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Pentlandite

February 15, 2024

Pentlandite is an iron–nickel sulfide with the chemical formula (Fe,Ni)9S8. Pentlandite has a narrow variation range in nickel to iron ratios (Ni:Fe), but it is usually described as 1:1. In some cases, this ratio is skewed by the presence of pyrrhotite inclusions. It also contains minor cobalt, usually at low levels as a fraction of weight.

Pentlandite
3.1 × 2.6 cm mass of pentlandite with some pyrrhotite
General
CategorySulfide mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)		iron nickel sulfide: (Fe,Ni)9S8
IMA symbolPn[1]
Strunz classification2.BB.15a
Dana classification2.7.1.1
Crystal systemIsometric
Crystal classHexoctahedral (m3m)
H-M symbol: (4/m 3 2/m)
Space groupFm3m
Unit cella = 9.928 Å, Z = 4
Identification
Formula mass771.94 g/mol
ColorYellowish bronze
Crystal habitHexoctahedral rare; massive to granular
CleavageAbsent – octahedral parting on {111}
FractureConchoidal
TenacityBrittle
Mohs scale hardness3.5–4
LusterMetallic
StreakLight bronze-brown[2][3][4][5]
Greenish black[6][7][8]
DiaphaneityOpaque
Specific gravity4.6–5.0
Density4.6–5 g/cm3
Fusibility1.5–2
Other characteristicsBecomes magnetic upon heating
References[9][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Pentlandite in pyrrhotite, ore specimen from the Sudbury Basin (field of view 3.4 cm)

Pentlandite forms isometric crystals, but it is normally found in massive granular aggregates. It is brittle with a hardness of 3.5–4 and specific gravity of 4.6–5.0 and is non-magnetic. It has a yellowish bronze color and a metallic luster.[10]

Pentlandite is found in abundance within ultramafic rocks, making it one of the most important sources of mined nickel.[11] It also occasionally occurs within mantle xenoliths and "black smoker" hydrothermal vents.[12]

Etymology edit

It is named after Irish scientist Joseph Barclay Pentland (1797–1873), who first noted the mineral at Sudbury, Ontario.

 
Copper Cliff mine, Sudbury, Ontario (1913)

Identification edit

Physical and optical properties edit

In the field, pentlandite is often confused with other sulfide minerals, as they are all brassy yellowish in color and have a metallic luster. For this reason, the best way to discern pentlandite is by its paler color, lack of magnetism, and light brownish bronze streak.[12] In contrast, pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite will all display much darker streaks: brownish black,[13] greyish black,[14] greenish black[15] respectively. When looked at using reflected light ore microscopy, it possesses key diagnostic properties such as octahedral cleavage, and its alteration to bravoite, a pinkish to brownish violet sulfide mineral that occurs in euhedral to octahedral crystals. Pentlandite usually develops as granular inclusions within other sulfide minerals (mainly pyrrhotite), often taking the shape of thin veins or "flames". Although pentlandite is an opaque mineral, it exhibits a strong light creamy reflectance.[16]

 
Photomicrograph showing flame-like pentlandite intergrowth in plane polarized light (PPL) (a) and cross polarized light (XPL) (b) (5x magnification, FOV = 4 mm)

Mineral associations edit

Pentlandite occurs alongside sulfide minerals such as bravoite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, millerite, pyrrhotite, valleriite, as well as other minerals like chromite, ilmenite, magnetite, and sperrylite. It is chemically similar to mackinawite, godlevskite and horomanite.[17][18]

Pentlandite is synonymous with folgerite, horbachite, lillhammerite, and nicopyrite.[18]

Pentlandite group edit

The pentlandite group is a subdivision of rare minerals that share similar chemical and structural properties with pentlandite, hence the name. Their chemical formula can be written as XY8(S, Se)8 in which X is usually replaced by silver, manganese, cadmium, and lead, while copper takes the place of Y. Iron, nickel, and cobalt have the ability to occupy both X or Y positions. These minerals are:[19]

