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Egg fossil

December 14, 2023

Egg fossils are the fossilized remains of eggs laid by ancient animals. As evidence of the physiological processes of an animal, egg fossils are considered a type of trace fossil. Under rare circumstances a fossil egg may preserve the remains of the once-developing embryo inside, in which case it also contains body fossils. A wide variety of different animal groups laid eggs that are now preserved in the fossil record beginning in the Paleozoic. Examples include invertebrates like ammonoids as well as vertebrates like fishes, possible amphibians, and reptiles. The latter group includes the many dinosaur eggs that have been recovered from Mesozoic strata. Since the organism responsible for laying any given egg fossil is frequently unknown, scientists classify eggs using a parallel system of taxonomy separate from but modeled after the Linnaean system. This "parataxonomy" is called veterovata.

Fossilized dinosaur eggs displayed at Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park

History edit

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of egg fossil research.

The first named oospecies was Oolithes bathonicae, a name given provisionally by Professor J. Buckman to a group of eggs which Buckman believed were laid by a teleosaur. However, modern scientists no longer think it is possible to determine what kind of reptile laid these eggs.[1][2] In 1859, the first scientifically documented dinosaur egg fossils were discovered in southern France by a Catholic priest and amateur naturalist named Father Jean-Jacques Poech, however he thought they were laid by giant birds.[3]

The first scientifically recognized dinosaur egg fossils were discovered serendipitously in 1923 by an American Museum of Natural History crew while looking for evidence of early humans in Mongolia. Egg discoveries continued to mount all over the world, leading to the development of multiple competing classification schemes. In 1975 Chinese paleontologist Zhao Zi-Kui started a revolution in fossil egg classification by developing a system of "parataxonomy" based on the traditional Linnaean system to classify eggs based on their physical qualities rather than their hypothesized mothers. Zhao's new method of egg classification was hindered from adoption by Western scientists due to language barriers. However, in the early 1990s Russian paleontologist Konstantin Mikhailov brought attention to Zhao's work in the English language scientific literature.[3]

Diversity edit

Invertebrates edit

Eggs laid by invertebrate animals are known from the fossil record. Among these are eggs laid by ancient cephalopods. Eggs laid by ammonoids are the best known cephalopod egg fossils. The best preserved fossil ammonite eggs were preserved in the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England. Nevertheless, the fossil record of cephalopod eggs is scant since their soft, gelatinous eggs decompose quickly and have little chance to fossilize. Another major group of Mesozoic cephalopods, the belemnoids, have no documented eggs in the fossil record whatsoever, although this may be because scientists have not properly searched for them rather than an actual absence from the fossil record.[4]

Fishes and amphibians edit

Main article: Fish egg fossil

Fossil fish eggs have an extensive record going at least as far back as the Devonian and spanning into the Cenozoic era. The eggs of many different fish taxa have contributed to this record, including lobe-finned fish, placoderms, and sharks. Occasionally eggs are preserved still within the mother's body, or associated with fossil embryos. Some fossil eggs possibly laid by fish cannot be confidently distinguished from those laid by amphibians.[5] Several fossilized fish or amphibian eggs have been classified as ichnogenera, including Mazonova,[6] Archaeoovulus, Chimaerotheca, Fayolia, and Vetacapsula.[7]

Reptiles edit

Main article: Reptile egg fossil

The fossil record of reptile eggs goes back at least as far as the Early Permian. However, since the earliest reptile eggs probably had soft shells with little preservation potential, reptilian eggs may go back significantly farther than their fossil record. Many ancient reptile groups are known from egg fossils including crocodilians, dinosaurs, and turtles.[3] Some ancient reptiles, like ichthyosaurs[8] and plesiosaurs[9] are known to have given live birth and are therefore not anticipated to have left behind egg fossils. Dinosaur eggs are among the most well known kind of fossil reptile eggs.[3]

Classification edit

Fossil eggs are classified according to the parataxonomic system called Veterovata. There are three broad categories in the scheme, on the pattern of organismal phylogenetic classification, called oofamilies, oogenera and oospecies (collectively known as ootaxa).[2][10] The names of oogenera and oofamilies conventionally contain the root "oolithus" meaning "stone egg", but this rule is not always followed. They are divided up into several basic types: Testudoid, Geckoid, Crocodiloid, Dinosauroid-spherulitic, Dinosauroid-prismatic, and Ornithoid. Veterovata does not always mirror the taxonomy of the animals which laid the eggs.[3]

