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Parmelia (fungus)

January 01, 1970

This article is about the genus of lichen. For other uses, see Parmelia (disambiguation).

Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose (leafy) lichens.[3]: 78  It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic[4] to the Antarctic continent[5] but concentrated in temperate regions.[6] There are about 40 species in Parmelia.[7] In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

Parmelia
Parmelia saxatilis
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Parmelia
Ach. (1803)
Type species
Parmelia saxatilis
(L.) Ach. (1803)
Synonyms[1]

It is a foliaceous lichen, resembling a leaf in shape. The ends of the leaf-like lobes are often squarish-tipped.[3]: 78  The upper surface is pale bluish-gray to light brown in direct sunlight, with a network web-like ridges and depressions.: 78  The lower surface is black and has rhizines anchoring it to the substrate.[3]: 78  In general, Parmelia have a dark lower side with rhizines ('rootlets') that attach the lichen to its substrate. The upper side may be several colours - grey, yellow, brown - and may have reproductive organs on it. These may be apothecia (ascospore-producing bodies), isidia or soralia (both vegetative structures). In between these two layers is the medulla, which contains the algal component of the lichen.

Taxonomy edit

Parmelia was circumscribed by Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1803.[8] His idea of the genus, which included foliose species with lecanorine apothecia, was quite broad and included species that are now dispersed in many different genera and families, such as the Peltigeraceae (Lobaria), the Pannariaceae (Pannaria, Parmeliella), the Physciaceae (Physcia, Heterodermia, Physconia), the Teloschistaceae (Xanthoria), as well as the Parmeliaceae (Cetraria, Hypogymnia, and Parmeliopsis). Its broad circumscription meant that almost every lichen with a thalline apothecial rim was included by 19th-century authors.[9]

In an attempt to create more homogeneous groups of taxa, lichenologists created new segregate genera for species once in Parmelia. These included Menegazzia (1854), Parmotrema (1860), Anzia (1861), Parmeliopsis (1869), Hypogymnia (1896), Pseudevernia (1903), Pannoparmelia (1912), and Pseudoparmelia (1914).[9] In the 1970s and 1980s, electron microscopy was used to help divide several Parmelia species groups into different genera based on the structure of their cortex. These include Arctoparmelia,[10] Bulbothrix, Canoparmelia, Cetrariastrum, Concamerella, Everniastrum, Flavoparmelia, Hypotrachyna, Neofuscelia, Paraparmelia, Parmelina, Parmotrema, Pseudoparmelia, Relicina, Relicinopsis, Xanthomaculina, and Xanthoparmelia. Another group of species was segregated on the basis of the presence of pseudocyphellae: Punctelia, Flavopunctelia, and Melanelia. In Mason Hale's 1987 monograph on Parmelia, he commented: "The group has been further subdivided ... now leaving in Parmelia a small, apparently irreducible assemblage of species typified by P. saxatilis".[9] In 2016, however, sixteen mostly Australasian species were moved to the new genus Notoparmelia; these species had been shown by molecular phylogenetic analysis to form a monophyletic lineage in Parmelia.[11]

Fossil record edit

There are two foliose fossil taxa, Parmelia ambra and P. isidiiveteris, that have been placed provisionally in genus Parmelia due to their overall resemblance to members of this genus.[12] Later authors have suggested, however, that this generic placement is not appropriate for the current concept of Parmelia, and that because of the dearth of specimens available for analysis, it is impossible to know for certain which of the many foliose genera in the family Parmeliaceae is best suited for these fossils.[13][14]

Description edit

Parmelia species have a foliose (leafy) thallus with a substrate attachment ranging from loose to tight. The lobes comprising the thallus are rounded, more or less straight, and may be contiguous or overlapping (imbricate). The texture of the upper thallus ranges from smooth to foveolate (covered with puts and depressions). The colour is typically green to whitish grey to greyish brown, and some species have a coating of pruina on the surface. Most species have pseudocyphellae (tiny pores that allow for gas exchange), and vegetative propagules such as isidia or soredia, or both. The lower surface of the thallus is black (or close to it), and has rhizines (either simple or branched) that function as holdfasts to attach it to its substrate. The cortex (botany) is paraplectenchymatous – a cell arrangement where the hyphae are oriented in all directions.[15]

