A planthopper is any insect in the infraorderFulgoromorpha,[1] in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha,[2] a group exceeding 12,500 described species worldwide. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, planthoppers generally walk very slowly. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though few are considered pests. The infraorder contains only a single superfamily, Fulgoroidea. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features; the bifurcate ("Y"-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.
Planthoppers are laterally flattened and hold their broad wings vertically, in a tent-like fashion, concealing the sides of the body and part of the legs.[3] Nymphs of many fulgoroids produce wax from special glands on the abdominal terga and other parts of the body. These are hydrophobic and help conceal the insects. Adult females of many families also produce wax which may be used to protect eggs.[4]
Planthopper (Pterodictya reticularis) with abdominal filaments of ketoester wax
Fulgoroid nymphs also possess a biological gear mechanism at the base of the hind legs, which keeps the legs in synchrony when the insects jump. The gears, not present in the adults, were known for decades[5] before the recent description of their function.[6]
Planthoppers are often vectors for plant diseases, especially phytoplasmas which live in the phloem of plants and can be transmitted by planthoppers when feeding.[7]
Both planthopper adults and nymphs feed by sucking sap from plants; in so doing, the nymphs produce copious quantities of honeydew, on which sooty mould often grows.[3] One species considered to be a pest is Haplaxius crudus, which is a vector for lethal yellowing, a palm disease that nearly killed off the Jamaican Tall coconut variety.[9]
Classification
As mentioned under Auchenorrhyncha, some authors use the name Archaeorrhyncha as a replacement for the Fulgoromorpha.
^Evans, J. W. (1946). "A natural classification of leaf-hoppers (Jassoidea, Homoptera). Part 1. External morphology and systematic position". Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 96 (3): 47–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1946.tb00442.x.
^Song, N.; Liang, A.-P.; Bu, C.-P. (2012). "A Molecular Phylogeny of Hemiptera Inferred from Mitochondrial Genome Sequences". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48778. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748778S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048778. PMC3493603. PMID 23144967.
^ abBoggs, Joe (14 June 2016). "Planthoppers". Bug Bytes. Ohio State University Extension. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
^ abDietrich, C. H. (2009). "Auchenorrhyncha: (Cicadas, Spittlebugs, Leafhoppers, Treehoppers, and Planthoppers)". In Resh, V. H.; Carde, R. T. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Insects (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 56–64. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00015-1. ISBN978-0-12-374144-8.
^Sander, K. (1957). "Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Homoptera – Fulgoridae)". Zoologische Jahrbücher: Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere. 75: 383–388.
^Burrows, M.; Sutton, G. (2013). "Interacting Gears Synchronize Propulsive Leg Movements in a Jumping Insect". Science. 341 (6151): 1254–1256. Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1254B. doi:10.1126/science.1240284. hdl:1983/69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92. PMID 24031019. S2CID 24640726.
^Lee, I.-M.; Davis, R. E.; Gundersen-Rindal, D. E. (2000). "Phytoplasma: Phytopathogenic Mollicutes". Annual Review of Microbiology. 54 (1): 221–255. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.221. PMID 11018129.
^Shcherbakov, D. (2006). (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 15 (3): 315–322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02.
^Brown, S. E.; Been, B. O.; McLaughlin, W. A. (2006). "Detection and variability of the lethal yellowing group (16Sr IV) phytoplasmas in the Cedusa sp. (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Derbidae) in Jamaica". Annals of Applied Biology. 149 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00072.x.
References
Wilson, Stephen W. (2005). (PDF). Florida Entomologist. 88 (4): 4. doi:10.1653/0015-4040(2005)88[464:KTTFOF]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-06.
Bourgoin T. 1996-2015. FLOW (Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web): a world knowledge base dedicated to Fulgoromorpha.
Larivière, M.-C.; Fletcher, M.J.; Larochelle, A. 2010: Fauna of New Zealand, (63)
Swzedo J.; Bourgoin T.; Lefèbvre, F. 2004: An annotated catalogue of Fulgoromorpha, :37–137. In: Fossil Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) of the world. An annotated catalogue with notes on Hemiptera classification. Swzedo, J., Th. Bourgoin & F. Lefèbvre. J. Swzedo edt., Warsaw 2004, 199 pp + 8 pl.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Fulgoroidea.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fulgoroidea.