Parataxonomy edit

The oogenus level parataxonomy of Veterovata, following Lawver and Jackson (2014)[11] for Testudoid, Hirsch (1996)[12] for Geckonoid eggs, and Mikhailov et al. (1996)[2] for the rest unless otherwise noted:

Testudoid

Geckonoid

Crocodiloid

Mosasauroid

Dinosauroid-spherulitic

 
Oolithes spheroides

Dinosauroid-prismatic

Ornithoid

Incertae sedis/Unclassified

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Buckman, J. (1860). "On some fossil reptilian eggs from the Great Oolite of Cirencester". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 16 (1–2): 107–110. doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1860.016.01-02.11. S2CID 129871634.
  2. ^ a b c d Konstantin E. Mikhailov, Emily S. Bray & Karl E. Hirsch (1996). "Parataxonomy of fossil egg remains (Veterovata): basic principles and applications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (4): 763–769. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011364. JSTOR 4523773.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Carpenter, Kenneth (1999). Eggs, Nests, and Baby Dinosaurs: A Look at Dinosaur Reproduction (Life of the Past), Indiana University Press; ISBN 0-253-33497-7.
  4. ^ Etches, S.; Clarke, J.; Callomon, J. (2009). "Ammonite eggs and ammonitellae from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dorset, England". Lethaia. 42 (2): 204–217. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00133.x.
  5. ^ Cloutier, R (2010). "The fossil record of fish ontogenies: insights to developmental patterns and processes". Semin Cell Dev Biology. 21 (4): 400–413. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.004. PMID 19914384.
  6. ^ Godfrey, S.J. (1995). "Fossilized Eggs from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois". Ichnos. 4 (1): 71–75. doi:10.1080/10420949509380115.
  7. ^ Capasso, L.L.; Pallizzi, A.; Milia, L.; D'Anastasio, R. (2013). "Archaeoovulus palenae, n. gn., n. sp. (Icnofossilia): a fossil amphibious ootheca from the pre-evaporitic Messinian site of Capo di Fiume, Palena (Abruzzo)". Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali Residente in Pisa Memorie Serie A. 120: 25–38.
  8. ^ Ellis, Richard, (2003) Sea Dragons - Predators of the Prehistoric Oceans. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1269-6.
  9. ^ O'Keefe, F.R.; Chiappe, L.M. (2011). "Viviparity and K-selected life history in a Mesozoic marine plesiosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)". Science. 333 (6044): 870–873. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..870O. doi:10.1126/science.1205689. PMID 21836013. S2CID 36165835.
  10. ^ Olga Amo, Gloria Cuenca–Bescós & José Ignacio Canudo (1999). José Ignacio Canudo & Gloria Cuenca-Bescós, ed. "Vertebrate eggshell fragments from the Lower Cretaceous (Lower Barremian) of Camino Canales (Galve Bassin, Province of Teruel, NE Spain)" (PDF). IV European Workshop on Vertebrate Palaeontology. Albarracín, Spain: Universidad de Zaragoza.
  11. ^ Lawver, D.R.; Jackson, F.D. (2014). "A Review of the Fossil Record of Turtle Reproduction: Eggs, Embryos, Nests and Copulating Pairs". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 55 (2): 215–236. doi:10.3374/014.055.0210. S2CID 86502368.
  12. ^ Hirsch, K.F. (1996). "Parataxonomic Classification of Fossil Chelonian and Gecko Eggs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (4): 752–762. Bibcode:1996JVPal..16..752H. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011363.
  13. ^ a b Jackson, F. D.; Jin, X.; Varricchio, D. J.; Azuma, Y.; Jiang, Y. (2008). "The first in situ turtle clutch from the Cretaceous Tiantai Basin, Zhejiang Province, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (2): 319–325. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[319:tfistc]2.0.co;2. S2CID 130212532.
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  22. ^ Zhang, S. K. (2010). "A parataxonomic revision of the Cretaceous faveoloolithid eggs of China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 48 (3): 203–219. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  23. ^ Xie, J.-F., Zhang, S.-K., Jin, X.-S., Li, D.-Q., and Zhou, L.-Q. (2016) "A new type of dinosaur eggs from Early Cretaceous of Gansu Province, China. 2016-01-29 at the Wayback Machine" Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 54(1):1-10.
  24. ^ a b Agnolin, Federico L.; Powell, Jaime E.; Novas, Fernando E.; Kundrát, Martin (2012). "New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs". Cretaceous Research. 35: 33–56. Bibcode:2012CrRes..35...33A. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014. ISSN 0195-6671.
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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egg fossils.
  • UCMP's online fossil egg exhibit
  • Paleofile