  • Argentopentlandite Ag(Fe,Ni)8S8
  • Cobalt pentlandite Co9S8
  • Geffroyite (Ag,Cu,Fe)9(Se,S)8
  • Manganese-shadlunite (Mn,Pb)(Cu,Fe)8S8
  • Shadlunite (Pb,Cd)(Fe,Cu)8S8
  • Oberthürite Rh3Ni32S32
  • Sugakiite Cu(Fe,Ni)8S8

Paragenesis edit

Pentlandite is the most common terrestrial nickel sulfide. It typically forms during cooling of a sulfide melt. These sulfide melts, in turn, are typically formed during the evolution of a silicate melt. Because nickel is a chalcophile element, it has preference for (i.e. it "partitions into") sulfide phases.[20] In sulfide undersaturated melts, nickel substitutes for other transition metals within ferromagnesian minerals, the most common being olivine, as well as nickeliferous varieties of amphibole, biotite, pyroxene and spinel. Nickel substitutes most readily for Fe2+ and Co2+ because or their similarity in size and charge.[21]

In sulfide saturated melts, nickel behaves as a chalcophile element and partitions strongly into the sulfide phase. Because most nickel behaves as a compatible element in igneous differentiation processes, the formation of nickel-bearing sulfides is essentially restricted to sulfide saturated mafic and ultramafic melts. Minor amounts of nickel sulfides are found in mantle peridotites.[20]

The behaviour of sulfide melts is complex and is affected by copper, nickel, iron, and sulfur ratios. Typically, above 1100 °C, only one sulfide melt exists. Upon cooling to 1000 °C, a solid containing mostly Fe and minor amounts of Ni and Cu is formed. This phase is called monosulfide solid solution (MSS), and is unstable at low temperatures decomposing to mixtures of pentlandite and pyrrhotite, and (rarely) pyrite. It is only upon cooling past ~550 °C (1,022 °F) (dependent on composition) that the MSS undergoes exsolution. A separate phase, usually a copper-rich sulfide liquid may also form, giving rise to chalcopyrite upon cooling.[22]

These phases typically form aphanitic equigranular massive sulfides, or are present as disseminated sulfides within rocks composed mostly of silicates. Pristine magmatic massive sulfide are rarely preserved as most deposits of nickeliferous sulfide have been metamorphosed.

Metamorphism at a grade equal to, or higher than, greenschist facies will cause solid massive sulfides to deform in a ductile fashion and to travel some distance into the country rock and along structures.[23] Upon cessation of metamorphism, the sulfides may inherit a foliated or sheared texture, and typically develop bright, equigranular to globular aggregates of porphyroblastic pentlandite crystals known colloquially as "fish scales".[24]

Metamorphism may also alter the concentration of nickel and the Ni:Fe ratio and Ni:S ratio of the sulfides. In this case, pentlandite may be replaced by millerite, and rarely heazlewoodite. Metamorphism may also be associated with metasomatism, and it is particularly common for arsenic to react with pre-existing sulfides, producing nickeline, gersdorffite and other Ni–Co arsenides.[25]

Occurrence edit

Pentlandite is found within the lower margins of mineralized layered intrusions, the best examples being the Bushveld igneous complex, South Africa, the Voisey's Bay troctolite intrusive complex in Canada, the Duluth gabbro, in North America, and various other localities throughout the world. In these locations, pentlandite is considered an important nickel ore.

Pentlandite is also the dominant ore mineral occurring in Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits, the prime example of which can be found in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia. Similar deposits exist at Nkomati, Namibia, in the Thompson Belt, Canada, and a few examples from Brazil.

Pentlandite, but primarily chalcopyrite and PGEs, are also obtained from the supergiant Norilsk nickel deposit, in trans-Siberian Russia.