The ascomata of Parmelia species are in the form of apothecia, which have a zeorine structure (an apothecium in which a proper exciple is enclosed in the thalline exciple) and are laminal (superficial on the surface) to somewhat stipitate. The exposed upper surface of the hymenium, the disc, is brown, rarely blackish. The asci are eight-spored, while the spores are colorless, ellipsoid, and measure 10–18 by 5–13 μm. The conidiomata are in the form of pycnidia; these black spots are laminal and immersed in the thallus surface. They produce dumbbell-shaped conidia with dimensions of 5.5–8 μm. The photobiont partners of Parmelia are green algae from the genera Asterochloris or Trebouxia.[15]

Ecology edit

Parmelia lichens are food for the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the bagworm moth Taleporia tubulosa.[16]

Conservation edit

Two species of Parmelia have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature for the global IUCN Red List. Both Parmelia saxatilis and P. sulcata are considered species of least concern due to their widespread distribution, abundance, and stable populations.[17][18]

Distribution edit

Eleven Parmelia species were recorded for Europe in 2008.[19] Nine occur in the Nordic lichen flora, of which P. saxatilis and P. sulcata are most common and widespread.[15]

Species edit

 
Parmelia hygrophila
 
Parmelia omphalodes
 
Parmelia sulcata

References edit

  1. ^ "Synonymy. Current Name: Parmelia Ach., Methodus, Sectio post. (Stockholmiæ): xxxiii, 153 (1803)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  2. ^ Massalongo, A.B. (1860). "Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni" [Comparative examination of some lichen genera]. Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze. 5: 247–276.
  3. ^ a b c Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
  4. ^ Skult H (1985) A New Subspecies of Parmelia omphalodes Ascomycetes Described from the Arctic. Annales Botanici Fennici 22, 201-6.
  5. ^ D.C. Lindsay (1973) Notes on Antarctic lichens: IV. The genera Cetraria Hoffm., Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl., Menegazzia Massal, Parmelia Ach. and Platismatia Culb. et Culb. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 36, 105-114.
  6. ^ Bisby, Guy Richard; Ainsworth, G. C.; Kirk, P. M.; Aptroot, André (2001). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the fungi / by P. M. Kirk... [et al.]; with the assistance of A. Aptroot... [et al.] Oxon: CAB International. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-85199-377-5.
  7. ^ Ossowska, Emilia; Guzow-Krzemińska, Beata; Kolanowska, Marta; Szczepańska, Katarzyna; Kukwa, Martin (2019). "Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts". MycoKeys. 61: 39–74. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175. PMC 6920222. PMID 31866741.
  8. ^ Acharius, E. (1803). Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius (in Latin). Stockholm: Impensis F.D.D. Ulrich. p. 153.
  9. ^ a b c Hale 1987, p. 1.
  10. ^ Hale, M.E. (1986). "Arctoparmelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Mycotaxon. 25 (1): 251–254.
  11. ^ Ferencova, Zuzana; Cubas, Paloma; Divakar, Pradeep Kumar; Molina, M. Carmen; Crespo, Ana (2014). "Notoparmelia, a new genus of Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) based on overlooked reproductive anatomical features, phylogeny and distribution pattern". The Lichenologist. 46 (1): 51–67. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000649.
