 Crayfish effects on seeds and seedlings identification and quantification of damage Freshwater Biology 50 4 697 704 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2427 2005 01343 x Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2016 04 11 Retrieved 2011 04 10 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Kiniry Laura 1 May 2014 Why Crawfish Are Louisiana s Culinary Gift to the Nation Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved 21 March 2021 How to Season a Crawfish Boil Larry W de la Bretonne Jr amp Robert P Romaire 1990 Crawfish production harvesting marketing and economics PDF SRAC Publication 42 Southern Regional Aquaculture Center Archived from the original PDF on 2010 12 12 Global Aquaculture Production Procambarus clarkii 1990 2018 FAO Fisheries Division Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Retrieved 21 March 2021 Table 18 Crustacean Sales by Species 2018 and 2013 PDF 2018 Census of Agriculture USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service Retrieved 21 March 2021 G H Yue G L Wang B Q Zhu C M Wang Z Y Zhu L C Lo 2008 Discovery of four natural clones in a crayfish species Procambarus clarkii International Journal of Biological Sciences 4 5 279 282 doi 10 7150 ijbs 4 279 PMC 2532795 PMID 18781225 Further reading editM James Norrocky 1991 Observations on the ecology reproduction and growth of the burrowing crayfish Fallicambarus Creaserinus fodiens Decapoda Cambaridae in North central Ohio American Midland Naturalist 125 1 75 86 doi 10 2307 2426371 JSTOR 2426371 External links edit nbsp Crustaceans portal nbsp Arthropods portal nbsp Media related to Procambarus clarkii at Wikimedia Commons Procambarus clarkii at Animal Diversity Web Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Procambarus clarkii amp oldid 1220447653, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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