The Sudbury Basin in Ontario, Canada, is associated with a large meteorite impact crater. The pentlandite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite ore around the Sudbury Structure formed from sulfide melts that segregated from the melt sheet produced by the impact.

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. ^ a b Handbook of Mineralogy
  3. ^ a b Mindat.org
  4. ^ a b Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, p. 280-281 ISBN 0-471-80580-7
  5. ^ a b Mindat.org - Forum
  6. ^ a b Webmineral.com
  7. ^ a b "Pentlandit" (in German).
  8. ^ a b Schumann, Walter (1991). Mineralien aus aller Welt (in German) (2nd ed.). BLV. p. 224. ISBN 978-3-405-14003-8.
  9. ^ Mineralienatlas
  10. ^ "Pentlandite". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  11. ^ Kerfoot, Derek G. E. (2005). "Nickel". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_157. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  12. ^ a b "Pentlandite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy.
  13. ^ "Pyrite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy.
  14. ^ "Pyrrhotite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy.
  15. ^ "Chalcopyrite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy.
  16. ^ Spry, Paul G.; Gedlinske, Brian L. (1987-01-01). Skinner, Brian J. (ed.). Noncolored Minerals. doi:10.5382/EGTables. ISBN 9781887483025.
  17. ^ (Finland), Geologian tutkimuskeskus (1986), Mineral resource assessment map, northern Fennoscandia : regions and locations highly favourable for mineral deposits, Geological Surveys of Finland, Norway and Sweden, OCLC 18336974, retrieved 2023-04-13
  18. ^ a b Pracejus, Bernhard (2008). The ore minerals under the microscope : an optical guide. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-52863-6. OCLC 637267707.
  19. ^ "Pentlandite Group". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  20. ^ a b Mansur, Eduardo T.; Barnes, Sarah-Jane; Duran, Charley J. (2021-01-01). "An overview of chalcophile element contents of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite from magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits". Mineralium Deposita. 56 (1): 179–204. Bibcode:2021MinDe..56..179M. doi:10.1007/s00126-020-01014-3. ISSN 1432-1866. S2CID 221674533.
  21. ^ Rajamani, V.; Naldrett, A. J. (1978-02-01). "Partitioning of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu between sulfide liquid and basaltic melts and the composition of Ni-Cu sulfide deposits". Economic Geology. 73 (1): 82–93. Bibcode:1978EcGeo..73...82R. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.73.1.82. ISSN 1554-0774.
  22. ^ Shewman, R. W.; Clark, L. A. (1970-02-01). "Pentlandite phase relations in the Fe–Ni–S system and notes on the monosulfide solid solution". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 7 (1): 67–85. Bibcode:1970CaJES...7...67S. doi:10.1139/e70-005. ISSN 0008-4077.
  23. ^ Frost, B. R.; Mavrogenes, J. A.; Tomkins, A. G. (2002-02-01). "Partial Melting of Sulfide Ore Deposits During Medium- and High-Grade Metamorphism". The Canadian Mineralogist. 40 (1): 1–18. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.40.1.1. ISSN 0008-4476.
  24. ^ McQueen, K. G. (1987-05-01). "Deformation and remobilization in some Western Australian nickel ores". Ore Geology Reviews. 2 (1): 269–286. Bibcode:1987OGRv....2..269M. doi:10.1016/0169-1368(87)90032-1. ISSN 0169-1368.
  25. ^ Piña, R.; Gervilla, F.; Barnes, S.-J.; Ortega, L.; Lunar, R. (2015-03-01). "Liquid immiscibility between arsenide and sulfide melts: evidence from a LA-ICP-MS study in magmatic deposits at Serranía de Ronda (Spain)". Mineralium Deposita. 50 (3): 265–279. Bibcode:2015MinDe..50..265P. doi:10.1007/s00126-014-0534-3. ISSN 1432-1866. S2CID 140179760.