December 14, 2023
fossil, fossilized, remains, eggs, laid, ancient, animals, evidence, physiological, processes, animal, fossils, considered, type, trace, fossil, under, rare, circumstances, fossil, preserve, remains, once, developing, embryo, inside, which, case, also, contain. Egg fossils are the fossilized remains of eggs laid by ancient animals As evidence of the physiological processes of an animal egg fossils are considered a type of trace fossil Under rare circumstances a fossil egg may preserve the remains of the once developing embryo inside in which case it also contains body fossils A wide variety of different animal groups laid eggs that are now preserved in the fossil record beginning in the Paleozoic Examples include invertebrates like ammonoids as well as vertebrates like fishes possible amphibians and reptiles The latter group includes the many dinosaur eggs that have been recovered from Mesozoic strata Since the organism responsible for laying any given egg fossil is frequently unknown scientists classify eggs using a parallel system of taxonomy separate from but modeled after the Linnaean system This parataxonomy is called veterovata Fossilized dinosaur eggs displayed at Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park Contents 1 History 2 Diversity 2 1 Invertebrates 2 2 Fishes and amphibians 2 3 Reptiles 3 Classification 3 1 Parataxonomy 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory editFor a chronological guide see Timeline of egg fossil research The first named oospecies was Oolithes bathonicae a name given provisionally by Professor J Buckman to a group of eggs which Buckman believed were laid by a teleosaur However modern scientists no longer think it is possible to determine what kind of reptile laid these eggs 1 2 In 1859 the first scientifically documented dinosaur egg fossils were discovered in southern France by a Catholic priest and amateur naturalist named Father Jean Jacques Poech however he thought they were laid by giant birds 3 The first scientifically recognized dinosaur egg fossils were discovered serendipitously in 1923 by an American Museum of Natural History crew while looking for evidence of early humans in Mongolia Egg discoveries continued to mount all over the world leading to the development of multiple competing classification schemes In 1975 Chinese paleontologist Zhao Zi Kui started a revolution in fossil egg classification by developing a system of parataxonomy based on the traditional Linnaean system to classify eggs based on their physical qualities rather than their hypothesized mothers Zhao s new method of egg classification was hindered from adoption by Western scientists due to language barriers However in the early 1990s Russian paleontologist Konstantin Mikhailov brought attention to Zhao s work in the English language scientific literature 3 Diversity editInvertebrates edit Eggs laid by invertebrate animals are known from the fossil record Among these are eggs laid by ancient cephalopods Eggs laid by ammonoids are the best known cephalopod egg fossils The best preserved fossil ammonite eggs were preserved in the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England Nevertheless the fossil record of cephalopod eggs is scant since their soft gelatinous eggs decompose quickly and have little chance to fossilize Another major group of Mesozoic cephalopods the belemnoids have no documented eggs in the fossil record whatsoever although this may be because scientists have not properly searched for them rather than an actual absence from the fossil record 4 Fishes and amphibians edit Main article Fish egg fossil Fossil fish eggs have an extensive record going at least as far back as the Devonian and spanning into the Cenozoic era The eggs of many different fish taxa have contributed