  12. ^ a b c Poinar, G. O.; Peterson, E. B.; Platt, J. L. (2000). "Fossil Parmelia in new world amber". The Lichenologist. 32 (3): 263–269. doi:10.1006/lich.1999.0258.
  13. ^ Beimforde, Christina; Feldberg, Kathrin; Nylinder, Stephan; Rikkinen, Jouko; Tuovila, Hanna; Dörfelt, Heinrich; Gube, Matthias; Jackson, Daniel J.; Reitner, Joachim; Seyfullah, Leyla J.; Schmidt, Alexander R. (2014). "Estimating the Phanerozoic history of the Ascomycota lineages: Combining fossil and molecular data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 78: 386–398. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.024. PMID 24792086.
  14. ^ Kaasalainen, Ulla; Heinrichs, Jochen; Krings, Michael; Myllys, Leena; Grabenhorst, Heinrich; Rikkinen, Jouko; Schmidt, Alexander R. (2015). Wilf, Peter (ed.). "Alectorioid morphologies in Paleogene lichens: new evidence and re-evaluation of the fossil Alectoria succini Mägdefrau". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0129526. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1029526K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129526. PMC 4460037. PMID 26053106.
  15. ^ a b c Thell, A.; Thor, G.; Ahti, T. (2011). "Parmelia". In Thell, Arne; Moberg, Roland (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 4. Svenska Botaniska Föreningen. pp. 83–89. ISBN 978-91-85221-24-0.
  16. ^ Yusuf, Mohd (2020). "A review on trends and opportuny in edible lichens". In Yusuf, Mohd (ed.). Lichen-Derived Products: Extraction and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-119-59171-9. OCLC 1182019542.
  17. ^ Yahr, R.; Allen, J.; Lymbery, C.; Batallas-Molina, R.; Bungartz, F.; Dal Forno, M.; Howe, N.; Lendemer, J.; McMullin, T.; Mertens, A.; Paquette, H.; Petix, M.; Reese Næsborg, R.; Roberts, F.; Sharrett, S.; Villella, J. (18 May 2021). "Parmelia saxatilis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  18. ^ Yahr, R.; Allen, J.; Lymbery, C.; Batallas-Molina, R.; Dal Forno, M.; Howe, N.; Lendemer, J.; McMullin, T.; Mertens, A.; Petix, M.; Reese Næsborg, R.; Roberts, F.; Sharrett, S.; Villella, J. (25 May 2021). "Bottle Brush Shield Lichen". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  19. ^ Hawksworth, David L.; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Ahti, Teuvo; Crespo, Ana (2008). "A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories, adopting revised generic circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions". The Lichenologist. 40 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0024282908007329.
  20. ^ a b Nylander, W. (1890). Lichenes Japoniae. Accedunt Observationibus Lichenes Insulae Labuan (in Latin). p. 28.
  21. ^ Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G.A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U.; et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity". Phytotaxa. 18 (1): 1–127. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1. hdl:11336/4198.
  22. ^ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Molina, M. Carmen; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Crespo, Ana (2005). "Parmelia barrenoae, a new lichen species related to Parmelia sulcata (Parmeliaceae) based on molecular and morphological data". The Lichenologist. 37 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1017/S0024282904014641.
  23. ^ Brenner, M. (1886). "Bidrag till kännedom af Finska vikens övegetation. IV. Hoglands lafvar". Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). 13: 40.
