The modern dialects spoken in the Arabian Peninsula are closer to Classical Arabic than elsewhere in the Arab world.[3][4] Some of the local dialects have retained many archaic features lost in other dialects, such as the conservation of nunation for indeterminate nouns. They retain most Classical syntax and vocabulary but still have some differences from Classical Arabic like the other dialects.
Approximate historical distribution of Semitic languages
Ingham[5] and Holes[6] both note the existence of two peninsular dialect groups:
A southwestern dialect group that includes most of the dialects of South Arabia, stretching as far north as Al Bahah. Holes generalizes it to a "sedentary" or "peripheral" group that also includes dialects of historically sedentary populations on the Persian Gulf coast, such as Omani Arabic and Bahrani Arabic. These dialects share certain syntactic features with Modern South Arabian languages.
A central-eastern dialect group originating in the center, that spread with the migration of Arab tribes. This group includes the dialects of most bedouin tribes in the peninsula, spanning an area extending from the Syrian Desert to the Empty Quarter. Its most notable examples are Najdi Arabic and Gulf Arabic.
The following varieties are usually noted:
Yemeni Arabic, displays a past conjugation with the very archaic -k suffix, as in southern Semitic languages. It has to be noted that the dialect of Aden has /ɡʲ/ > [ɡ] as in Cairo.
Najdi Arabic, spoken in the center of the peninsula in Saudi Arabia and is characterized by a shift of /q/ to /ɡ/ and affrication of /k/ and /ɡ/ to [ts] and [dz], respectively, in certain contexts.
Dhofari Arabic, Spoken in Dhofar in southern Arabia, spoken in Yemen, Oman, and the surrounding regions.
The following table compares the Arabic terms between Saudi dialects of urban Hejazi and urban Najdi in addition to the dialect of the Harb tribe[7] with its tribal area (Najdi and Hejazi parts) which shows a correlation and differences between those dialects:
Comparison between a number of dialects in Saudi Arabia
^Bahrani Arabic at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Dhofari Arabic at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Gulf Arabic at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Hadhrami Arabic at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Hejazi Arabic at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
^Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. pp. XIX. ISBN9004107630.
^Zhluktenko, Y. A. (1988). Interlanguage relations and language policy. Capitalist states and countries of the "Third World". Naukova dumka. p. 190. ISBN9785120001410.
^Alexeyev, B. A. (2003). All Asia. Geographical handbook. АСТ. p. 311. ISBN9785897371518.
^Ingham, Bruce (1994). Najdi Arabic : central Arabian. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 8. ISBN155619725X.
^Holes, Clive (2006). "The Arabic dialects of Arabia". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 36: 25–34. ISSN 0308-8421. JSTOR 41223878.
peninsular, arabic, varieties, arabic, spoken, throughout, arabian, peninsula, this, includes, countries, saudi, arabia, yemen, oman, united, arab, emirates, kuwait, bahrain, qatar, southern, iran, southern, iraq, jordan, arabian, arabicregionarabian, peninsul. Peninsular Arabic are the varieties of Arabic spoken throughout the Arabian Peninsula This includes the countries of Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman United Arab Emirates Kuwait Bahrain Qatar Southern Iran Southern Iraq and Jordan 2 Peninsular ArabicArabian ArabicRegionArabian PeninsulaNative speakers77 million 2018 2023 1 Language familyAfro Asiatic SemiticWest SemiticCentral SemiticArabicPeninsular ArabicDialectsGulf Bahrani Omani Hejazi Shihhi Dhofari Yemeni Bedawi Najdi BareqiWriting systemArabic scriptLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code abv class extiw title iso639 3 abv abv a