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Peter Thomas Bauer

January 01, 1970

For other people named Peter Bauer, see Peter Bauer (disambiguation).

Peter Thomas Bauer, Baron Bauer, FBA (6 November 1915 – 2 May 2002) was a Hungarian-born British development economist. Bauer is best remembered for his opposition to the then widely-held notion that the most effective manner to help developing countries advance is through state led development planning supported by foreign aid.

Life edit

Bauer was born Péter Tamás Bauer in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, in 1915. His family was Jewish.[1] He studied law in Budapest before embarking for England in 1934 to study economics at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, from which he graduated in 1937. After a brief period in the private sector working for Guthrie & Co., a London-based merchant house that conducted business in the Far East, Bauer spent most of his career at the London School of Economics. Bauer started teaching there in 1960 and retired in 1983 as Emeritus Professor of Economics.[2] With the support of his friend and admirer Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, he was created a life peer as Baron Bauer, of Market Ward in the City of Cambridge on 15 February 1983.[3] Lord Bauer was also a fellow of the British Academy and a member of the Mont Pelerin Society, which was founded by his friend Friedrich Hayek.

In 1978, Bauer received an Honorary Doctoral Degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquin[4] for his contributions to economics.

In 2002, he won the Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty; as part of his award, The Cato Institute cited his courage in espousing an approach almost universally opposed in post-World War II international economic circles. Bauer told London's Daily Telegraph: "I am truly honoured. I have long admired The Cato Institute and Milton Friedman, and recognition by both could not be more delightful."[5]

He died on May 2, 2002.

Contributions to economics edit

Nearly all of Bauer's contributions concerned development economics, international development and foreign aid. Bauer sought to convince other development experts that central planning, foreign aid, price controls, and protectionism perpetuate poverty rather than eliminate it, and that the growth of government intervention politicises economic life and reduces individual freedom.[6]

Bauer influenced thinking about the determinants of economic advance. For example, the World Bank, in its 1997 World Development Report, reflected the point of view Bauer had been advocating for years, stating that the notion that "good advisers and technical experts would formulate good policies, which good governments would then implement for the good of society" was outdated:

the institutional assumptions implicit in this world view were, as we all realize today, too simplistic... . Governments embarked on fanciful schemes. Private investors, lacking confidence in public policies or in the steadfastness of leaders, held back. Powerful rulers acted arbitrarily. Corruption became endemic. Development faltered, and poverty endured.

For Bauer, the essence of development was the expansion of individual choices, and the role of the state to protect life, liberty and property so that individuals can pursue their own goals and desires.[7] Limited government, not central planning, was his mantra.

He argued that "The exponents of Western guilt... patronize the Third World by suggesting that its economic fortunes past, present, and prospective, are determined by the West; that past exploitation by the West explains Third World backwardness... and that (their) economic future depends largely on Western donations."[8]

Bauer placed himself in the tradition of libertarians. In his many articles and books, including Dissent on Development, Bauer overturned many of the commonly held beliefs of development economics. He refuted the idea that poverty is self-perpetuating and showed that central planning and large-scale public investment are not preconditions for growth.

He criticised the idea that the disadvantaged could not and would not save for the future, or that they had no motivation to improve their condition. He opposed "compulsory saving," which he preferred to call "special taxation," and, like modern supply-side economists, stressed the detrimental effects of high taxes on economic activity. Bauer also saw that government-directed investment funded by "special taxation" would increase "inequality in the distribution of power."[9]

Bauer's experiences in Malaya (now West Malaysia) in the late 1940s and in West Africa influenced his views on the importance of individual effort by small landowners and traders in moving from subsistence to a higher standard of living. Bauer recognised the importance of the informal sector and advocated the "dynamic gains" from international trade – that is, the net gains that result from exposure to new ideas, new methods of production, new products, and new people. He demonstrated that trade barriers, and restrictive immigration and population policies deprive countries of those gains.

For Bauer, government-to-government aid was neither necessary nor sufficient for development, and may actually hinder it. The danger of aid, according to Bauer, is that it increases the power of government, leads to corruption, misallocates resources, and erodes civil society.