  24. ^ Molina, Maria del Carmen; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Millanes, Ana M.; Sánchez, Edinson; Del-Prado, Ruth; Hawksworth, David L.; Crespo, Ana (2011). "Parmelia sulcata (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae), a sympatric monophyletic species complex". The Lichenologist. 43 (6): 585–601. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000521.
  25. ^ Feuerer, T.; Thell, A. (2002). "Parmelia ernstiae Feuerer & Thell – a new macrolichen from Germany". Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg (in German). 30–32: 49–60.
  26. ^ Müller, J. (1887). "Lichenologische Beiträge XXVI". Flora (Regensburg) (in German). 70 (20): 316–322.
  27. ^ Goward, T.; Ahti, T. (1983). "Parmelia hygrophila, a new lichen species from the Pacific Northwest of North America". Annales Botanici Fennici. 20 (1): 9–13.
  28. ^ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Upreti, D.K.; Sinha, G.P.; Elix, John A. (2003). "New species and records in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from India". Mycotaxon. 88: 149–154.
  29. ^ a b Molina, M. Carmen; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Goward, Trevor; Millanes, Ana M.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Crespo, Ana (2016). "Neogene diversification in the temperate lichen-forming fungal genus Parmelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". Systematics and Biodiversity. 15 (2): 166–181. doi:10.1080/14772000.2016.1226977.
  30. ^ Øvstedal, D.O.; Lewis Smith, R.I. (2009). "Further additions to the lichen flora of Antarctica and South Georgia". Nova Hedwigia. 88 (1–2): 157–168. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0088-0157.
  31. ^ Molina, M. Carmen; Del-Prado, Ruth; Divakar, Pradeep Kumar; Sánchez-Mata, Daniel; Crespo, Ana (2011). "Another example of cryptic diversity in lichen-forming fungi: the new species Parmelia mayi (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae)". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 11 (5): 331–342. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0060-4.
  32. ^ Hue, A.M. (1889). "Lichenes Yunnanenses a cl. Delavay praesertim annis 1886-1887, collectos, exponit A. M. Hue (1)". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France (in Latin). 36: 164.
  33. ^ Nylander, W. (1885). "Parmeliae exoticae novae". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 68: 605–615.
  34. ^ Hale 1987, p. 30.
  35. ^ Kurokawa, S. (1976). "A note on Parmelia omphalodes and its related species" (PDF). The Journal of Japanese Botany. 51 (12): 377–380.
  36. ^ Elix, John A.; Johnston, Jen (1988). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from the southern hemisphere". Mycotaxon. 31 (2): 491–510.
  37. ^ Crespo, Ana; Rico, Víctor J.; Garrido, Elisa; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Divakar, Pradeep K. (2020). "A revision of species of the Parmelia saxatilis complex in the Iberian Peninsula with the description of P. rojoi, a new potentially relict species". The Lichenologist. 52 (5): 365–376. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000341.
  38. ^ Molina, María del Carmen; Crespo, Ana; Blanco, Oscar; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Hawksworth, David L. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships and species concepts in Parmelia s. str. (Parmeliaceae) inferred from nuclear ITS rDNA and β-tubulin sequences". The Lichenologist. 36 (1): 37–54. doi:10.1017/S0024282904013933.
  39. ^ Hale 1987, p. 43.
  40. ^ Hale, M.E. (1971). "Parmelia squarrosa, a new species in section Parmelia". Phytologia. 22 (1): 29.
  41. ^ Mackay, J.T. (1836). Flora Hibernica. Vol. 2. Dublin: William Curry Junior & Company. p. 145.

