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1549–1550 papal conclave

December 14, 2023

The 1549–50 papal conclave (November 29 – February 7), convened after the death of Pope Paul III and eventually elected Cardinal Giovanni del Monte as Pope Julius III. It was the second-longest papal conclave of the 16th century, and, at the time, the largest papal conclave in history in terms of the number of cardinal electors.[1] The cardinal electors (who at one point totaled 51) were roughly divided between the factions of Henry II of France, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Alessandro Farnese, the cardinal-nephew of Paul III.[1]

Papal conclave
1549–50
Dates and location
29 November 1549 – 7 February 1550
Cappella Paolina, Apostolic Palace,
Papal States
Key officials
DeanGiovanni Domenico de Cupis
Sub-deanGiovanni Salviati
CamerlengoAlessandro Farnese
Election
Ballots61
Elected pope
Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte
Name taken: Julius III
← 1534

Noted for the extensive interference of European powers, the conclave was to determine whether and on what terms the Council of Trent would reconvene (supported by Charles V and opposed by Henry II) and the fate of the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (claimed by both Charles V and the House of Farnese).[2] Although the conclave nearly elected Reginald Pole, the late arrival of additional French cardinals pushed the conclave back into deadlock,[3] and eventually Giovanni del Monte was elected Pope Julius III as a compromise candidate.

The French hoped that Julius III would be hostile to the interests of the Holy Roman Empire. Nevertheless, tensions between him and the French boiled over when he reconvened the Council of Trent in November 1550, culminating in the threat of schism in August 1551 and the brief War of Parma fought between French troops allied with Ottavio Farnese and a papal-imperial army.[4] French prelates did not attend the 1551–1552 sessions of the Council of Trent and were slow to accept its reforms; because Henry II would not allow any French cardinals to reside in Rome, many missed the election of Pope Marcellus II, arriving in Rome just in time to elect Marcellus II's successor, Pope Paul IV, after Marcellus II's brief reign.[5]

Cardinal-electors edit

Pope Paul III had enlarged the College of Cardinals to an unprecedented 54, and the length of the conclave allowed many of the foreign cardinals to arrive, bringing the number of cardinal electors at one point to 51, although two died and several fell ill during the conclave, reducing their number to 44 by the final scrutiny (ballot).[1]

According to the tally of Cardinal Charles de Lorraine-Guise in his letter to Henry II, once the twelve participating French cardinals reached Rome, 23 cardinals were aligned in the French faction, 22 in the Imperial faction, and four neutral; thus Guise judged it impossible for either faction to garner the necessary two-thirds simply by persuading neutral cardinals.[6] In addition, eleven Italian cardinals that Guise counted among the French faction were only likely to vote for a fellow Italian, making the three favorites of Henry II—Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme, Jean de Lorraine, and Georges d'Amboise infeasible.[6] The non-French cardinal protector of France, Ippolito II d'Este, would then have been the choice of Henry II;[7] Catherine de' Medici preferred her cousin Giovanni Salviati, who was unacceptable to Charles V and the Farnese.[6]

In contrast, Charles V favored Juan Álvarez de Toledo followed by Reginald Pole, and found unacceptable all of the French cardinals as well as Salviati, Nicolò Ridolfi, and the two prelates responsible for the transfer of the Council of Trent to Bologna (Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte and Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi).[7] A second imperial faction, led by Ercole Gonzaga and Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, that opposed Charles's preferred candidates, supported the candidacy of Gonzaga and Salviati.[8]

Absent were three cardinals, the Frenchmen Claude de Longwy de Givry, Bishop of Poitiers, and Jacques d'Annebaut, Bishop of Lisieux, and Henrique de Portugal, Archbishop of Evora.