Metcalfa pruinosa, citrus flatid planthopper on the University of Florida/IFAS Featured Creatures website
Ormenaria rufifascia, a flatid planthopper on the University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website
May 05, 2023
planthopper, pandanus, planthopper, jamella, australiae, pandanus, tectorius, ecology, planthopper, insect, infraorder, fulgoromorpha, suborder, auchenorrhyncha, group, exceeding, described, species, worldwide, name, comes, from, their, remarkable, resemblance. For the Pandanus planthopper see Jamella australiae and Pandanus tectorius Ecology A planthopper is any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha 1 in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha 2 a group exceeding 12 500 described species worldwide The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and that they often hop for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers However planthoppers generally walk very slowly Distributed worldwide all members of this group are plant feeders though few are considered pests The infraorder contains only a single superfamily Fulgoroidea Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features the bifurcate Y shaped anal vein in the forewing and the thickened three segmented antennae with a generally round or egg shaped second segment pedicel that bears a fine filamentous arista PlanthopperTemporal range Late Triassic Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NFlatida rosea Flatidae adults and nymphsScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder HemipteraSuborder AuchenorrhynchaInfraorder FulgoromorphaEvans 1946FamiliesSee text Contents 1 Overview 2 Classification 3 Gallery 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksOverview EditPlanthoppers are laterally flattened and hold their broad wings vertically in a tent like fashion concealing the sides of the body and part of the legs 3 Nymphs of many fulgoroids produce wax from special glands on the abdominal terga and other parts of the body These are hydrophobic and help conceal the insects Adult females of many families also produce wax which may be used to protect eggs 4 Planthopper Pterodictya reticularis with abdominal filaments of ketoester waxFulgoroid nymphs also possess a biological gear mechanism at the base of the hind legs which keeps the legs in synchrony when the insects jump The gears not present in the adults were known for decades 5 before the recent description of their function 6 Planthoppers are often vectors for plant diseases especially phytoplasmas which live in the phloem of plants and can be transmitted by planthoppers when feeding 7 A number of extinct members of Fulgoroidea are known from the fossil record such as the Lutetian age Emiliana from the Green River Formation Eocene in Colorado 8 Both planthopper adults and nymphs feed by sucking sap from plants in so doing the nymphs produce copious quantities of honeydew on which sooty mould often grows 3 One species considered to be a pest is Haplaxius crudus which is a vector for lethal yellowing a palm disease that nearly killed off the Jamaican Tall coconut variety 9 Classification EditAs mentioned under Auchenorrhyncha some authors use the name Archaeorrhyncha as a replacement for the Fulgoromorpha The extant families of Fulgoroidea are 4 Acanaloniidae Achilidae Achilixiidae Caliscelidae Cixiidae Delphacidae Derbidae Dictyopharidae Eurybrachidae Eurybrachyidae Flatidae Fulgoridae Gengidae Hypochthonellidae Issidae sometimes includes Caliscelidae Kinnaridae Lophopidae Meenoplidae Nogodinidae Ricaniidae Tettigometridae TropiduchidaeExtinct families include Dorytocidae Emeljanov and Shcherbakov 2018 monotypic Burmese amber Cenomanian Fulgoridiidae Handlirsch 1939 Early Upper Jurassic Eurasia Jubisentidae Zhang et al 2019 Burmese amber Cenomanian Katlasidae Luo et al 2020 monotypic Burmese amber Cenomanian Lalacidae Hamilton 1990 Crato Formation Brazil Lushangfen Formation Yixian Formation China Aptian Mimarachnidae Shcherbakov 2007 Early Cretaceous early Late Cretaceous Eurasia Neazoniidae Szwedo 2007 Lebanese amber Barremian Charentese amber France Cenomanian Perforissidae Shcherbakov 2007 