Outline of water

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to water:

Faucet dripping water.

Structure of the water molecule (H₂O)

Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H₂O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Under nomenclature used to name chemical compounds, Dihydrogen monoxide is the scientific name for water, though it is almost never used.^[1]

History

• The identification of water as a substance

Chemical properties and use

 

Seawater.

 

Boiling water.

• Properties of water – Physical and chemical properties of pure water
• Electrolysis of water – Electricity-induced chemical reaction
• Water of crystallization – Water molecules present inside crystals
• Dealkalization of water – Removal of alkalinity ions from water
• Drinking water quality standards – Quality parameters set for drinking water
• Portable water purification – Self-contained, easily transported units used to purify water from untreated sources
• Self-ionization of water – Autoprotolysis or exchange of a proton between two water molecules
• Water-in-water emulsion
• Water purification – Process of removing impurities from water
• Water treatment – Process that improves the quality of water
• Water (data page) – Chemical data page for water
• Hard water – Water that has a high mineral content
• Soft water – Water that has a high mineral contentPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Water softening – Removing positive ions from hard water
• Water absorption
• Heavy water – Form of water
• Distilled water – Water that has had many of its impurities removed through distillation
• Salinity – Proportion of salt dissolved in water
  • Saline water – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts
  • Seawater – Water from a sea or an ocean
• Hydrate – Substance containing water or its constituent elements
• Boiling – Rapid phase transition from liquid to gas or vapour

Physical properties

 

Frozen water, that is, ice.

• Properties of water – Physical and chemical properties of pure water
  • Color of water – Water color in different conditions
  • Water vapor – Gaseous phase of water
    • Vapour pressure of water – Pressure exerted by molecules of water vapor in gaseous form
    • Steam – Water in the gas phase
  • Ice – Frozen water: the solid state of water
  • Optical properties of water and ice
  • Water quality – Assessment against standards for use
  • Water (data page) – Chemical data page for water
• Mineral water – Drinking water from a mineral spring

Geography

 

The Water Cycle

 

Rapidly flowing river.

 

Formation of a waterfall

 

Victoria Falls

• Origin of water on Earth – Hypotheses for the possible sources of the water on Earth
  • Evolution of water on Mars and Earth
• Extraterrestrial liquid water – Liquid water naturally occurring outside Earth
  • Water on terrestrial planets of the Solar System
    • Lunar water – Presence of water on the Moon
    • Water on Mars – Study of past and present water on Mars
  • List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water – Possible existence of liquid water beyond Earth
• Hydrosphere – Total amount of water on a planet
  • Hydrology – Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets
    • Water distribution on Earth – Overview of the distribution of water on planet Earth
  • Water cycle – Continuous movement
• water on, above and below the surface of the Earth
  • Groundwater – Water located beneath the ground surface
• Body of water – Any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface
  • Salt water – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts
    • Seawater – Water from a sea or an ocean
    • Ocean – Salt water covering most of Earth
    • Sea – Large body of salt water
      • Tide – Rise and fall of the sea level under astronomical gravitational influences
    • Brine – Concentrated solution of salt in water
    • Brackish water – Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater
  • Fresh water – Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts
    • Aquifer – Underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock
    • River – Natural flowing watercourse
    • Drainage – Removal of water from an area of land
      • Drainage divide – Elevated terrain that separates neighbouring drainage basins
      • Drainage basin – Land area where water converges to a common outlet
    • Lake – Large body of relatively still water
• Glacier – Persistent body of ice that is moving under its own weight
• Geyser – Natural explosive eruption of hot water
• Spring – A point at which water emenges from an aquifer to the surface
• Waterfall – A point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop
  • List of waterfalls – List of notable waterfalls of the world

Weather

 

A snowflake.

 

Snow-covered trees.

• Precipitation (meteorology) – Product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravityPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Rain – Precipitation in the form of water droplets
  • Freezing rain – Rain maintained at temperatures below freezing
  • Drizzle – Light liquid precipitation
  • Snow – Precipitation in the form of ice crystal flakes
  • Snow pellets – Precipitation that forms when supercooled droplets of water freeze on a falling snowflakePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Snow grains – very small particles of ice, the solid equivalent of drizzlePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
  • Ice pellets – Precipitation consisting of small, translucent balls of ice
  • Hail – Form of solid precipitation
  • Ice crystals – Water ice in symmetrical shapesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Dew – Water in the form of droplets that appears on thin, exposed objects in the morning or evening
  • Frost – Coating or deposit of ice
    • Hoarfrost – Coating or deposit of icePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Atmospheric icing – Weather condition in which water droplets freeze onto objects they come in contact with
  • Glaze ice – Coating of ice on objectsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Cloud – Visible mass of liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in the atmospheres
• Fog – Atmospheric phenomenon
• Mist – Phenomenon caused by small droplets of water suspended in air
• Spindrift – Spray blown from cresting waves in gales
• Flood – Water overflow submerging usually-dry land
• Wave – Repeated oscillation around equilibrium
  • Wind wave – Surface waves generated by wind on open water
  • Tsunami – Series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water
• Drought – Period with less precipitation than normal

In nature and life

• Origin of water on Earth – Hypotheses for the possible sources of the water on Earth
  • Evolution of water on Mars and Earth
• Water intoxication – Potentially fatal overhydration
• Drinking water – Water safe for consumption
• Drowning – Respiratory impairment resulting from being in or underneath a liquid
• Dehydration – Deficit of total body water