Procedure edit

The rules of the conclave, as laid out in Ubi periculum and codified into canon law were nominally observed, but also blatantly disregarded, especially with respect to the rules prohibiting communication with the outside world.[2] Some unauthorized persons are known to have been present in the conclave, leaving through the small door left open (per portulam ostio conclavis relictam).[10] Portuguese Cardinal Miguel de Silva, irked by the presence of ambassadors from both Charles V and Henry II, complained to Dean de Cupis that the conclave was "more open than closed" (non conclusum sed patens conclave).[10] By January 14, with the arrival of Louis de Bourbon, there were approximately 400 people in the conclave, only 48 of whom were cardinals—including the brothers of some cardinals, the representatives of secular rulers, and those whose only purpose was to inform the outside world on the proceedings.[11]

On November 27, the twelve cardinals who had arrived in Rome by then, joined the twenty-nine who had been in Rome at the death of Paul III in drawing lots of the assignment of cells during the conclave; however, those who were already ill were given preferential cell placement without having to draw lots.[12] The conclavists decided to proceed with "closed" ballots (ut vota secreto darentur) on December 3, having read and sworn to adhere to the bull of Pope Julius II against simoniacal election, Contra simoniacos, and Pope Gregory X's bull establishing the conclave, Ubi periculum on December 1.[13] On January 31, a reform committee—composed of Carafa, Bourbon, Pacheco, Waldburg, de Silva, and Pole—decided on thirteen new rules: limiting each cardinal to three conclavists, preventing cardinals from enlarging or switching assigned cells, prohibiting private meetings of more than three cardinals, banning eating together or sharing food, and confining the cardinals to their cells between 10:30 p.m. and dawn; physicians and barbers were each limited to three Italians, and one each of France, Germany, and Spain.[14]

Balloting edit

 
Reginald Pole, the second choice of Charles V and early favorite of the conclave

The first scrutiny was held on December 3, the fifth day of the conclave, in the Cappella Paolina (not the Sistine Chapel, which had been divided into nineteen cells for infirm cardinals).[13] Because it took ten days for the news of Pope Paul III's death to reach the French court, at the start of the conclave almost all the cardinals aligned with the Holy Roman Empire were in Rome, while only two of the fourteen French cardinals were in Italy (one was Antoine du Meudon, who had been vacationing in Farnese territory[9]); because one clause of the Concordat of Bologna allowed the pope to fill French benefices if the French prelate died in Rome, Henry II exhorted his cardinals to remain in France, and relied on his non-French allies (in particular, Ippolito II d'Este) to act as his go-between with the Roman Curia.[15] d'Este had done his best to delay the start of the conclave to allow the French cardinals to arrive, using his influence to schedule the papal funerary rite (which was, by law, nine days long) to begin an unusual nine days after Paul III's death.[7]

At the start of the conclave, Alessandro Farnese, the cardinal-nephew of Paul III, and his faction of four or five cardinals (including Ranuccio Farnese and Guido Ascanio Sforza[12]), whom Guise had counted among the French faction, began supporting the second choice of the Holy Roman Emperor, Reginald Pole, apparently having received assurances that Ottavio Farnese's claim to the Duchy of Parma would be supported by Charles V.[16] On December 5, Pole received twenty-six votes, only two short of the requisite two-thirds majority, prompting French ambassador Claude d'Urfé to rush to the door of the conclave,[16] demanding that the conclave wait for the French cardinals, whom he claimed were in Corsica, and threatening that the election of a pope in their absence would be likely to cause a schism.[17]

Whether or not Urfé's warning had any effect on the conclavists, from December 7, when the French cardinals landed south of Genoa, to the end of the conclave, Pole polled no more twenty-four or twenty-three votes.[18] On December 11, four French cardinals—Guise, Charles de Bourbon, Odet de Coligny de Châtillon, and Jean du Bellay—arrived, bringing the requisite supermajority to thirty-one.[18] Henry II bankrolled Guise with a sum of 150,000 écus, likely for bribes, and additional French cardinals began to trickle into the conclave:[18] Georges d'Amboise and Philippe de la Chambre on December 28; Jean de Lorraine on December 31; and (the extremely elderly) Louis de Bourbon on January 14.[19]