Further reading edit

  • Harris, D C; Nickel, E. H. (1972). "Pentlandite compositions and associations in some mineral deposits" (PDF). The Canadian Mineralogist. 11: 861–878.
  • Marston, R. J.; Groves, D. I.; Hudson, D. R.; Ross, J. R. (1981). "Nickel sulfide deposits in Western Australia: a review". Economic Geology. 76 (6): 1330–1363. Bibcode:1981EcGeo..76.1330M. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.76.6.1330.
  • Thornber, M. R. (1972) Pyrrhotite-the matrix of nickel sulphide mineralization. Newcastle Conference, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, May–June, 1972, 51–58.
  • Thornber, M. R. (1975a). "Supergene alteration of sulphides, I. A chemical model based on massive nickel sulphide deposits at Kambalda, Western Australia". Chemical Geology. 15 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:1975ChGeo..15....1T. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(75)90010-8.
  • Thornber, M. R. (1975b). "Supergene alteration of sulphides, II. A chemical study of the Kambalda nickel deposits". Chemical Geology. 15 (2): 117–144. Bibcode:1975ChGeo..15..117T. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(75)90048-0.
  • Thornber, M. R.; Nickel, E. H. (1976). "Supergene alteration of sulphides, III. The composition of associated carbonates". Chemical Geology. 17: 45–72. Bibcode:1976ChGeo..17...45T. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(76)90021-8.