to this record including lobe finned fish placoderms and sharks Occasionally eggs are preserved still within the mother s body or associated with fossil embryos Some fossil eggs possibly laid by fish cannot be confidently distinguished from those laid by amphibians 5 Several fossilized fish or amphibian eggs have been classified as ichnogenera including Mazonova 6 Archaeoovulus Chimaerotheca Fayolia and Vetacapsula 7 Reptiles edit Main article Reptile egg fossil The fossil record of reptile eggs goes back at least as far as the Early Permian However since the earliest reptile eggs probably had soft shells with little preservation potential reptilian eggs may go back significantly farther than their fossil record Many ancient reptile groups are known from egg fossils including crocodilians dinosaurs and turtles 3 Some ancient reptiles like ichthyosaurs 8 and plesiosaurs 9 are known to have given live birth and are therefore not anticipated to have left behind egg fossils Dinosaur eggs are among the most well known kind of fossil reptile eggs 3 Classification editFossil eggs are classified according to the parataxonomic system called Veterovata There are three broad categories in the scheme on the pattern of organismal phylogenetic classification called oofamilies oogenera and oospecies collectively known as ootaxa 2 10 The names of oogenera and oofamilies conventionally contain the root oolithus meaning stone egg but this rule is not always followed They are divided up into several basic types Testudoid Geckoid Crocodiloid Dinosauroid spherulitic Dinosauroid prismatic and Ornithoid Veterovata does not always mirror the taxonomy of the animals which laid the eggs 3 Parataxonomy edit The oogenus level parataxonomy of Veterovata following Lawver and Jackson 2014 11 for Testudoid Hirsch 1996 12 for Geckonoid eggs and Mikhailov et al 1996 2 for the rest unless otherwise noted Testudoid Spheruflexibilis morphotype Oofamily Testudoflexoolithidae Testudoflexoolithus 13 Spherurigidis morphotype Oofamily Testudoolithidae 13 Testudoolithus Emydoolithus 14 Haininchelys ChelonoolithusGeckonoid Geckonoid morphotype Oofamily Gekkoolithidae Gekkoolithus Gekkonidovum 2 Crocodiloid Oogenus Mycomorphoolithus Oofamily Krokolithidae Bauruoolithus 15 Krokolithes SuchoolithusMosasauroid Antarcticoolithus 16 Dinosauroid spherulitic Placoolithus Sphaerovum Stromatoolithus Tacuarembovum Oofamily Cairanoolithidae Cairanoolithus 17 Oofamily Stalicoolithidae 18 Coralloidoolithus 18 Shixingoolithus 18 Stalicoolithus 18 Oofamily Spheroolithidae nbsp Oolithes spheroidesGuegoolithus 19 Spheroolithus Paraspheroolithus Oofamily Phaceloolithidae Phaceloolithus Oofamily Ovaloolithidae Ovaloolithus Oofamily Megaloolithidae Megaloolithus Pseudomegaloolithus 20 Oofamily Similifaveoloolithidae 21 Similifaveoloolithus 21 Oofamily Faveoloolithidae Faveoloolithus Hemifaveoloolithus 21 Parafaveoloolithus 21 Oofamily Youngoolithidae 22 Youngoolithus Oofamily Dendroolithidae Dendroolithus Oofamily Dictyoolithidae Dictyoolithus Paradictyoolithus Protodictyoolithus Oofamily Polyclonoolithidae Polyclonoolithus 23 Dinosauroid prismatic Pseudogeckoolithus 20 Oofamily Arriagadoolithidae 24 Arriagadoolithus 24 Triprismatoolithus 25 Oofamily Prismatoolithidae Preprismatoolithus Prismatoolithus Protoceratopsidovum Sankofa 26 Spheruprismatoolithus 27 Trigonoolithus 28 Ornithoid Ornithoid ratite Morphotype Ageroolithus 20 Diamantornis Ornitholithus Reticuloolithus 29 Struthiolithus Tristraguloolithus 30 Tubercuoolithus 25 Oofamily Elongatoolithidae Continuoolithus 30 31 Ellipsoolithus Elongatoolithus nbsp Fossil Dendroolithus eggs Heishanoolithus 31 Macroelongatoolithus 32 Macroolithus Nanhsiungoolithus Paraelongatoolithus 31 Porituberoolithus 30 31 Rodolphoolithus 20 Spongioolithus 27 Trachoolithus Undulatoolithus 