By the end of January, Pole had dropped to twenty-one votes, but the French faction remained split between Carafa, de Bourbon, Lorraine, and Salviati; Este's candidacy, though desired by many in the French College, had not yet been put forward, perhaps having been held back in hopes that he would be more acceptable as the conclave dragged on.[19] Toward the end of January, in accordance with traditional efforts to counter dilatory cardinals, the amenities and rations of the conclave were decreased and the upper story windows were closed to reduce the natural lighting and fresh air.[20] Soon afterwards, Ridolfi—the French candidate most acceptable to Farnese—died amid accusations of poisoning on January 31.[20]

A letter dated February 6 from Henry II, advising Guise to support a neutral candidate, never reached the conclave before its conclusion.[21] Although Del Monte had originally been opposed by both the Imperial faction (for his role in moving the Council of Trent) and the French faction (for his plebeian genealogy and alleged personal indiscretions), he obtained the support of the French for his perceived past hostility to the Empire, the support of Farnese for his pledge to support the claim of Ottavio Farnese in Parma, and the support of a few Imperialists, having not been specifically excluded in Charles V's last letter.[22] On February 7, on the sixty-first scrutiny of the conclave, Del Monte was "unanimously" elected and took the name Pope Julius III (forty-one cardinals had previously acquiesced to his candidacy, although the more fervent of the Imperialists had not until it was already inevitable).[22]

Primary sources edit

The main sources for the proceedings and vote-counts of the conclave come from the accounts Enrico Dandolo of Venice, Simon Renard (the Imperial ambassador to France), and Diego de Mendoza (ambassador to Charles V), the correspondences between Henry II and Guise and d'Este, and the diaries of the various conclavists.[16] In particular, Angelo Massarelli, the secretary of Marcello Cervini, devotes his entire fifth diary to the conclave.[10]

The papabili edit

Further information: Gambling on papal elections

Before and during the conclave, many Roman bankers offered betting spreads on the papabili (cardinals likely to be elected). According to Dandolo, "it is more than clear that the merchants are very well informed about the state of the poll, and that the cardinals' attendants in Conclave go partners with them in wagers, which thus causes many tens of thousands of crowns to change hands" (an early example of insider trading).[7]

Cardinal del Monte (who was eventually elected Julius III) had started out as the favorite at 1 to 5, trailed by Salviati, Ridolfi, and Pole, but Pole was the favorite three days later at 1 to 4.[16] By December 5, Pole's odds had risen to 95 to 100.[16] With the arrival of four additional French cardinals on December 11, Pole's odds fell to 2 to 5.[18] On January 22, the odds quoted against the conclave finishing during January were 9 to 10, against February: 1 to 2, against March: 1 to 5, and never: 1 to 10.[20]

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c Baumgartner, 1985, p. 301.
  2. ^ a b Baumgartner, 1985, p. 302.
  3. ^ Baumgartner, 1985, pp. 306–308.
  4. ^ Baumgartner, 1985, pp. 313–314.
  5. ^ Baumgartner, 1985, p. 314.
  6. ^ a b c Baumgartner, 1985, p. 304.
  7. ^ a b c d Baumgartner, 1985, p. 305.
  8. ^ Bonora, Elena (2022). Waiting for the Emperor : Italian princes, the pope and Charles V. Richard Bates, Società di studi valdesi. Roma. pp. 238–244. ISBN 978-88-3313-851-0. OCLC 1315023054.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ a b Setton, 1984, p. 506.
  10. ^ a b c Setton, 1984, p. 508.
  11. ^ Setton, 1984, p. 517-518.
  12. ^ a b Setton, 1984, p. 507.
  13. ^ a b Setton, 1984, p. 509.
  14. ^ Setton 1984, pp. 518–519.
  15. ^ Baumgartner, 1985, p. 303.
  16. ^ a b c d e Baumgartner, 1985, p. 306.
  17. ^ Baumgartner, 1985, p. 307.
  18. ^ a b c d Baumgartner, 1985, p. 308.
  19. ^ a b Baumgartner, 1985, p. 309.
  20. ^ a b c Baumgartner, 1985, p. 310.
  21. ^ Baumgartner, 1985, p. 311.
  22. ^ a b Baumgartner, 1985, p. 312.