Bahrani Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code adf class extiw title iso639 3 adf adf a Dhofari Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code avl class extiw title iso639 3 avl avl a Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code afb class extiw title iso639 3 afb afb a Gulf Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code ayh class extiw title iso639 3 ayh ayh a Hadhrami Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code acw class extiw title iso639 3 acw acw a Hejazi Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code ars class extiw title iso639 3 ars ars a Najdi Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code acx class extiw title iso639 3 acx acx a Omani Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code ayn class extiw title iso639 3 ayn ayn a Sanʽani Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code ssh class extiw title iso639 3 ssh ssh a Shihhi Arabic a href https iso639 3 sil org code acq class extiw title iso639 3 acq acq a Taʽizzi Adeni ArabicGlottologarab1393 The modern dialects spoken in the Arabian Peninsula are closer to Classical Arabic than elsewhere in the Arab world 3 4 Some of the local dialects have retained many archaic features lost in other dialects such as the conservation of nunation for indeterminate nouns They retain most Classical syntax and vocabulary but still have some differences from Classical Arabic like the other dialects Distribution of dialects in the Arabian Peninsula Contents 1 Varieties 2 See also 3 Footnotes 4 BibliographyVarieties edit nbsp Approximate historical distribution of Semitic languages Ingham 5 and Holes 6 both note the existence of two peninsular dialect groups A southwestern dialect group that includes most of the dialects of South Arabia stretching as far north as Al Bahah Holes generalizes it to a sedentary or peripheral group that also includes dialects of historically sedentary populations on the Persian Gulf coast such as Omani Arabic and Bahrani Arabic These dialects share certain syntactic features with Modern South Arabian languages A central eastern dialect group originating in the center that spread with the migration of Arab tribes This group includes the dialects of most bedouin tribes in the peninsula spanning an area extending from the Syrian Desert to the Empty Quarter Its most notable examples are Najdi Arabic and Gulf Arabic The following varieties are usually noted Yemeni Arabic displays a past conjugation with the very archaic k suffix as in southern Semitic languages It has to be noted that the dialect of Aden has ɡʲ gt ɡ as in Cairo Hejazi Arabic spoken in Saudi Arabia along the coast of the Red Sea especially in the cities of Mecca and Jeddah Strictly speaking there are two distinct dialects spoken in the Hejaz region one by the Bedouin rural population and another by the urban population in cities such as Jeddah Mecca Medina Taif and Yanbu Najdi Arabic spoken in the center of the peninsula in Saudi Arabia and is characterized by a shift of q to ɡ and affrication of k and ɡ to ts and dz respectively in certain contexts Dhofari Arabic Spoken in Dhofar in southern Arabia spoken in Yemen Oman and the surrounding regions Gulf Arabic excluding Omani Arabic Dhofari Arabic and Bahrani Arabic spoken in the coast of the Persian Gulf Bahrani Arabic spoken in Bahrain Eastern Saudi Arabia and Oman The following table compares the Arabic terms between Saudi dialects of urban Hejazi and urban Najdi in addition to the dialect of the Harb tribe 7 with its tribal area Najdi and Hejazi parts which shows a correlation and differences between those dialects Comparison between a number of dialects in Saudi Arabia Term Standard Arabic Urban Hejazi Ḥarb tribe Hejazi Ḥarb tribe Najdi Urban Najdi water ماء maʼ موية mōya ما ma or موية mōya موية mōya what ماذا maḏa إيش ʾes ويش wes or وش wes وش wis I want أريد ʼurid أبغى ʼabḡa or rarely أبى ʼaba أبى ʼaba أبي ʼabi bread خ ب ز ḵubz خ ب ز ḵubuz or عيش