February 15, 2024
pentlandite, iron, nickel, sulfide, with, chemical, formula, narrow, variation, range, nickel, iron, ratios, usually, described, some, cases, this, ratio, skewed, presence, pyrrhotite, inclusions, also, contains, minor, cobalt, usually, levels, fraction, weigh. Pentlandite is an iron nickel sulfide with the chemical formula Fe Ni 9S8 Pentlandite has a narrow variation range in nickel to iron ratios Ni Fe but it is usually described as 1 1 In some cases this ratio is skewed by the presence of pyrrhotite inclusions It also contains minor cobalt usually at low levels as a fraction of weight Pentlandite3 1 2 6 cm mass of pentlandite with some pyrrhotiteGeneralCategorySulfide mineralFormula repeating unit iron nickel sulfide Fe Ni 9S8IMA symbolPn 1 Strunz classification2 BB 15aDana classification2 7 1 1Crystal systemIsometricCrystal classHexoctahedral m3 m H M symbol 4 m 3 2 m Space groupFm3 mUnit cella 9 928 A Z 4IdentificationFormula mass771 94 g molColorYellowish bronzeCrystal habitHexoctahedral rare massive to granularCleavageAbsent octahedral parting on 111 FractureConchoidalTenacityBrittleMohs scale hardness3 5 4LusterMetallicStreakLight bronze brown 2 3 4 5 Greenish black 6 7 8 DiaphaneityOpaqueSpecific gravity4 6 5 0Density4 6 5 g cm3Fusibility1 5 2Other characteristicsBecomes magnetic upon heatingReferences 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pentlandite in pyrrhotite ore specimen from the Sudbury Basin field of view 3 4 cm Pentlandite forms isometric crystals but it is normally found in massive granular aggregates It is brittle with a hardness of 3 5 4 and specific gravity of 4 6 5 0 and is non magnetic It has a yellowish bronze color and a metallic luster 10 Pentlandite is found in abundance within ultramafic rocks making it one of the most important sources of mined nickel 11 It also occasionally occurs within mantle xenoliths and black smoker hydrothermal vents 12 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Identification 2 1 Physical and optical properties 2 2 Mineral associations 3 Pentlandite group 4 Paragenesis 5 Occurrence 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingEtymology editIt is named after Irish scientist Joseph Barclay Pentland 1797 1873 who first noted the mineral at Sudbury Ontario nbsp Copper Cliff mine Sudbury Ontario 1913 Identification editPhysical and optical properties edit In the field pentlandite is often confused with other sulfide minerals as they are all brassy yellowish in color and have a metallic luster For this reason the best way to discern pentlandite is by its paler color lack of magnetism and light brownish bronze streak 12 In contrast pyrite pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite will all display much darker streaks brownish black 13 greyish black 14 greenish black 15 respectively When looked at using reflected light ore microscopy it possesses key diagnostic properties such as octahedral cleavage and its alteration to bravoite a pinkish to brownish violet sulfide mineral that occurs in euhedral to octahedral crystals Pentlandite usually develops as granular inclusions within other sulfide minerals mainly pyrrhotite often taking the shape of thin veins or flames Although pentlandite is an opaque mineral it exhibits a strong light creamy reflectance 16 nbsp Photomicrograph showing flame like pentlandite intergrowth in plane polarized light PPL a and cross polarized light XPL b 5x magnification FOV 4 mm Mineral associations edit Pentlandite occurs alongside sulfide minerals such as bravoite chalcopyrite cubanite millerite pyrrhotite valleriite as well as other minerals like chromite ilmenite magnetite and sperrylite It is chemically similar to mackinawite godlevskite and horomanite 17 18 Pentlandite is synonymous with folgerite horbachite lillhammerite and nicopyrite 18 Pentlandite group editThe pentlandite group is a subdivision of rare minerals that share similar chemical and structural properties with pentlandite hence the name Their chemical formula can be written as XY8 S Se 8 in which X is usually replaced by silver manganese cadmium and lead while copper takes the place of Y Iron nickel and cobalt have the ability to occupy both X or Y positions These minerals are 19 Argentopentlandite Ag Fe Ni 8S8 Cobalt pentlandite Co9S8 Geffroyite Ag Cu Fe 9 Se S 8 Manganese shadlunite Mn Pb Cu Fe 8S8 Shadlunite Pb Cd Fe Cu 8S8 Oberthurite Rh3Ni32S32 Sugakiite Cu Fe Ni 8S8Paragenesis editPentlandite is the most common terrestrial nickel sulfide It typically forms during cooling of a sulfide melt These sulfide melts in turn are typically