References edit

  • Petruccelli della Gattina, Ferdinando (1864). Histoire diplomatique des conclaves (in French). Vol. Tome II. Paris: A. Lacroix, Verboeckhoven et cie. pp. 23–64.
  • Baumgartner, Frederic J. (19 December 2003). Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 104–110. ISBN 978-0-312-29463-2.
  • Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1985). "Henry II and the Papal Conclave of 1549". Sixteenth Century Journal. 16 (3): 301–314. doi:10.2307/2540219. JSTOR 2540219.
  • Setton, Kenneth M. (1984). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume III: The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-161-2.
  • Bonora, Elena (2022). Waiting for the Emperor: Italian Princes, the Pope and Charles V. Rome: Viella. ISBN 978-88-3313-851-0.

December 14, 2023
1549, 1550, papal, conclave, 1549, papal, conclave, november, february, convened, after, death, pope, paul, eventually, elected, cardinal, giovanni, monte, pope, julius, second, longest, papal, conclave, 16th, century, time, largest, papal, conclave, history, . The 1549 50 papal conclave November 29 February 7 convened after the death of Pope Paul III and eventually elected Cardinal Giovanni del Monte as Pope Julius III It was the second longest papal conclave of the 16th century and at the time the largest papal conclave in history in terms of the number of cardinal electors 1 The cardinal electors who at one point totaled 51 were roughly divided between the factions of Henry II of France Charles V Holy Roman Emperor and Alessandro Farnese the cardinal nephew of Paul III 1 Papal conclave 1549 50Dates and location29 November 1549 7 February 1550Cappella Paolina Apostolic Palace Papal StatesKey officialsDeanGiovanni Domenico de CupisSub deanGiovanni SalviatiCamerlengoAlessandro FarneseElectionBallots61Elected popeGiovanni Maria Ciocchi del MonteName taken Julius III 1534April 1555 Noted for the extensive interference of European powers the conclave was to determine whether and on what terms the Council of Trent would reconvene supported by Charles V and opposed by Henry II and the fate of the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza claimed by both Charles V and the House of Farnese 2 Although the conclave nearly elected Reginald Pole the late arrival of additional French cardinals pushed the conclave back into deadlock 3 and eventually Giovanni del Monte was elected Pope Julius III as a compromise candidate The French hoped that Julius III would be hostile to the interests of the Holy Roman Empire Nevertheless tensions between him and the French boiled over when he reconvened the Council of Trent in November 1550 culminating in the threat of schism in August 1551 and the brief War of Parma fought between French troops allied with Ottavio Farnese and a papal imperial army 4 French prelates did not attend the 1551 1552 sessions of the Council of Trent and were slow to accept its reforms because Henry II would not allow any French cardinals to reside in Rome many missed the election of Pope Marcellus II arriving in Rome just in time to elect Marcellus II s successor Pope Paul IV after Marcellus II s brief reign 5 Contents 1 Cardinal electors 2 Procedure 3 Balloting 4 Primary sources 4 1 The papabili 5 Notes 6 ReferencesCardinal electors editPope Paul III had enlarged the College of Cardinals to an unprecedented 54 and the length of the conclave allowed many of the foreign cardinals to arrive bringing the number of cardinal electors at one point to 51 although two died and several fell ill during the conclave reducing their number to 44 by the final scrutiny ballot 1 According to the tally of Cardinal Charles de Lorraine Guise in his letter to Henry II once the twelve participating French cardinals reached Rome 23 cardinals were aligned in the French faction 22 in the Imperial faction and four neutral thus Guise judged it impossible for either faction to garner the necessary two thirds simply by persuading neutral cardinals 6 In addition eleven Italian cardinals that Guise counted among the French faction were