Early Cretaceous early Late Cretaceous Argentina Lebanon Mongolia Myanmar Russia Spain New Jersey Qiyangiricaniidae Szwedo et al 2011 monotypic Guanyintan Formation China Toarcian Weiwoboidae Lin et al 2010 monotypic Yunnan China Eocene Szeiiniidae Zhang et al 2021 monotypic Shaanxi China Late Triassic Yetkhatidae Song et al 2019 Burmese amber CenomanianGallery Edit Metcalfa pruinosa Flatidae Flatolystra verrucosa Fulgoridae nymphal Dictyophara europaea Dictyopharidae Pyrops candelaria Fulgoridae Paropioxys jucundus Eurybrachidae Siphanta acuta Flatidae Euricania facialis Ricaniidae Notes Edit Evans J W 1946 A natural classification of leaf hoppers Jassoidea Homoptera Part 1 External morphology and systematic position Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 96 3 47 60 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2311 1946 tb00442 x Song N Liang A P Bu C P 2012 A Molecular Phylogeny of Hemiptera Inferred from Mitochondrial Genome Sequences PLOS ONE 7 11 e48778 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 748778S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0048778 PMC 3493603 PMID 23144967 a b Boggs Joe 14 June 2016 Planthoppers Bug Bytes Ohio State University Extension Retrieved 29 January 2021 a b Dietrich C H 2009 Auchenorrhyncha Cicadas Spittlebugs Leafhoppers Treehoppers and Planthoppers In Resh V H Carde R T eds Encyclopedia of Insects 2nd ed Academic Press pp 56 64 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 374144 8 00015 1 ISBN 978 0 12 374144 8 Sander K 1957 Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von Pyrilla perpusilla Walker Homoptera Fulgoridae Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Abteilung fur Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 75 383 388 Burrows M Sutton G 2013 Interacting Gears Synchronize Propulsive Leg Movements in a Jumping Insect Science 341 6151 1254 1256 Bibcode 2013Sci 341 1254B doi 10 1126 science 1240284 hdl 1983 69cf1502 217a 4dca a0d3 f8b247794e92 PMID 24031019 S2CID 24640726 Lee I M Davis R E Gundersen Rindal D E 2000 Phytoplasma Phytopathogenic Mollicutes Annual Review of Microbiology 54 1 221 255 doi 10 1146 annurev micro 54 1 221 PMID 11018129 Shcherbakov D 2006 The earliest find of Tropiduchidae Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha representing a new tribe from the Eocene of Green River USA with notes on the fossil record of higher Fulgoroidea PDF Russian Entomological Journal 15 3 315 322 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 04 02 Brown S E Been B O McLaughlin W A 2006 Detection and variability of the lethal yellowing group 16Sr IV phytoplasmas in the Cedusa sp Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae in Jamaica Annals of Applied Biology 149 1 53 62 doi 10 1111 j 1744 7348 2006 00072 x References EditWilson Stephen W 2005 Keys To The Families Of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential economic importance in the southeastern United States Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha PDF Florida Entomologist 88 4 4 doi 10 1653 0015 4040 2005 88 464 KTTFOF 2 0 CO 2 Archived from the original PDF on 2010 12 06 Bourgoin T 1996 2015 FLOW Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web a world knowledge base dedicated to Fulgoromorpha https web archive org web 20140111091457 http www hemiptera databases org flow Lariviere M C Fletcher M J Larochelle A 2010 Auchenorrhyncha Insecta Hemiptera catalogue Fauna of New Zealand 63 Swzedo J Bourgoin T Lefebvre F 2004 An annotated catalogue of Fulgoromorpha 37 137 In Fossil Planthoppers Hemiptera Fulgoromorpha of the world An annotated catalogue with notes on Hemiptera classification Swzedo J Th Bourgoin amp F Lefebvre J Swzedo edt Warsaw 2004 199 pp 8 pl External links Edit Wikispecies has information related to Fulgoroidea Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fulgoroidea Metcalfa pruinosa citrus flatid planthopper on the University of Florida IFAS Featured Creatures website Ormenaria rufifascia a flatid planthopper on the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Planthopper amp oldid 1134048788, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