33 Oofamily Laevisoolithidae Laevisoolithus Subtiliolithus Tipoolithus 34 Oofamily Medioolithidae Incognitoolithus 35 Microolithus 35 Mediolithus Oofamily Montanoolithidae 36 Montanoolithus 36 Oofamily Oblongoolithidae 3 Oblongoolithus 3 Ornithoid prismatic Morphotype Dispersituberoolithus 30 Oofamily Gobioolithidae 27 Gobioolithus 37 Incertae sedis Unclassified Oolithes Metoolithus 35 Mosaicoolithus 21 Mycomorphoolithus 38 Nipponoolithus 39 Parvoblongoolithus 40 Parvoolithus 41 Plagioolithus 42 Styloolithus 37 Oofamily Pachycorioolithidae Pachycorioolithus 43 See also edit nbsp Paleontology portal nbsp Dinosaurs portalFossil footprint CoproliteReferences edit Buckman J 1860 On some fossil reptilian eggs from the Great Oolite of Cirencester Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 16 1 2 107 110 doi 10 1144 gsl jgs 1860 016 01 02 11 S2CID 129871634 a b c d Konstantin E Mikhailov Emily S Bray amp Karl E Hirsch 1996 Parataxonomy of fossil egg remains Veterovata basic principles and applications Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 4 763 769 doi 10 1080 02724634 1996 10011364 JSTOR 4523773 a b c d e f g Carpenter Kenneth 1999 Eggs Nests and Baby Dinosaurs A Look at Dinosaur Reproduction Life of the Past Indiana University Press ISBN 0 253 33497 7 Etches S Clarke J Callomon J 2009 Ammonite eggs and ammonitellae from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation Upper Jurassic of Dorset England Lethaia 42 2 204 217 doi 10 1111 j 1502 3931 2008 00133 x Cloutier R 2010 The fossil record of fish ontogenies insights to developmental patterns and processes Semin Cell Dev Biology 21 4 400 413 doi 10 1016 j semcdb 2009 11 004 PMID 19914384 Godfrey S J 1995 Fossilized Eggs from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois Ichnos 4 1 71 75 doi 10 1080 10420949509380115 Capasso L L Pallizzi A Milia L D Anastasio R 2013 Archaeoovulus palenae n gn n sp Icnofossilia a fossil amphibious ootheca from the pre evaporitic Messinian site of Capo di Fiume Palena Abruzzo Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali Residente in Pisa Memorie Serie A 120 25 38 Ellis Richard 2003 Sea Dragons Predators of the Prehistoric Oceans University Press of Kansas ISBN 0 7006 1269 6 O Keefe F R Chiappe L M 2011 Viviparity and K selected life history in a Mesozoic marine plesiosaur Reptilia Sauropterygia Science 333 6044 870 873 Bibcode 2011Sci 333 870O doi 10 1126 science 1205689 PMID 21836013 S2CID 36165835 Olga Amo Gloria Cuenca Bescos amp Jose Ignacio Canudo 1999 Jose Ignacio Canudo amp Gloria Cuenca Bescos ed Vertebrate eggshell fragments from the Lower Cretaceous Lower Barremian of Camino Canales Galve Bassin Province of Teruel NE Spain PDF IV 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and recent eggshell in amniotic vertebrates Fine structure comparative morphology and classification Special Papers in Palaeontology 56 The Palaeontological Association London page 58 Imai Takuya Azuma Yoichi 2015 The oldest known avian eggshells Plagioolithus fukuiensis from the Lower Cretaceous upper Barremian Kitadani Formation Fukui Japan Historical Biology 27 8 1090 1097 doi 10 1080 08912963 2014 934232 S2CID 129113738 Lawver Daniel R Jin Xingsheng Jackson Frankie D Wang Qiongying 2016 An Avian Egg from the Lower Cretaceous Albian Liangtoutang Formation of Zhejiang Province China Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 3 e1100631 Bibcode 2016JVPal 36E0631L doi 10 1080 02724634 2016 1100631 S2CID 88169746 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egg fossils UCMP s online fossil egg exhibit Paleofile Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Egg fossil amp oldid 1170438643 Classification, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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