only likely to vote for a fellow Italian making the three favorites of Henry II Louis de Bourbon de Vendome Jean de Lorraine and Georges d Amboise infeasible 6 The non French cardinal protector of France Ippolito II d Este would then have been the choice of Henry II 7 Catherine de Medici preferred her cousin Giovanni Salviati who was unacceptable to Charles V and the Farnese 6 In contrast Charles V favored Juan Alvarez de Toledo followed by Reginald Pole and found unacceptable all of the French cardinals as well as Salviati Nicolo Ridolfi and the two prelates responsible for the transfer of the Council of Trent to Bologna Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte and Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi 7 A second imperial faction led by Ercole Gonzaga and Diego Hurtado de Mendoza that opposed Charles s preferred candidates supported the candidacy of Gonzaga and Salviati 8 Elector Nationality Order Title Elevated Elevator NotesGiovanni Domenico de Cupis Roman pro French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Ostia e Velletri 1517 July 1 Leo X Dean of the College of CardinalsGiovanni Salviati Florentine pro French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina 1517 July 1 Leo X Sub Dean of the College of CardinalsUncle of Catherine de MediciPhilippe de la Chambre French Cardinal bishop O S B bishop of Frascati 1533 November 7 Clement VIIGian Pietro Carafa Neapolitan pro French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Sabina archbishop of Naples 1536 December 22 Paul III Future Pope Paul IVGiovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte Roman Cardinal bishop Bishop of Palestrina 1536 December 22 Paul III Elected Pope Julius IIIEnnio Filonardi Roman pro French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Albano 1536 December 22 Paul III Died December 19 1549Innocenzo Cibo Florentine 9 Cardinal deacon Administrator of Marseille France 1517 July 1 Leo X Primus diaconus Cardinal nephewWithdrew January 23 with tertian feverLouis de Bourbon de Vendome French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Laon administrator of Sens France 1517 July 1 Leo XNicolo Ridolfi Florentine pro French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Vicenza 1517 July 1 Leo X Died January 31 February 1 1550 Cardinal nephewFrancesco Pisani Venetian Cardinal bishop Bishop of Padua 1517 July 1 Leo XJean de Lorraine French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Metz Lorraine administrator of Narbonne Agen and Nantes France 1518 May 28 Leo XNiccolo Gaddi Florentine 1527 May 3 Clement VIIErcole Gonzaga Mantuan pro Imperial Cardinal bishop Bishop of Mantua 1527 May 3 Clement VIIGirolamo Doria Genoese Administrator of Tarragona 1529 January Clement VIIFrancois de Tournon French Cardinal bishop Archbishop of Auch France 1530 March 9 Clement VIIOdet de Coligny de Chatillon French Administrator of Beauvais and Toulouse France 1533 November 7 Clement VIIAlessandro Farnese Valentano Cardinal bishop Administrator of Avignon and Tours France Viseu Portugal and Monreale Sicily 1534 December 18 Paul III Camerlengo Cardinal nephewGuido Ascanio Sforza Roman Cardinal bishop Bishop of Parma 1534 December 18 Paul IIIJean du Bellay French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Paris administrator of Bordeaux France 1535 May 21 Paul IIIRodolfo Pio di Carpi Carpi pro Imperial 1536 December 22 Paul IIIReginald Pole English pro Imperial Cardinal bishop Archbishop of Canterbury England 1536 December 22 Paul IIINiccolo Caetani Neapolitan 1536 December 22published March 13 1538 Paul IIIJuan Alvarez de Toledo Spanish pro Imperial Cardinal bishop O P bishop of Burgos Spain 1538 December 20 Paul III Brother of Pedro de Toledo viceroy of Charles V to NaplesRobert de Lenoncourt French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Chalons sur Marne France 1538 December 20 Paul IIIIppolito II d Este Ferrara pro French Cardinal bishop Archbishop of Milan administrator of Lyon France administrator of Autun France 1538 December 20published March 5 1539 Paul