Cited literature edit

  • Hale, Mason E. (1987). A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Parmelia Acharius sensu stricto (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. Vol. 66. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

January 01, 1970
parmelia, fungus, this, article, about, genus, lichen, other, uses, parmelia, disambiguation, parmelia, genus, medium, large, foliose, leafy, lichens, global, distribution, extending, from, arctic, antarctic, continent, concentrated, temperate, regions, there,. This article is about the genus of lichen For other uses see Parmelia disambiguation Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose leafy lichens 3 78 It has a global distribution extending from the Arctic 4 to the Antarctic continent 5 but concentrated in temperate regions 6 There are about 40 species in Parmelia 7 In recent decades the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness Parmelia Parmelia saxatilis Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Fungi Division Ascomycota Class Lecanoromycetes Order Lecanorales Family Parmeliaceae Genus ParmeliaAch 1803 Type species Parmelia saxatilis L Ach 1803 Synonyms 1 Lichen L 1753 Amphischizonia Mont 1856 Cryptodictyon A Massal 1860 2 Aspidelia Stirt 1900 It is a foliaceous lichen resembling a leaf in shape The ends of the leaf like lobes are often squarish tipped 3 78 The upper surface is pale bluish gray to light brown in direct sunlight with a network web like ridges and depressions 78 The lower surface is black and has rhizines anchoring it to the substrate 3 78 In general Parmelia have a dark lower side with rhizines rootlets that attach the lichen to its substrate The upper side may be several colours grey yellow brown and may have reproductive organs on it These may be apothecia ascospore producing bodies isidia or soralia both vegetative structures In between these two layers is the medulla which contains the algal component of the lichen Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Fossil record 3 Description 4 Ecology 5 Conservation 6 Distribution 7 Species 8 References 8 1 Cited literatureTaxonomy editParmelia was circumscribed by Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1803 8 His idea of the genus which included foliose species with lecanorine apothecia was quite broad and included species that are now dispersed in many different genera and families such as the Peltigeraceae Lobaria the Pannariaceae Pannaria Parmeliella the Physciaceae Physcia Heterodermia Physconia the Teloschistaceae Xanthoria as well as the Parmeliaceae Cetraria Hypogymnia and Parmeliopsis Its broad circumscription meant that almost every lichen with a thalline apothecial rim was included by 19th century authors 9 In an attempt to create more homogeneous groups of taxa lichenologists created new segregate genera for species once in Parmelia These included Menegazzia 1854 Parmotrema 1860 Anzia 1861 Parmeliopsis 1869 Hypogymnia 1896 Pseudevernia 1903 Pannoparmelia 1912 and Pseudoparmelia 1914 9 In the 1970s and 1980s electron microscopy was used to help divide several Parmelia species groups into different genera based on the structure of their cortex These include Arctoparmelia 10 Bulbothrix Canoparmelia Cetrariastrum Concamerella Everniastrum Flavoparmelia Hypotrachyna Neofuscelia Paraparmelia Parmelina Parmotrema Pseudoparmelia Relicina Relicinopsis Xanthomaculina and Xanthoparmelia Another group of species was segregated on the basis of the presence of pseudocyphellae Punctelia Flavopunctelia and Melanelia In Mason Hale s 1987 monograph on Parmelia he commented The group has been further subdivided now leaving in Parmelia a small apparently irreducible assemblage of species typified by P saxatilis 9 In 2016 however sixteen mostly Australasian species were moved to the new genus Notoparmelia these species had been shown by molecular phylogenetic analysis to form a monophyletic lineage in Parmelia 11 Fossil record editThere are two foliose fossil taxa Parmelia ambra and P isidiiveteris that have been placed provisionally in genus Parmelia due