Polycotylidae is a family of plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous, a sister group to Leptocleididae. Polycotylids first appeared during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous, before becoming abundant and widespread during the early Late Cretaceous. Several species survived into the final stage of the Cretaceous, the Maastrichtian.[3]
^V. Fischer; R. B. J. Benson; P. S. Druckenmiller; H. F. Ketchum; N. Bardet (2018). "The evolutionary history of polycotylid plesiosaurians". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (3): 172177. Bibcode:2018RSOS....572177F. doi:10.1098/rsos.172177. PMC5882735. PMID 29657811.
^Clark, Robert O.; O’Keefe, F. Robin; Slack, Sara E. (2023-12-24). "A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops". Cretaceous Research: 105812. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105812. ISSN 0195-6671.
^Fischer, V.; Benson, R. B. J.; Druckenmiller, P. S.; Ketchum, H. F.; Bardet, N. (March 2018). "The evolutionary history of polycotylid plesiosaurians". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (3): 172177. Bibcode:2018RSOS....572177F. doi:10.1098/rsos.172177. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC5882735. PMID 29657811.
^Druckenmiller, Patrick S. & Russell, Anthony P. (2009). (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 83 (6): 361–392. doi:10.1666/09-014.1. S2CID 130695434. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06.
^Albright III, L. B., Gillette, D. D., and Titus, A. L., 2007b. Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Tropic Shale of southern Utah, part 2: polycotylidae 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 27, n. 1, p. 41-58.
^Schumacher, B. A., 2007, A new polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous; lower upper Cenomanian), Black Hills, South Dakota: In: The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous marine deposits of the Dakotas, edited by Martin, J. E., and Parris, D. C., The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 427, p. 133-146.
^Ketchum, H. F. & Benson, R. B. J. (2010). "Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses". Biological Reviews. 85 (2): 361–392. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x. PMID 20002391. S2CID 12193439.
^Hilary F. Ketchum; Roger B. J. Benson (2011). "A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 86: 109–129.
polycotylidae, family, plesiosaurs, from, cretaceous, sister, group, leptocleididae, polycotylids, first, appeared, during, albian, stage, early, cretaceous, before, becoming, abundant, widespread, during, early, late, cretaceous, several, species, survived, i. Polycotylidae is a family of plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous a sister group to Leptocleididae Polycotylids first appeared during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous before becoming abundant and widespread during the early Late Cretaceous Several species survived into the final stage of the Cretaceous the Maastrichtian 3 PolycotylidsTemporal range Early Late Cretaceous 103 66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Martinectes in the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Superorder Sauropterygia Order Plesiosauria Clade Leptocleidia Family PolycotylidaeWilliston 1909 Genera Edgarosaurus Georgiasaurus Manemergus Piratosaurus Rarosaurus Occultonectia 1 Plesiopleurodon Sulcusuchus Palmulasaurinae Pahasapasaurus Palmulasaurus Polycotylinae Eopolycotylus Mauriciosaurus Polycotylus Scalamagnus Serpentisuchops Thililua Trinacromerum Dolichorhynchia 2 Dolichorhynchops Martinectes Unktaheela With their short necks and large elongated heads they resemble the pliosaurs but closer phylogenetic studies indicate that they share many common features with the Leptocleididae and Elasmosauridae They have been found worldwide with specimens reported from New Zealand Australia Japan Morocco the US Canada Eastern Europe and South America 4 Phylogeny edit nbsp Trinacromerum bentonianum from the Late Cretaceous of Kansas Cladogram after Albright Gillette and Titus 2007 5 Plesiosauria Plesiosaurus Tricleidus Polycotylidae Edgarosaurus Thililua Palmulainae UMUT MV 19965 from Japan Pahasapasaurus AMM 98 1 1 6 Palmulasaurus Polycotylinae Dolichorhynchops Trinacromerum Eopolycotylus Polycotylus Cladogram after Ketchum and Benson 2010 7 Plesiosauroidea Cryptoclididae Leptocleidia Leptocleididae Polycotylidae Plesiopleurodon Edgarosaurus QM F18041 Eopolycotylus Trinacromerum Dolichorhynchops herschelensis Dolichorhynchops Manemergus Palmulasaurus Below is a cladogram of polycotylid relationships from Ketchum amp Benson 2011 8 Plesiosauroidea Cryptoclididae Leptocleidia Leptocleididae Polycotylidae Edgarosaurus Plesiopleurodon QM F18041 Eopolycotylus Polycotylus Thililua Trinacromerum Manemergus Dolichorhynchops herschelensis Dolichorhynchops PalmulasaurusReferences edit V Fischer R B J Benson P S Druckenmiller H F Ketchum N Bardet 2018 The evolutionary history of polycotylid plesiosaurians Royal Society Open Science 5 3 172177 Bibcode 2018RSOS 572177F doi 10 1098 rsos 172177 PMC 5882735 PMID 29657811 Clark Robert O O Keefe F Robin Slack Sara E 2023 12 24 A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops Cretaceous Research 105812 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2023 105812 ISSN 0195 6671 Fischer V Benson R B J Druckenmiller P S Ketchum H F Bardet N March 2018 The evolutionary history of polycotylid plesiosaurians Royal Society Open Science 5 3 172177 Bibcode 2018RSOS 572177F doi 10 1098 rsos 172177 ISSN 2054 5703 PMC 5882735 PMID 29657811 Druckenmiller Patrick S amp Russell Anthony P 2009 Earliest North American Occurrence Of Polycotylidae Sauropterygia Plesiosauria From The Lower Cretaceous Albian Clearwater Formation Alberta Canada PDF Journal of Paleontology 83 6 361 392 doi 10 1666 09 014 1 S2CID 130695434 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 06 Albright III L B Gillette D D and Titus A L 2007b Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous Cenomanian Turonian Tropic Shale of southern Utah part 2 polycotylidae Archived 2011 09 28 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology v 27 n 1 p 41 58 Schumacher B A 2007 A new polycotylid plesiosaur Reptilia Sauropterygia from the Greenhorn Limestone Upper Cretaceous lower upper Cenomanian Black Hills South Dakota In The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous marine deposits of the Dakotas edited by Martin J E and Parris D C The Geological Society of America Special Paper 427 p 133 146 Ketchum H F amp Benson R B J 2010 Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria Reptilia Sauropterygia and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses Biological Reviews 85 2 361 392 doi 10 1111 j 1469 185X 2009 00107 x PMID 20002391 S2CID 12193439 Hilary F Ketchum Roger B J Benson 2011 A new pliosaurid Sauropterygia Plesiosauria from the Oxford Clay Formation Middle Jurassic Callovian of England evidence for a gracile longirostrine grade of Early Middle Jurassic pliosaurids Special Papers in Palaeontology 86 109 129 External links editPalaeos The Vertebrates Lepidosauromorpha Cryptocleidoidea Tricleidia nbsp paleontology portal nbsp This article about a plesiosaur is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Polycotylidae amp oldid 1191684154, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