ʿes عيش ʿays خ ب ز ḵibz run ي ر ك ض yarkuḍu or ي ج ر ي yajri ي ج ري yijri ي ج ر ي yajri ي ر ك ض yarkiẓ ي ر ك ظ now الآن alʼan دحين daḥin or daḥen ذحين daḥin هالحين hal ḥin الحين il ḥin also أي ض ا ʾayḍan or ك ذ ل ك ka ḏalika كمان kaman or برضه barḍu كمان kaman or برضه barẓu برظه ك ذ ل ك ka ḏalik ب ع د baʿad coffee ق ه و ة qahwa ق ه و ة gahwa ق ه و ة ghawa ق ه و ة ghawa or ق ه و ة gahwa they said قالوا qalu قالوا galu قالوا galaw قالوا galaw or قالوا galu cows ب ق ر baqar ب ق ر bagar ب ق ر bugar ب ق ر bigar neck ر ق بة raqaba ر ق بة ragaba ر ق بة rguba ر ق بة rgaba little ق ليل qalil ق ليل galil ق ليل gilil strong ق و ي qawiyy ق وي gawi ق وي guwi talked to you ك ل م ك kallamaka ك ل م ك kallamak ك ل م ك kallamk take خ ذ ḵuḏ خ ذ ḵud خ د خ ذ ḵuḏ خ ذ ḵiḏ all ك ل kull ك ل kull ك ل kill got bigger ك ب ر kabura ك ب ر kibir ك ب ر kibar he drank ش ر ب sarib ش ر ب sirib ش ر ب sirab I said ق ل ت qult ق ل ت gult ق ل ت gilt tomb ق ب ر qabr ق ب ر gabur قبر gabir palace ق صر qaṣr ق ص ر gaṣur ق ص ر gaṣir poverty ف ق ر faqr ف ق ر fagir or ف ق ر fagur ف ق ر fagir it dried ي ب س yabis ي ب س yibis ي ب س yibas say ق ل qul قول gul ق ل gil or rarely قول gul go ا ذ ه ب iḏhab روح ruḥ رح riḥ or rarely روح ruḥ he found لقي laqiya لقي ligi لقى liga she forgot ن س ي ت nasiyat ن س ي ت nisyat نست nisat where أين ʼayn فين fen وين wen early morning ض ح ى ḍuḥa ض حى ḍaḥa ض حى ẓaḥa ظ حى we were ك ن ا kunna ك ن ا kunna ك ن ا kinna he inhabited س ك ن sakan س ك ن sakan س ك ن sikan he told the truth ص د ق ṣadaq ص د ق ṣadag ص د ق ṣidag he knows ي ع ر ف yaʿrif ي ع ر ف yiʿrif ي ع ر ف yʿarif he wrote ك ت ب katab ك ت ب katab ك ت ب kitab he enters ي د خ ل yadḵul ي د خ ل yidḵul ي د خ ل yadḵul ي د خ ل yadḵil he writes ي ك ت ب yaktub ي ك ت ب yiktub ي ك ت ب yaktub ي ك ت ب yaktib or ي ك ت ب ykatib she sits ت ق ع د taqʿud ت ق ع د tigʿud ت ق ع د tagʿud ت ق ع د tagʿid he woke up ص ح ي ṣaḥiya or صحا ṣaḥa ص ح ي ṣiḥi ص ح ا ṣaḥa dig ا ح ف ر iḥfir ا ح ف ر aḥfur ا ح ف ر iḥfir leave خ ل ḵalli خ ل ي ḵalli خل ḵall big ك بير kabir ك بير kabir ك بير kibir truth ح قيقة ḥaqiqa ح قيقة ḥagiga ح قيقة ḥigiga we ن ح ن naḥnu احنا iḥna or نحنا niḥna حنا ḥinna them ه م hum ه م humma ه م hum this هذا haḏa هذا hada هدا هذا haḏa we count ن ح س ب naḥsibu ن ح س ب niḥsib ن ح س ب nḥasib ن ح س ب nḥasib or ن ح س ب niḥsib piece of wood خ ش ب ة ḵasaba خ ش ب ة ḵasaba خ ش ب ة ḵsiba خ ش ب ة ḵsiba or خ ش ب ة ḵasaba camel ج م ل jamal ج م ل jamal ج م ل jimal ج م ل jimal or ج م ل jamal like م ث ل miṯl or كما kama ز ي zay م ث ل miṯl or كما kima or ز ي zay م ث ل miṯl or ز ي zay he ه و huwa ه و huwwa هو hu or huw or huwah or اهو ihwa هو hu or huwSee also editModern Standard Arabic Modern South Arabian languagesFootnotes edit Bahrani Arabic at Ethnologue 27th ed 2024 nbsp Dhofari Arabic at Ethnologue 27th ed 2024 nbsp Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic at Ethnologue 27th ed 2024 nbsp Gulf Arabic at Ethnologue 27th ed 2024 nbsp Hadhrami Arabic at Ethnologue 27th ed 2024 nbsp Hejazi Arabic at Ethnologue 27th ed 2024 nbsp Additional references under Language codes in the information box Holes Clive 2001 Dialect Culture and Society in Eastern Arabia Glossary BRILL pp XIX ISBN 9004107630 Zhluktenko Y A 1988 Interlanguage relations and language policy Capitalist states and countries of the Third World Naukova dumka p 190 ISBN 9785120001410 Alexeyev B A 2003 All Asia Geographical handbook AST p 311 ISBN 9785897371518 Ingham Bruce 1994 Najdi Arabic central Arabian Amsterdam J Benjamins Pub Co p 8 ISBN 155619725X Holes Clive 2006 The Arabic dialects of Arabia Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 36 25 34 ISSN 0308 8421 JSTOR 41223878 Il Hazmy 1975 234 Bibliography editIl Hazmy Alayan 1975 A critical and comparative study of the spoken dialect of the Harb tribe in Saudi Arabia PDF nbsp This article related to the Arabic language is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Peninsular Arabic amp oldid 1220032700, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