to their overall resemblance to members of this genus 12 Later authors have suggested however that this generic placement is not appropriate for the current concept of Parmelia and that because of the dearth of specimens available for analysis it is impossible to know for certain which of the many foliose genera in the family Parmeliaceae is best suited for these fossils 13 14 Description editParmelia species have a foliose leafy thallus with a substrate attachment ranging from loose to tight The lobes comprising the thallus are rounded more or less straight and may be contiguous or overlapping imbricate The texture of the upper thallus ranges from smooth to foveolate covered with puts and depressions The colour is typically green to whitish grey to greyish brown and some species have a coating of pruina on the surface Most species have pseudocyphellae tiny pores that allow for gas exchange and vegetative propagules such as isidia or soredia or both The lower surface of the thallus is black or close to it and has rhizines either simple or branched that function as holdfasts to attach it to its substrate The cortex botany is paraplectenchymatous a cell arrangement where the hyphae are oriented in all directions 15 The ascomata of Parmelia species are in the form of apothecia which have a zeorine structure an apothecium in which a proper exciple is enclosed in the thalline exciple and are laminal superficial on the surface to somewhat stipitate The exposed upper surface of the hymenium the disc is brown rarely blackish The asci are eight spored while the spores are colorless ellipsoid and measure 10 18 by 5 13 mm The conidiomata are in the form of pycnidia these black spots are laminal and immersed in the thallus surface They produce dumbbell shaped conidia with dimensions of 5 5 8 mm The photobiont partners of Parmelia are green algae from the genera Asterochloris or Trebouxia 15 Ecology editParmelia lichens are food for the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera such as the bagworm moth Taleporia tubulosa 16 Conservation editTwo species of Parmelia have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature for the global IUCN Red List Both Parmelia saxatilis and P sulcata are considered species of least concern due to their widespread distribution abundance and stable populations 17 18 Distribution editEleven Parmelia species were recorded for Europe in 2008 19 Nine occur in the Nordic lichen flora of which P saxatilis and P sulcata are most common and widespread 15 Species edit nbsp Parmelia hygrophila nbsp Parmelia omphalodes nbsp Parmelia sulcata Parmelia adaugescens Nyl 1890 20 Parmelia ambra Poinar E B Peterson amp Platt 2000 12 extinct fossilized in Dominican amber Parmelia asiatica A Crespo amp Divakar 2011 21 China Parmelia barrenoae Divakar M C Molina amp A Crespo 2005 22 Europe Parmelia cochleata Zahlbr 1927 Parmelia discordans Nyl 1886 23 Europe Parmelia encryptata A Crespo Divakar amp M C Molina 2011 24 Parmelia ernstiae Feuerer amp A Thell 2002 25 Europe Parmelia fertilis Mull Arg 1887 26 Parmelia fraudans Nyl Nyl 1861 Parmelia hygrophila Goward amp Ahti 1983 27 North America Parmelia hygrophiloides Divakar Upreti amp Elix 2003 28 India Parmelia imbricaria Goward Divakar M C Molina amp A Crespo 2017 29 Parmelia isidiiveteris Poinar E B Peterson amp Platt 2000 12 extinct fossilized in Dominican amber Parmelia lambii Ovstedal 2009 30 Antarctica Parmelia marmariza Nyl 1890 20 Parmelia mayi Divakar A Crespo amp M C Molina 2011 31 northeastern North America Parmelia meiophora Nyl 1889 32 Parmelia neocaledonica Nyl 1885 33 Parmelia neodiscordans Hale 1987 34 Parmelia niitakana Asahina 1951 Parmelia omphalodes L Ach 1803 Europe Parmelia pinnatifida Kurok 1976 35 Europe Parmelia protosignifera Elix amp J Johnst 1988 36 Australia Parmelia pseudoshinanoana Asahina 1951 Parmelia rojoi A Crespo V J Rico amp Divakar 2020 37 Europe Parmelia saxatilis L Ach 1803 Europe Parmelia sectilis Hale 1968 Parmelia serrana A Crespo M C Molina amp D Hawksw 2004 38 Europe Parmelia shinanoana Zahlbr 1927 Parmelia skultii Hale 1987 39 