Bauer also debunked what Ralph Raico has termed the "timeless approach" to history. A person commits this fallacy when he ignores the various events and preconditions which existed before and acted as prerequisites for the event or state of affairs being analysed. Quoting Raico: "Rejecting the 'timeless approach' to economic development, Bauer has accentuated the many centuries required for economic growth in the Western world, and the interplay of various cultural factors that were its precondition"[10][11]

Major works edit

  • Bauer, P. T. (1946). "The Working of Rubber Regulation". The Economic Journal. 56 (223). The Economic Journal, Vol. 56, No. 223: 391–414. doi:10.2307/2226047. JSTOR 2226047.
  • Bauer, P. T.; Yamey, B. S. (1951). "Economic Progress and Occupational Distribution". The Economic Journal. 61 (244). The Economic Journal, Vol. 61, No. 244: 741–755. doi:10.2307/2226978. JSTOR 2226978. (with Basil S. Yamey)
  • The Rubber Industry: A Study in Competition and Monopoly. Longmans, Green & Co. 1948.
  • "Reduction in the Fluctuations of Incomes of Primary Producers". The Economic Journal. 62 (248). The Economic Journal, Vol. 62, No. 248: 750–780. 1952. doi:10.2307/2226525. JSTOR 2226525. (with F. W. Paish)
  • West African Trade: A Study of Competition, Oligopoly and Monopoly in a Changing Economy. Cambridge University Press. 1954.
  • The Economics of Under-developed Countries. Cambridge University Press. 1957. (with Basil S. Yamey)
  • Economic Analysis and Policy in Under-developed Countries. Cambridge University Press. 1957. ISBN 0-415-31297-3.
  • United States Aid and Indian Economic Development. American Enterprise Association. 1959. ISBN 0-297-78335-1.
  • Indian Economic Policy and Development. Allen & Unwin. 1961.
  • Bauer, P. T. (1971). "Economic History as Theory". Economica. 38 (150): 163–179. doi:10.2307/2552576. JSTOR 2552576.
  • Dissent on Development. Harvard University Press. 1972. ISBN 0-674-21282-7.
  • Equality, the Third World, and Economic Delusion. Harvard University Press. 1981. ISBN 0-674-25986-6.
  • Reality and Rhetoric; Studies in the Economics of Development. Harvard University Press. 1984. ISBN 0-674-74946-4.
  • The Development Frontier: Essays in Applied Economics. Harvester Wheatsheaf. 1991. ISBN 0-7450-1038-5.
  • From Subsistence to Exchange. Princeton University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-691-11782-9. (with Amartya Sen)

Arms edit

Coat of arms of Peter Thomas Bauer
 
 
Crest
Between two feathers Argent quilled Or an escallop perched thereon a nightingale also Or.
Escutcheon
Gules a serpent erect between two escallops Or on a chief also Or a lion passant guardant Gules between two open books Argent bound Gules.
Supporters
Dexter a Malayan rubber tapper wearing a sarong of checked design Argent and Gules holding in the exterior hand a knife Proper, sinister an African market woman habited in a blouse sarong and headscarf of Batik design Or and Gules holding with her exterior hand a basket Proper.
Motto
Let Us Be Free From Cant [12]

References edit

  1. ^ William D. Rubinstein, Michael Jolles, Hilary L. Rubinstein, The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History, Palgrave Macmillan (2011), p. 60
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  3. ^ "No. 49266". The London Gazette. 15 February 1983. p. 2229.
  4. ^ Honorary Doctoral Degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín 1 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "Peter Bauer, 86; Economist Fought Foreign Aid". Articles.latimes.com. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  6. ^ Lewis, Paul (14 May 2002). "Peter Bauer, British Economist, Is Dead at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  7. ^ Vasquez, Ian. "Peter Bauer: Blazing the Trail of Development" (May 2007). [1]
  8. ^ Bauer, Peter Thomas (2009). From Subsistence to Exchange and Other Essays. Princeton University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1400824649.
  9. ^ "Individual Liberty, Free Markets, and Peace"
  10. ^ "Small States, Global Economy: Is Empire Necessary? | Mises Institute". Mises.org. 27 October 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  11. ^ "The European Miracle | Mises Institute". Mises.org. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  12. ^ Debrett's Peerage. 2000.

