Aerial survey

Aerial survey is a method of collecting geomatics or other imagery by using airplanes, helicopters, UAVs, balloons or other aerial methods. Typical types of data collected include aerial photography, Lidar, remote sensing (using various visible and invisible bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared, gamma, or ultraviolet) and also geophysical data (such as aeromagnetic surveys and gravity. It can also refer to the chart or map made by analysing a region from the air. Aerial survey should be distinguished from satellite imagery technologies because of its better resolution, quality and atmospheric conditions (which can negatively impact and obscure satellite observation). Today, aerial survey is sometimes recognized as a synonym for aerophotogrammetry, part of photogrammetry where the camera is placed in the air. Measurements on aerial images are provided by photogrammetric technologies and methods.^[1]

Aerial Camera used during WWII for military purposes by the US Army against enemy's submarines

The InView UAV for use in aerial survey applications.

Pteryx UAV, a civilian for aerial photography and photomapping with roll-stabilized camera head

Aerial surveys can provide information on many things not visible from the ground.

Terms used in aerial survey

exposure station or air station

the position of the optical center of the camera at the moment of exposure.

flying height

the elevation of the exposure station above the datum (usually mean sea level).

altitude

the vertical distance of the aircraft above the Earth's surface.

tilt the angle between the aerial camera and the horizontal axis perpendicular to the line of flight.

tip

the angle between the aerial camera and the line of flight.

principal point

the point of intersection of the optical axis of the aerial camera with the photographical plane.

isocentre

the point on the aerial photograph in which the bisector of the angle of tilt meets the photograph.

nadir point

the image of the nadir, i.e. the point on the aerial photograph where a plumbline dropped from the front nodal point pierces the photograph.

scale

ratio of the focal length of the camera objective and the distance of the exposure station from the ground.

azimuth

the clockwise horizontal angle measured about the ground nadir point from the ground survey North meridian in the plane of photograph.

orthomosaic

A high-resolution map created by orthophotos, usually via drones is termed as an orthomosaic. Ortho meaning a nadir image and mosaic meaning a collection of images.

Temporal Resolution

Time between observations.

Uses

Aerial surveys are used for:

 

Aerial view of the Paranal Observatory, created by the non-profit initiative Wings for Science which offers aerial support to public research organisations.^[2]

• Archaeology
• Fishery surveys
• Geophysics in geophysical surveys
• Hydrocarbon exploration
• Land survey
• Mining and mineral exploration
• Monitoring wildlife and insect populations (called aerial census or sampling)
• Monitoring vegetation and ground cover
• Reconnaissance
• Transportation projects in conjunction with ground surveys (roadway, bridge, highway)

Aerial surveys use a measuring camera where the elements of its interior orientation are known, but with much larger focal length and film and specialized lenses.

Aerial survey sensors

In order to carry out an aerial survey, a sensor needs to be fixed to the interior or the exterior of the airborne platform with line-of-sight to the target it is remotely sensing. With manned aircraft, this is accomplished either through an aperture in the skin of the aircraft or mounted externally on a wing strut. With unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the sensor is typically mounted under or inside.

Aerial survey systems are typically operated with the following:

• Flight navigation software, which directs the pilot to fly in the desired pattern for the survey.
• GNSS, a combination of GPS and inertial measurement unit (IMU) to provide position and orientation information for the data recorded.
• Gyro-stabilized mount to counter the effects of aircraft roll, pitch and yaw.
• Data storage unit to save the data that is recorded.

Examples of aerial survey sensors

• Vexcel UltraCam (Eagle,^[3] Falcon, Osprey,^[4] Condor) and their calibrations.^[5]
• Leica ADS100^[6]
• WaldoAir XCAM^[7]
• RIEGL LMS-Q780^[8]
• Trimble AX80^[9]

See also

• Unmanned aerial photogrammetric survey

References

1. A. Sechin. Digital Photogrammetric Systems: Trends and Developments. GeoInformatics. #4, 2014, pp. 32-34.
2. "Wings for Science Fly Over Paranal". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
3. "ULTRACAM EAGLE MARK 3 "Specifications & details" (PDF). Vexcel Imaging GmbH. p. 4. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
4. "ULTRACAM OSPREY 4.1 "Specifications & details" (PDF). Vexcel Imaging GmbH. p. 3. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
5. Michael Gruber; Marc Muick. "UltraCam Eagle Prime Aerial Sensor Calibration and Validation" (pdf). www.vexcel-imaging.com. Vexcel Imaging GmbH. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
6. "Leica ADS100 Airborne Digital Sensor". Leica Geosystems AG. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
7. "XCAM Ultra specifications". WaldoAir. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
8. "datasheet : LMS-Q780" (PDF). RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems GmbH. 2015-03-24. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
9. "Trimble AX80 Airborne LIDAR Solution" (pdf). November 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2021.

External links

• GIS and remote sensing for archeology
• PBS Nova—The Sky's Eyes: Remote Sensing in Archaeology