formed during the evolution of a silicate melt Because nickel is a chalcophile element it has preference for i e it partitions into sulfide phases 20 In sulfide undersaturated melts nickel substitutes for other transition metals within ferromagnesian minerals the most common being olivine as well as nickeliferous varieties of amphibole biotite pyroxene and spinel Nickel substitutes most readily for Fe2 and Co2 because or their similarity in size and charge 21 In sulfide saturated melts nickel behaves as a chalcophile element and partitions strongly into the sulfide phase Because most nickel behaves as a compatible element in igneous differentiation processes the formation of nickel bearing sulfides is essentially restricted to sulfide saturated mafic and ultramafic melts Minor amounts of nickel sulfides are found in mantle peridotites 20 The behaviour of sulfide melts is complex and is affected by copper nickel iron and sulfur ratios Typically above 1100 C only one sulfide melt exists Upon cooling to 1000 C a solid containing mostly Fe and minor amounts of Ni and Cu is formed This phase is called monosulfide solid solution MSS and is unstable at low temperatures decomposing to mixtures of pentlandite and pyrrhotite and rarely pyrite It is only upon cooling past 550 C 1 022 F dependent on composition that the MSS undergoes exsolution A separate phase usually a copper rich sulfide liquid may also form giving rise to chalcopyrite upon cooling 22 These phases typically form aphanitic equigranular massive sulfides or are present as disseminated sulfides within rocks composed mostly of silicates Pristine magmatic massive sulfide are rarely preserved as most deposits of nickeliferous sulfide have been metamorphosed Metamorphism at a grade equal to or higher than greenschist facies will cause solid massive sulfides to deform in a ductile fashion and to travel some distance into the country rock and along structures 23 Upon cessation of metamorphism the sulfides may inherit a foliated or sheared texture and typically develop bright equigranular to globular aggregates of porphyroblastic pentlandite crystals known colloquially as fish scales 24 Metamorphism may also alter the concentration of nickel and the Ni Fe ratio and Ni S ratio of the sulfides In this case pentlandite may be replaced by millerite and rarely heazlewoodite Metamorphism may also be associated with metasomatism and it is particularly common for arsenic to react with pre existing sulfides producing nickeline gersdorffite and other Ni Co arsenides 25 Occurrence editPentlandite is found within the lower margins of mineralized layered intrusions the best examples being the Bushveld igneous complex South Africa the Voisey s Bay troctolite intrusive complex in Canada the Duluth gabbro in North America and various other localities throughout the world In these locations pentlandite is considered an important nickel ore Pentlandite is also the dominant ore mineral occurring in Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits the prime example of which can be found in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia Similar deposits exist at Nkomati Namibia in the Thompson Belt Canada and a few examples from Brazil Pentlandite but primarily chalcopyrite and PGEs are also obtained from the supergiant Norilsk nickel deposit in trans Siberian Russia The Sudbury Basin in Ontario Canada is associated with a large meteorite impact crater The pentlandite chalcopyrite pyrrhotite ore around the Sudbury Structure formed from sulfide melts that segregated from the melt sheet produced by the impact Gallery edit nbsp Pentlandite specimen from Sudbury Ontario Canada nbsp Pentlandite specimen from Kambalda Western Australia nbsp Pentlandite occurring with pyrrhotite chalcopyrite and magnetite Specimen from Sudbury Ontario Canada nbsp Pentlandite occurring with chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite Specimen from Sudbury Ontario Canada nbsp Pentlandite occurring with pyrrhotite and magnetite Specimen from Sudbury Ontario Canada nbsp Pentlandite occurring with pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite Specimen from Gap Nickel Mine Pennsylvania USA nbsp Pentlandite from Rankin Inlet Nickel Mine Nunavut Canada nbsp Pentlandite from Sudbury Ontario Canada nbsp Pentlandite occurring with heazlewoodite and magnetite Specimen from Trial Harbour Zeehan Australia nbsp Pentlandite occurring with chalcopyrite and magnetite Specimen from Sudbury Ontario Canada nbsp Pentlandite occurring with pyrrhotite Specimen from Worthington Ontario Canada nbsp Pentlandite occurring with