III Member of the court of Francis I of FranceAntoine Sanguin de Meudon French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Orleans France 1539 December 19 Paul IIIMarcello Cervini degli Spannochi Cardinal bishop Bishop of Gubbio 1539 December 19 Paul III Future Pope Marcellus IIGiacomo Savelli Roman 1539 December 19 Paul IIIMiguel da Silva Portuguese Cardinal bishop Bishop of Massa Marittima 1539 December 19published December 2 1541 Paul IIIGiovanni Morone Milanese pro Imperial 1542 June 2 Paul IIIMarcello Crescenzi Roman Administrator of Conza 1542 June 2 Paul IIICristoforo Madruzzo Imperial Cardinal bishop Bishop of Trent Tyrol bishop of Brixen Austria 1542 June 2published January 7 1545 Paul IIIFrancisco Mendoza de Bobadilla Spanish pro Imperial Cardinal bishop Bishop of Coria Spain 1544 December 19 Paul IIIBartolome de la Cueva y Toledo Spanish pro Imperial 1544 December 19 Paul IIIGeorges d Armagnac French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Rodez administrator of Tours France 1544 December 19 Paul IIIOtto Truchess von Waldburg Imperial Cardinal bishop Bishop of Augsburg Germany 1544 December 19 Paul IIIAndrea Cornaro Venetian Cardinal bishop Bishop of Brescia 1544 December 19 Paul IIIFrancesco Sfondrati Milanese pro Imperial Cardinal bishop Bishop of Cremona 1544 December 19 Paul IIIFederico Cesi Roman 1544 December 19 Paul IIIDurante de Duranti Cardinal bishop Bishop of Cassano 1544 December 19 Paul IIIGirolamo Recanati Capodiferro Roman Saint Jean de Maurienne Savoy 1544 December 19 Paul IIITiberio Crispo Roman Administrator of Amalfi 1544 December 19 Paul III Cardinal nephewPedro Pacheco de Villena Spanish pro Imperial Cardinal bishop Bishop of Jaen Spain 1545 December 16 Paul IIIGeorges d Amboise French Cardinal bishop Archbishop of Rouen France 1545 December 16 Paul IIIRanuccio Farnese Cardinal bishop Grand penitentiary archbishop of Ravenna 1545 December 16 Paul III Cardinal nephewCharles de Lorraine Guise French Cardinal bishop Archbishop of Reims France 1547 July 27 Paul IIIGiulio Feltre della Rovere Administrator of Urbino 1547 July 27published January 9 1548 Paul IIICharles II de Bourbon Vandome French Cardinal bishop Bishop of Saintes France 1548 January 9 Paul IIIGirolamo Verallo Roman Cardinal bishop Archbishop of Rossano bishop of Capaccio 1549 April 8 Paul IIIGiovanni Angelo Medici Milanese Cardinal bishop Archbishop of Ragusa Dalmatia 1549 April 8 Paul III Future Pope Pius IVBernardino Maffei Roman Cardinal bishop Archbishop of Chieti 1549 April 8 Paul IIIAbsent were three cardinals the Frenchmen Claude de Longwy de Givry Bishop of Poitiers and Jacques d Annebaut Bishop of Lisieux and Henrique de Portugal Archbishop of Evora Procedure editThe rules of the conclave as laid out in Ubi periculum and codified into canon law were nominally observed but also blatantly disregarded especially with respect to the rules prohibiting communication with the outside world 2 Some unauthorized persons are known to have been present in the conclave leaving through the small door left open per portulam ostio conclavis relictam 10 Portuguese Cardinal Miguel de Silva irked by the presence of ambassadors from both Charles V and Henry II complained to Dean de Cupis that the conclave was more open than closed non conclusum sed patens conclave 10 By January 14 with the arrival of Louis de Bourbon there were approximately 400 people in the conclave only 48 of whom were cardinals including the brothers of some cardinals the representatives of secular rulers and those whose only purpose was to inform the outside world on the proceedings 11 On November 27 the twelve cardinals who had arrived in Rome by then joined the twenty nine who had been in Rome at the death of Paul III in drawing lots of the assignment of cells during the conclave however those who were already ill were given preferential cell placement without having to draw lots 12 The conclavists decided to proceed with closed ballots ut vota secreto darentur on December 3 having read and sworn to adhere to the bull of Pope Julius II