Bibliography edit

External links edit

January 01, 1970
peter, thomas, bauer, other, people, named, peter, bauer, peter, bauer, disambiguation, baron, bauer, november, 1915, 2002, hungarian, born, british, development, economist, bauer, best, remembered, opposition, then, widely, held, notion, that, most, effective. For other people named Peter Bauer see Peter Bauer disambiguation Peter Thomas Bauer Baron Bauer FBA 6 November 1915 2 May 2002 was a Hungarian born British development economist Bauer is best remembered for his opposition to the then widely held notion that the most effective manner to help developing countries advance is through state led development planning supported by foreign aid Contents 1 Life 2 Contributions to economics 3 Major works 4 Arms 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksLife editBauer was born Peter Tamas Bauer in Budapest Austria Hungary in 1915 His family was Jewish 1 He studied law in Budapest before embarking for England in 1934 to study economics at Gonville and Caius College Cambridge from which he graduated in 1937 After a brief period in the private sector working for Guthrie amp Co a London based merchant house that conducted business in the Far East Bauer spent most of his career at the London School of Economics Bauer started teaching there in 1960 and retired in 1983 as Emeritus Professor of Economics 2 With the support of his friend and admirer Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher he was created a life peer as Baron Bauer of Market Ward in the City of Cambridge on 15 February 1983 3 Lord Bauer was also a fellow of the British Academy and a member of the Mont Pelerin Society which was founded by his friend Friedrich Hayek In 1978 Bauer received an Honorary Doctoral Degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquin 4 for his contributions to economics In 2002 he won the Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty as part of his award The Cato Institute cited his courage in espousing an approach almost universally opposed in post World War II international economic circles Bauer told London s Daily Telegraph I am truly honoured I have long admired The Cato Institute and Milton Friedman and recognition by both could not be more delightful 5 He died on May 2 2002 Contributions to economics editNearly all of Bauer s contributions concerned development economics international development and foreign aid Bauer sought to convince other development experts that central planning foreign aid price controls and protectionism perpetuate poverty rather than eliminate it and that the growth of government intervention politicises economic life and reduces individual freedom 6 Bauer influenced thinking about the determinants of economic advance For example the World Bank in its 1997 World Development Report reflected the point of view Bauer had been advocating for years stating that the notion that good advisers and technical experts would formulate good policies which good governments would then implement for the good of society was outdated the institutional assumptions implicit in this world view were as we all realize today too simplistic Governments embarked on fanciful schemes Private investors lacking confidence in public policies or in the steadfastness of leaders held back Powerful rulers acted arbitrarily Corruption became endemic Development faltered and poverty endured For Bauer the essence of development was the expansion of individual choices and the role of the state to protect life liberty and property so that individuals can pursue their own goals and desires 7 Limited government not central planning was his mantra He argued that The exponents of Western guilt patronize the Third World by suggesting that its economic fortunes past present and prospective are determined by the West that past exploitation by the West explains Third World backwardness and that their economic future depends largely on Western donations 8 Bauer placed himself in the tradition of libertarians In his many articles and books including Dissent on Development Bauer overturned many of the commonly held beliefs of development economics He refuted the idea that poverty is self perpetuating and showed that central planning and large scale public investment are not preconditions for growth He criticised the idea that the disadvantaged could not and would not save for the future or that they had no motivation to improve their condition He opposed compulsory saving which he preferred to call special taxation and like modern supply side economists stressed the detrimental effects of high taxes on economic activity Bauer also saw that government directed investment funded by special taxation would increase inequality in the distribution of power 9 Bauer s experiences in Malaya now West Malaysia in the late 1940s and in West Africa influenced his views on the importance of individual effort by small landowners and traders in moving from subsistence to a higher standard of living Bauer recognised the importance of the informal sector and advocated the dynamic gains from international trade that is the net gains that result from exposure to new ideas new methods of production new products and new people He demonstrated that trade barriers and