Crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) is a water mold that infects crayfish, most notably the European Astacus which dies within a few weeks of being infected. When experimentally tested, species from Australia, New Guinea and Japan were also found to be susceptible to the infection.[2]
Crayfish plague first arrived in Europe in Italy in 1859, either with imported crayfish from North America,[3] or in ballast water discharge.[4] After its original introduction in Italy in 1860, it spread quickly through Europe and was discovered in Sweden in 1907, in Spain in 1972, in Norway in 1971, in Great Britain in 1981, in Turkey in 1984 and in Ireland in 1987.
In 1959, to bolster dwindling stocks of native crayfish, the signal crayfish was introduced to Sweden.[3] The signal crayfish was known to be resistant, and it was not recognised at that time that it was a carrier of the disease.[3] After 150 years of contact, no resistance has been discovered in native European crayfish.[5]
This species was studied and named by the German Mycologist Friedrich Schikora (1859–1932), from a type specimen in Germany in 1906.
Transport of signal crayfish, red swamp crayfish and infected native European freshwater crayfish between waters is the main cause of contamination, though the disease can also be spread via items that have been in contact with contaminated water, such as a fishing tackle or footwear.[6] The spores are sensitive to high or low temperatures. Most authorities have local rules and regulations to minimize the movement of water between different waterbodies (in for example a boat), and recommend that crayfish used as bait should come from the same water as that being fished, or should be frozen to at least −10 °C (14 °F) for one day before use, if there is a risk of contamination. The spores of crayfish plague disappear from an infected water system (connected lakes and rivers) within a few weeks once the last infected crayfish is removed.[6] Reintroduction is then possible, as long as no infected waters are in contact with the lake.
Signs
Infection with Aphanomyces astaci is accompanied by few signs in its early stages, and the first indication of infection may be mortality.[7] In the later stages, the muscles of the tail may appear whitened, or brownish-red where blood cells have encapsulated the hyphae. The effects of the neurotoxins in the oomycete can include appearing in daytime (crayfish are typically nocturnal) and a lack of coordination.[7]
^Susan M. Bower (June 28, 2006). . Synopsis of Infectious Diseases and Parasites of Commercially Exploited Shellfish. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
^ abcChristian Nellemann & Emily Corcoran, ed. (2010). "Restoration of a depleted crayfish fishery in Europe – lessons learnt". Dead Planet, Living Planet: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration for Sustainable Development(PDF). UNEP / Earthprint. pp. 90–91. ISBN978-82-7701-083-0.
^Kei Westman (2002). "Alien crayfish in Europe: negative and positive impacts and interactions with native crayfish". In Erkki Leppäkoski, Stephan Gollasch & Sergej Olenin (ed.). Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe: Distribution, Impacts, and Management. Springer. pp. 76–95. ISBN978-1-4020-0837-5.
^David Alderman (December 18, 2006). (PDF). Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
^ ab. Environment Agency. June 2, 2011. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
^ abNicky Buller (September 2008). (PDF). Australia and New Zealand Standard Diagnostic Procedure. Sub-Committee on Animal Health Laboratory Standards. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-11. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Canadian Fisheries and Oceans Crayfish Plague information
March 23, 2023
crayfish, plague, aphanomyces, astaci, water, mold, that, infects, crayfish, most, notably, european, astacus, which, dies, within, weeks, being, infected, when, experimentally, tested, species, from, australia, guinea, japan, were, also, found, susceptible, i. Crayfish plague Aphanomyces astaci is a water mold that infects crayfish most notably the European Astacus which dies within a few weeks of being infected When experimentally tested species from Australia New Guinea and Japan were also found to be susceptible to the infection 2 Crayfish plagueScientific classificationKingdom ChromistaPhylum OomycotaOrder SaprolegnialesFamily LeptolegniaceaeGenus AphanomycesSpecies A astaciBinomial nameAphanomyces astaciSchikora 1906 1 Contents 1 History 2 Transmission 3 Signs 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditCrayfish plague first arrived in Europe in Italy in 1859 either with imported crayfish from North America 3 or in ballast water discharge 4 After its original introduction in Italy in 1860 it spread quickly through Europe and was discovered in Sweden in 1907 in Spain in 1972 in Norway in 1971 in Great Britain in 1981 in Turkey in 1984 and in Ireland in 1987 In 1959 to bolster dwindling stocks of native crayfish the signal crayfish was introduced to Sweden 3 The signal crayfish was known to be resistant and it was not recognised at that time that it was a carrier of the disease 3 After 150 years of contact no resistance has been discovered in native European crayfish 5 This species was studied and named by the German Mycologist Friedrich Schikora 1859 1932 from a type specimen in Germany in 1906 Transmission Edit Signal crayfish rear view from Grand Union Canal near its inflow overflow with the River Nene Transport of signal crayfish red swamp crayfish and infected native European freshwater crayfish between waters is the main cause of contamination though the disease can also be spread via items that have been in contact with contaminated water such as a fishing tackle or footwear 6 The spores are sensitive to high or low temperatures Most authorities have local rules and regulations to minimize the movement of water between different waterbodies in for example a boat and recommend that crayfish used as bait should come from the same water as that being fished or should be frozen to at least 10 C 14 F for one day before use if there is a risk of contamination The spores of crayfish plague disappear from an infected water system connected lakes and rivers within a few weeks once the last infected crayfish is removed 6 Reintroduction is then possible as long as no infected waters are in contact with the lake Signs EditInfection with Aphanomyces astaci is accompanied by few signs in its early stages and the first indication of infection may be mortality 7 In the later stages the muscles of the tail may appear whitened or brownish red where blood cells have encapsulated the hyphae The effects of the neurotoxins in the oomycete can include appearing in daytime crayfish are typically nocturnal and a lack of coordination 7 References Edit Paul Kirk 2010 Aphanomyces astaci Schikora 1906 World Register of Marine Species Retrieved June 29 2011 Susan M Bower June 28 2006 Crayfish plague fungus disease Synopsis of Infectious Diseases and Parasites of Commercially Exploited Shellfish Fisheries and Oceans Canada Archived from the original on December 12 2008 Retrieved June 29 2011 a b c Christian Nellemann amp Emily Corcoran ed 2010 Restoration of a depleted crayfish fishery in Europe lessons learnt Dead Planet Living Planet Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration for Sustainable Development PDF UNEP Earthprint pp 90 91 ISBN 978 82 7701 083 0 Kei Westman 2002 Alien crayfish in Europe negative and positive impacts and interactions with native crayfish In Erkki Leppakoski Stephan Gollasch amp Sergej Olenin ed Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe Distribution Impacts and Management Springer pp 76 95 ISBN 978 1 4020 0837 5 David Alderman December 18 2006 Aphanomyces astaci PDF Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe Archived from the original PDF on September 24 2015 Retrieved June 29 2011 a b Crayfish plague Environment Agency June 2 2011 Archived from the original on September 21 2008 Retrieved June 29 2011 a b Nicky Buller September 2008 Crayfish Plague PDF Australia and New Zealand Standard Diagnostic Procedure Sub Committee on Animal Health Laboratory Standards Archived from the original PDF on 2015 03 11 Retrieved 2015 06 26 External links Edit Crayfish plague Environment Agency June 2 2011 Global Invasive Species Database Canadian Fisheries and Oceans Crayfish Plague information Trade Environment Database Case Study on Crayfish Plague Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crayfish plague amp oldid 1059276153, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