against simoniacal election Contra simoniacos and Pope Gregory X s bull establishing the conclave Ubi periculum on December 1 13 On January 31 a reform committee composed of Carafa Bourbon Pacheco Waldburg de Silva and Pole decided on thirteen new rules limiting each cardinal to three conclavists preventing cardinals from enlarging or switching assigned cells prohibiting private meetings of more than three cardinals banning eating together or sharing food and confining the cardinals to their cells between 10 30 p m and dawn physicians and barbers were each limited to three Italians and one each of France Germany and Spain 14 Balloting edit nbsp Reginald Pole the second choice of Charles V and early favorite of the conclaveThe first scrutiny was held on December 3 the fifth day of the conclave in the Cappella Paolina not the Sistine Chapel which had been divided into nineteen cells for infirm cardinals 13 Because it took ten days for the news of Pope Paul III s death to reach the French court at the start of the conclave almost all the cardinals aligned with the Holy Roman Empire were in Rome while only two of the fourteen French cardinals were in Italy one was Antoine du Meudon who had been vacationing in Farnese territory 9 because one clause of the Concordat of Bologna allowed the pope to fill French benefices if the French prelate died in Rome Henry II exhorted his cardinals to remain in France and relied on his non French allies in particular Ippolito II d Este to act as his go between with the Roman Curia 15 d Este had done his best to delay the start of the conclave to allow the French cardinals to arrive using his influence to schedule the papal funerary rite which was by law nine days long to begin an unusual nine days after Paul III s death 7 At the start of the conclave Alessandro Farnese the cardinal nephew of Paul III and his faction of four or five cardinals including Ranuccio Farnese and Guido Ascanio Sforza 12 whom Guise had counted among the French faction began supporting the second choice of the Holy Roman Emperor Reginald Pole apparently having received assurances that Ottavio Farnese s claim to the Duchy of Parma would be supported by Charles V 16 On December 5 Pole received twenty six votes only two short of the requisite two thirds majority prompting French ambassador Claude d Urfe to rush to the door of the conclave 16 demanding that the conclave wait for the French cardinals whom he claimed were in Corsica and threatening that the election of a pope in their absence would be likely to cause a schism 17 Whether or not Urfe s warning had any effect on the conclavists from December 7 when the French cardinals landed south of Genoa to the end of the conclave Pole polled no more twenty four or twenty three votes 18 On December 11 four French cardinals Guise Charles de Bourbon Odet de Coligny de Chatillon and Jean du Bellay arrived bringing the requisite supermajority to thirty one 18 Henry II bankrolled Guise with a sum of 150 000 ecus likely for bribes and additional French cardinals began to trickle into the conclave 18 Georges d Amboise and Philippe de la Chambre on December 28 Jean de Lorraine on December 31 and the extremely elderly Louis de Bourbon on January 14 19 By the end of January Pole had dropped to twenty one votes but the French faction remained split between Carafa de Bourbon Lorraine and Salviati Este s candidacy though desired by many in the French College had not yet been put forward perhaps having been held back in hopes that he would be more acceptable as the conclave dragged on 19 Toward the end of January in accordance with traditional efforts to counter dilatory cardinals the amenities and rations of the conclave were decreased and the upper story windows were closed to reduce the natural lighting and fresh air 20 Soon afterwards Ridolfi the French candidate most acceptable to Farnese died amid accusations of poisoning on January 31 20 A letter dated February 6 from Henry II advising Guise to support a neutral candidate never reached the conclave before its conclusion 21 Although