Europe Parmelia squarrosa Hale 1971 40 Europe Parmelia submontana Hale 1987 Europe Parmelia submutata Hue 1899 Parmelia sulcata Taylor 1836 41 Europe Parmelia sulymae Goward Divakar M C Molina amp A Crespo 2017 29 References edit Synonymy Current Name Parmelia Ach Methodus Sectio post Stockholmiae xxxiii 153 1803 Species Fungorum Retrieved 17 March 2024 Massalongo A B 1860 Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni Comparative examination of some lichen genera Atti dell Istituto Veneto Scienze 5 247 276 a b c Field Guide to California Lichens Stephen Sharnoff Yale University Press 2014 ISBN 978 0 300 19500 2 Skult H 1985 A New Subspecies of Parmelia omphalodes Ascomycetes Described from the Arctic Annales Botanici Fennici 22 201 6 D C Lindsay 1973 Notes on Antarctic lichens IV The genera Cetraria Hoffm Hypogymnia Nyl Nyl Menegazzia Massal Parmelia Ach and Platismatia Culb et Culb British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 36 105 114 Bisby Guy Richard Ainsworth G C Kirk P M Aptroot Andre 2001 Ainsworth amp Bisby s Dictionary of the fungi by P M Kirk et al with the assistance of A Aptroot et al Oxon CAB International p 378 ISBN 978 0 85199 377 5 Ossowska Emilia Guzow Krzeminska Beata Kolanowska Marta Szczepanska Katarzyna Kukwa Martin 2019 Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts MycoKeys 61 39 74 doi 10 3897 mycokeys 61 38175 PMC 6920222 PMID 31866741 Acharius E 1803 Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius in Latin Stockholm Impensis F D D Ulrich p 153 a b c Hale 1987 p 1 Hale M E 1986 Arctoparmelia a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae Mycotaxon 25 1 251 254 Ferencova Zuzana Cubas Paloma Divakar Pradeep Kumar Molina M Carmen Crespo Ana 2014 Notoparmelia a new genus of Parmeliaceae Ascomycota based on overlooked reproductive anatomical features phylogeny and distribution pattern The Lichenologist 46 1 51 67 doi 10 1017 S0024282913000649 a b c Poinar G O Peterson E B Platt J L 2000 Fossil Parmelia in new world amber The Lichenologist 32 3 263 269 doi 10 1006 lich 1999 0258 Beimforde Christina Feldberg Kathrin Nylinder Stephan Rikkinen Jouko Tuovila Hanna Dorfelt Heinrich Gube Matthias Jackson Daniel J Reitner Joachim Seyfullah Leyla J Schmidt Alexander R 2014 Estimating the Phanerozoic history of the Ascomycota lineages Combining fossil and molecular data Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 78 386 398 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2014 04 024 PMID 24792086 Kaasalainen Ulla Heinrichs Jochen Krings Michael Myllys Leena Grabenhorst Heinrich Rikkinen Jouko Schmidt Alexander R 2015 Wilf Peter ed Alectorioid morphologies in Paleogene lichens new evidence and re evaluation of the fossil Alectoria succini Magdefrau PLOS ONE 10 6 e0129526 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1029526K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0129526 PMC 4460037 PMID 26053106 a b c Thell A Thor G Ahti T 2011 Parmelia In Thell Arne Moberg Roland eds Nordic Lichen Flora Vol 4 Svenska Botaniska Foreningen pp 83 89 ISBN 978 91 85221 24 0 Yusuf Mohd 2020 A review on trends and opportuny in edible lichens In Yusuf Mohd ed Lichen Derived Products Extraction and Applications Hoboken NJ John Wiley amp Sons Inc ISBN 978 1 119 59171 9 OCLC 1182019542 Yahr R Allen J Lymbery C Batallas Molina R Bungartz F Dal Forno M Howe N Lendemer J McMullin T Mertens A Paquette H Petix M Reese Naesborg R Roberts F Sharrett S Villella J 18 May 2021 Parmelia saxatilis The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 18 May 2021 Retrieved 29 October 2021 Yahr R Allen J Lymbery C Batallas Molina R Dal Forno M Howe N Lendemer J McMullin T Mertens A Petix M Reese Naesborg R Roberts F Sharrett S Villella J 25 May 2021 Bottle Brush Shield Lichen IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 25 May 2021 Retrieved 29 October 2021 Hawksworth David L Blanco Oscar Divakar Pradeep K Ahti Teuvo Crespo Ana 2008 A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories adopting revised generic circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions The Lichenologist 40 1 1 21 doi 10 1017 S0024282908007329 a b Nylander W 1890 Lichenes Japoniae Accedunt Observationibus Lichenes Insulae Labuan in Latin p 28 Lumbsch H T Ahti T Altermann S De Paz G A Aptroot A Arup U et al 2011 One hundred new species of lichenized fungi a signature of undiscovered global diversity Phytotaxa 18 1 1 127 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 18 1 1 hdl 11336 4198 Divakar Pradeep K Molina M Carmen Lumbsch H Thorsten Crespo Ana 2005 Parmelia barrenoae a new lichen species related to Parmelia sulcata Parmeliaceae based on molecular and morphological data The Lichenologist 37 1 37 46 doi 10 1017 S0024282904014641 Brenner M 1886 Bidrag till kannedom af Finska vikens ovegetation IV Hoglands lafvar Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica in Latin 13 40 Molina Maria del Carmen Divakar Pradeep K Millanes Ana M Sanchez Edinson Del Prado Ruth Hawksworth David L Crespo Ana 2011 Parmelia sulcata Ascomycota Parmeliaceae a sympatric monophyletic species complex The Lichenologist 43 6 585 601 doi 10 1017 S0024282911000521 Feuerer T Thell A 2002 Parmelia ernstiae Feuerer amp Thell a new macrolichen from Germany Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fur Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg in German 30 32 49 60 Muller J 1887 Lichenologische Beitrage XXVI Flora Regensburg in German 70 20 316 322 Goward T Ahti T 1983 Parmelia hygrophila a new lichen species from the Pacific Northwest of North America Annales Botanici Fennici 20 1 9 13 Divakar Pradeep K Upreti D K Sinha G P Elix John A 2003 New species and records in the lichen family Parmeliaceae Ascomycota from India Mycotaxon 88 149 154 a b Molina M Carmen Divakar Pradeep K Goward Trevor Millanes Ana M Lumbsch H Thorsten Crespo Ana 2016 Neogene diversification in the temperate lichen forming fungal genus Parmelia Parmeliaceae Ascomycota Systematics and Biodiversity 15 2 166 181 doi 10 1080 14772000 2016 1226977 Ovstedal D O Lewis Smith R I 2009 Further additions to the lichen flora of Antarctica and South Georgia Nova Hedwigia 88 1 2 157 168 doi 10 1127 0029 5035 2009 0088 0157 Molina M Carmen Del Prado Ruth Divakar Pradeep Kumar Sanchez Mata Daniel Crespo Ana 2011 Another example of cryptic diversity in lichen forming fungi the new species Parmelia mayi Ascomycota Parmeliaceae Organisms Diversity amp Evolution 11 5 331 342 doi 10 1007 s13127 011 0060 4 Hue A M 1889 Lichenes Yunnanenses a cl Delavay praesertim annis 1886 1887 collectos exponit A M Hue 1 Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France in Latin 36 164 Nylander W 1885 Parmeliae exoticae novae Flora Regensburg in Latin 68 605 615 Hale 1987 p 30 Kurokawa S 1976 A note on Parmelia omphalodes and its related species PDF The Journal of Japanese Botany 51 12 377 380 Elix John A Johnston Jen 1988 New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae Ascomycotina from the southern hemisphere Mycotaxon 31 2 491 510 Crespo Ana Rico Victor J Garrido Elisa Lumbsch H Thorsten Divakar Pradeep K 2020 A revision of species of the Parmelia saxatilis complex in the Iberian Peninsula with the description of P rojoi a new potentially relict species The Lichenologist 52 5 365 376 doi 10 1017 S0024282920000341 Molina Maria del Carmen Crespo Ana Blanco Oscar Lumbsch H Thorsten Hawksworth David L 2004 Phylogenetic relationships and species concepts in Parmelia s str Parmeliaceae inferred from nuclear ITS rDNA and b tubulin sequences The Lichenologist 36 1 37 54 doi 10 1017 S0024282904013933 Hale 1987 p 43 Hale M E 1971 Parmelia squarrosa a new species in section Parmelia Phytologia 22 1 29 Mackay J T 1836 Flora Hibernica Vol 2 Dublin William Curry Junior amp Company p 145 Cited literature edit Hale Mason E 1987 A Monograph of the Lichen GenusParmeliaAcharius sensu stricto Ascomycotina Parmeliaceae Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Vol 66 Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Parmelia fungus amp oldid 1214253109, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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