chalcopyrite Specimen from Sudbury Ontario Canada nbsp Pentlandite occurring with chalcopyrite Specimen from Sudbury Ontario Canada nbsp Pentlandite occurring with pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite Specimen from Choate British Columbia CanadaSee also editGlossary of meteoritics Ore genesis Igneous differentiation Rock microstructure Ultramafic rocks KomatiiteReferences edit Warr L N 2021 IMA CNMNC approved mineral symbols Mineralogical Magazine 85 3 291 320 Bibcode 2021MinM 85 291W doi 10 1180 mgm 2021 43 S2CID 235729616 a b Handbook of Mineralogy a b Mindat org a b Hurlbut Cornelius S Klein Cornelis 1985 Manual of Mineralogy 20th ed Wiley p 280 281 ISBN 0 471 80580 7 a b Mindat org Forum a b Webmineral com a b Pentlandit in German a b Schumann Walter 1991 Mineralien aus aller Welt in German 2nd ed BLV p 224 ISBN 978 3 405 14003 8 Mineralienatlas Pentlandite www mindat org Retrieved 2023 02 20 Kerfoot Derek G E 2005 Nickel Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim Wiley VCH doi 10 1002 14356007 a17 157 ISBN 978 3527306732 a b Pentlandite PDF Handbook of Mineralogy Pyrite PDF Handbook of Mineralogy Pyrrhotite PDF Handbook of Mineralogy Chalcopyrite PDF Handbook of Mineralogy Spry Paul G Gedlinske Brian L 1987 01 01 Skinner Brian J ed Noncolored Minerals doi 10 5382 EGTables ISBN 9781887483025 Finland Geologian tutkimuskeskus 1986 Mineral resource assessment map northern Fennoscandia regions and locations highly favourable for mineral deposits Geological Surveys of Finland Norway and Sweden OCLC 18336974 retrieved 2023 04 13 a b Pracejus Bernhard 2008 The ore minerals under the microscope an optical guide Elsevier ISBN 978 0 444 52863 6 OCLC 637267707 Pentlandite Group www mindat org Retrieved 2023 02 20 a b Mansur Eduardo T Barnes Sarah Jane Duran Charley J 2021 01 01 An overview of chalcophile element contents of pyrrhotite pentlandite chalcopyrite and pyrite from magmatic Ni Cu PGE sulfide deposits Mineralium Deposita 56 1 179 204 Bibcode 2021MinDe 56 179M doi 10 1007 s00126 020 01014 3 ISSN 1432 1866 S2CID 221674533 Rajamani V Naldrett A J 1978 02 01 Partitioning of Fe Co Ni and Cu between sulfide liquid and basaltic melts and the composition of Ni Cu sulfide deposits Economic Geology 73 1 82 93 Bibcode 1978EcGeo 73 82R doi 10 2113 gsecongeo 73 1 82 ISSN 1554 0774 Shewman R W Clark L A 1970 02 01 Pentlandite phase relations in the Fe Ni S system and notes on the monosulfide solid solution Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 7 1 67 85 Bibcode 1970CaJES 7 67S doi 10 1139 e70 005 ISSN 0008 4077 Frost B R Mavrogenes J A Tomkins A G 2002 02 01 Partial Melting of Sulfide Ore Deposits During Medium and High Grade Metamorphism The Canadian Mineralogist 40 1 1 18 doi 10 2113 gscanmin 40 1 1 ISSN 0008 4476 McQueen K G 1987 05 01 Deformation and remobilization in some Western Australian nickel ores Ore Geology Reviews 2 1 269 286 Bibcode 1987OGRv 2 269M doi 10 1016 0169 1368 87 90032 1 ISSN 0169 1368 Pina R Gervilla F Barnes S J Ortega L Lunar R 2015 03 01 Liquid immiscibility between arsenide and sulfide melts evidence from a LA ICP MS study in magmatic deposits at Serrania de Ronda Spain Mineralium Deposita 50 3 265 279 Bibcode 2015MinDe 50 265P doi 10 1007 s00126 014 0534 3 ISSN 1432 1866 S2CID 140179760 Further reading editHarris D C Nickel E H 1972 Pentlandite compositions and associations in some mineral deposits PDF The Canadian Mineralogist 11 861 878 Marston R J Groves D I Hudson D R Ross J R 1981 Nickel sulfide deposits in Western Australia a review Economic Geology 76 6 1330 1363 Bibcode 1981EcGeo 76 1330M doi 10 2113 gsecongeo 76 6 1330 Thornber M R 1972 Pyrrhotite the matrix of nickel sulphide mineralization Newcastle Conference Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy May June 1972 51 58 Thornber M R 1975a Supergene alteration of sulphides I A chemical model based on massive nickel sulphide deposits at Kambalda Western Australia Chemical Geology 15 1 1 14 Bibcode 1975ChGeo 15 1T doi 10 1016 0009 2541 75 90010 8 Thornber M R 1975b Supergene alteration of sulphides II A chemical study of the Kambalda nickel deposits Chemical Geology 15 2 117 144 Bibcode 1975ChGeo 15 117T doi 10 1016 0009 2541 75 90048 0 Thornber M R Nickel E H 1976 Supergene alteration of sulphides III The composition of associated carbonates Chemical Geology 17 45 72 Bibcode 1976ChGeo 17 45T doi 10 1016 0009 2541 76 90021 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pentlandite amp oldid 1196530706, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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