Marine and aquatic life

• Underwater – Aquatic or submarine environment
• Marine biology – Scientific study of organisms that live in the ocean
• Marine life – Organisms that live in salt water
• Hydrobiology – Science of life and life processes in water
  • Aquatic ecosystem – Ecosystem in a body of water

Politics and issues

• Human right to water and sanitation – Human right recognized by the United Nations General Assembly in 2010
• Water politics – Politics affected by the availability of water and water resources
  • Water politics in the Middle East
  • Water politics in the Jordan River basin – Political issues arising from or related to the water of the Jordan River
• Water law – Law and regulations that relate to water resourcesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Water right – Right of a user to use water from a water source
• Water resources – Sources of water that are potentially useful
  • Water resources of the People's Republic of China – Geography, cleanliness, and access to waterPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Water resources of Singapore
• Reuse of water bottles – Waste managementPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Water crisis (disambiguation) – a type of crises focused on access to waterPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
  • Water conservation – Policies for sustainable development of water use
    • Water efficiency – gallons per capita per dayPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
    • Water footprint – Extent of water use in relation to consumption by people
• Water industry – Drinking and wastewater services
  • Water privatization
  • Water management – Sources of water that are potentially usefulPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Water conflicts – Conflict over an access to water resourcesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Water export – Outbound trade involving freshwater
• Water pollution – Contamination of water bodies

Supply and sanitation

 

An example of a Reservoir, Ladybower Reservoir.

• Water supply – Provision of water by public utilities, commercial organisations or others
  • Water supply network – System of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components providing water
    • Reservoir – Storage space for water
    • Dam – Barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface or underground streams
    • Water tower – Elevated structure supporting a tank
    • Aqueduct – Structure constructed to convey waterPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
    • Pump – Device that imparts energy to the fluids by mechanical action
    • Water well – Excavation or structure to provide access to groundwaterPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
    • Drinking Fountain – Architecture which pours water into a basin or jets it into the air
    • Water pipe – Systems for conveying fluidsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
      • Plumbing – Systems for conveying fluids
    • Tap (valve) – Valve controlling the release of a liquid or gas
• Sanitation – Public health conditions related to clean water and proper excreta and sewage disposal
• Drinking water – Water safe for consumption
• Water fluoridation – Addition of fluoride to a water supply to reduce tooth decay
  • Opposition to water fluoridation – Overview of the debate over the anti-tooth decay measurePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

In culture and sport

 

Poseidon, Greek god of water. The Roman water god, Neptune, was almost identical to Poseidon

• Water deity – Water deities around the worldPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Water (classical element) – One of four primary substances in antiquity
• Holy water – Water blessed by a religious figure
• Adam's ale – Colloquial allusion to water
• Water sports )
  • List of water sports
    • Swimming – Water-based sport
    • Water polo – Competitive team sport played in water
  • Underwater sports – Competitive underwater recreational activities
• Winter sports – Sports or recreational activities which are played on snow or ice
• Water gun – Type of toy gun designed to shoot water
• Water fight – A type of mock combat
• Fountain – Architecture which pours water into a basin or jets it into the air
• Underwater diving – Descending below the surface of the water to interact with the environment

Uses

• Bathing – Washing or immersing the body with water
  • Sink – Bowl-shaped plumbing fixture
  • Bathtub – Large container for holding water in which a person may bathe
  • Shower – Place in which a person bathes under a spray of water
• Drinking – Ingestion of water or other liquids
  • Drinking water – Water safe for consumption
  • Tap water – Water supplied through a pipe and tap combination
  • Bottled water – Water sold as a bottled product
  • Drinking vessel
    • Glass (drinkware)
• Use of water in fire fighting – Actions to prevent damage from firePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Irrigation – Agricultural artificial application of water to land
• Professional diving – Underwater diving where divers are paid for their work
• Naval warfare – Combat involving sea-going ships
• Washing – Method of cleaning
  • Pressure washing – Use of high-pressure water jet for cleaning hard surfaces
• Water transport – Transport of people or goods via waterwaysPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Water clock – Time-piece in which time is measured by the flow of liquid into or out of a vessel
• Water-based sources of power
  • Water wheel – Machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power
  • Hydroelectricity – Electricity generated by hydropower
  • Hydropower – Power generation via movement of water
  • Marine current power – Extraction of power from ocean currents
  • Marine energy – Energy stored in the waters of oceans
  • Osmotic power – Energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water
  • Tidal power – Technology to convert the energy from tides into useful forms of power
  • Wave power – Transport of energy by wind waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work
    • Water turbine – Type of turbine
    • Steam engine – Engine that uses steam to perform mechanical work
    • Tidal stream generator – Type of tidal power generation technology

See also

• Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Experiment

References

1. Bramer, Scott. "Chemical Nomenclature". Widener University, Department of Chemistry. Retrieved 20 September 2011.

External links

• OECD Water statistics
• The World's Water Data Page
• FAO Comprehensive Water Database, AQUASTAT
• The Water Conflict Chronology: Water Conflict Database
• US Geological Survey Water for Schools information
• Portal to The World Bank's strategy, work and associated publications on water resources
• Water structure and science