restrictive immigration and population policies deprive countries of those gains For Bauer government to government aid was neither necessary nor sufficient for development and may actually hinder it The danger of aid according to Bauer is that it increases the power of government leads to corruption misallocates resources and erodes civil society Bauer also debunked what Ralph Raico has termed the timeless approach to history A person commits this fallacy when he ignores the various events and preconditions which existed before and acted as prerequisites for the event or state of affairs being analysed Quoting Raico Rejecting the timeless approach to economic development Bauer has accentuated the many centuries required for economic growth in the Western world and the interplay of various cultural factors that were its precondition 10 11 Major works editBauer P T 1946 The Working of Rubber Regulation The Economic Journal 56 223 The Economic Journal Vol 56 No 223 391 414 doi 10 2307 2226047 JSTOR 2226047 Bauer P T Yamey B S 1951 Economic Progress and Occupational Distribution The Economic Journal 61 244 The Economic Journal Vol 61 No 244 741 755 doi 10 2307 2226978 JSTOR 2226978 with Basil S Yamey The Rubber Industry A Study in Competition and Monopoly Longmans Green amp Co 1948 Reduction in the Fluctuations of Incomes of Primary Producers The Economic Journal 62 248 The Economic Journal Vol 62 No 248 750 780 1952 doi 10 2307 2226525 JSTOR 2226525 with F W Paish West African Trade A Study of Competition Oligopoly and Monopoly in a Changing Economy Cambridge University Press 1954 The Economics of Under developed Countries Cambridge University Press 1957 with Basil S Yamey Economic Analysis and Policy in Under developed Countries Cambridge University Press 1957 ISBN 0 415 31297 3 United States Aid and Indian Economic Development American Enterprise Association 1959 ISBN 0 297 78335 1 Indian Economic Policy and Development Allen amp Unwin 1961 Bauer P T 1971 Economic History as Theory Economica 38 150 163 179 doi 10 2307 2552576 JSTOR 2552576 Dissent on Development Harvard University Press 1972 ISBN 0 674 21282 7 Equality the Third World and Economic Delusion Harvard University Press 1981 ISBN 0 674 25986 6 Reality and Rhetoric Studies in the Economics of Development Harvard University Press 1984 ISBN 0 674 74946 4 The Development Frontier Essays in Applied Economics Harvester Wheatsheaf 1991 ISBN 0 7450 1038 5 From Subsistence to Exchange Princeton University Press 2000 ISBN 0 691 11782 9 with Amartya Sen Arms editCoat of arms of Peter Thomas Bauer nbsp nbsp Crest Between two feathers Argent quilled Or an escallop perched thereon a nightingale also Or Escutcheon Gules a serpent erect between two escallops Or on a chief also Or a lion passant guardant Gules between two open books Argent bound Gules Supporters Dexter a Malayan rubber tapper wearing a sarong of checked design Argent and Gules holding in the exterior hand a knife Proper sinister an African market woman habited in a blouse sarong and headscarf of Batik design Or and Gules holding with her exterior hand a basket Proper Motto Let Us Be Free From Cant 12 References edit William D Rubinstein Michael Jolles Hilary L Rubinstein The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo Jewish History Palgrave Macmillan 2011 p 60 Peter Thomas Bauer Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 Retrieved 2 March 2011 No 49266 The London Gazette 15 February 1983 p 2229 Honorary Doctoral Degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquin Archived 1 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Peter Bauer 86 Economist Fought Foreign Aid Articles latimes com 13 November 2001 Retrieved 19 April 2017 Lewis Paul 14 May 2002 Peter Bauer British Economist Is Dead at 86 The New York Times Retrieved 28 July 2017 Vasquez Ian Peter Bauer Blazing the Trail of Development May 2007 1 Bauer Peter Thomas 2009 From Subsistence to Exchange and Other Essays Princeton University Press p 72 ISBN 978 1400824649 Individual Liberty Free Markets and Peace Small States Global Economy Is Empire Necessary Mises Institute Mises org 27 October 2006 Retrieved 19 April 2017 The European Miracle Mises Institute Mises org 30 November 2006 Retrieved 19 April 2017 Debrett s Peerage 2000 Bibliography editBlundell John 2002 A Tribute to Peter Bauer The Institute of Economic Affairs ISBN 0 255 36531 4 Dorn James A 2008 Bauer Peter 1915 2002 In Hamowy Ronald ed The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks CA Sage Cato Institute pp 27 28 doi 10 4135 9781412965811 n17 ISBN 978 1412965804 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 1997 World Development Report Vasquez Ian 2007 Peter Bauer Blazing the Trail of Development Econ Journal Watch External links editPeter Bauer from The New School for Social Research Bruce Bartlett on Peter Bauer James Dorn on Peter Bauer Aid Trade Development The Bauer Legacy P T Bauer The Vicious Circle of Poverty Reality or Myth 1965 Works by or about Peter Thomas Bauer at Internet Archive Portals nbsp Economics nbsp Libertarianism Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Peter Thomas Bauer amp oldid 1211668469, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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