Del Monte had originally been opposed by both the Imperial faction for his role in moving the Council of Trent and the French faction for his plebeian genealogy and alleged personal indiscretions he obtained the support of the French for his perceived past hostility to the Empire the support of Farnese for his pledge to support the claim of Ottavio Farnese in Parma and the support of a few Imperialists having not been specifically excluded in Charles V s last letter 22 On February 7 on the sixty first scrutiny of the conclave Del Monte was unanimously elected and took the name Pope Julius III forty one cardinals had previously acquiesced to his candidacy although the more fervent of the Imperialists had not until it was already inevitable 22 Primary sources editThe main sources for the proceedings and vote counts of the conclave come from the accounts Enrico Dandolo of Venice Simon Renard the Imperial ambassador to France and Diego de Mendoza ambassador to Charles V the correspondences between Henry II and Guise and d Este and the diaries of the various conclavists 16 In particular Angelo Massarelli the secretary of Marcello Cervini devotes his entire fifth diary to the conclave 10 The papabili edit Further information Gambling on papal elections Before and during the conclave many Roman bankers offered betting spreads on the papabili cardinals likely to be elected According to Dandolo it is more than clear that the merchants are very well informed about the state of the poll and that the cardinals attendants in Conclave go partners with them in wagers which thus causes many tens of thousands of crowns to change hands an early example of insider trading 7 Cardinal del Monte who was eventually elected Julius III had started out as the favorite at 1 to 5 trailed by Salviati Ridolfi and Pole but Pole was the favorite three days later at 1 to 4 16 By December 5 Pole s odds had risen to 95 to 100 16 With the arrival of four additional French cardinals on December 11 Pole s odds fell to 2 to 5 18 On January 22 the odds quoted against the conclave finishing during January were 9 to 10 against February 1 to 2 against March 1 to 5 and never 1 to 10 20 Notes edit a b c Baumgartner 1985 p 301 a b Baumgartner 1985 p 302 Baumgartner 1985 pp 306 308 Baumgartner 1985 pp 313 314 Baumgartner 1985 p 314 a b c Baumgartner 1985 p 304 a b c d Baumgartner 1985 p 305 Bonora Elena 2022 Waiting for the Emperor Italian princes the pope and Charles V Richard Bates Societa di studi valdesi Roma pp 238 244 ISBN 978 88 3313 851 0 OCLC 1315023054 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b Setton 1984 p 506 a b c Setton 1984 p 508 Setton 1984 p 517 518 a b Setton 1984 p 507 a b Setton 1984 p 509 Setton 1984 pp 518 519 Baumgartner 1985 p 303 a b c d e Baumgartner 1985 p 306 Baumgartner 1985 p 307 a b c d Baumgartner 1985 p 308 a b Baumgartner 1985 p 309 a b c Baumgartner 1985 p 310 Baumgartner 1985 p 311 a b Baumgartner 1985 p 312 References editPetruccelli della Gattina Ferdinando 1864 Histoire diplomatique des conclaves in French Vol Tome II Paris A Lacroix Verboeckhoven et cie pp 23 64 Baumgartner Frederic J 19 December 2003 Behind Locked Doors A History of the Papal Elections New York Palgrave Macmillan pp 104 110 ISBN 978 0 312 29463 2 Baumgartner Frederic J 1985 Henry II and the Papal Conclave of 1549 Sixteenth Century Journal 16 3 301 314 doi 10 2307 2540219 JSTOR 2540219 Setton Kenneth M 1984 The Papacy and the Levant 1204 1571 Volume III The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III Philadelphia The American Philosophical Society ISBN 0 87169 161 2 Bonora Elena 2022 Waiting for the Emperor Italian Princes the Pope and Charles V Rome Viella ISBN 978 88 3313 851 0 Portals nbsp Catholicism nbsp Christianity nbsp Vatican City1549 1550 papal conclave at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity nbsp Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1549 1550 papal conclave amp oldid 1187395201, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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