Ohlone comprises eight attested varieties: Awaswas, Chalon, Chochenyo (also spelt as Chocheño), Karkin, Mutsun, Ramaytush, Rumsen, and Tamyen. Overall, divergence among these languages seems to have been roughly equivalent to that among the languages of the Romance sub-family of Indo-European languages. Neighboring groups seem to have been able to understand and speak to each other.[2]
The number and geographic distribution of Ohlone language divisions partially mirrors the distribution of Franciscan missions in their original lands. While the known languages are, in most cases, quite distinct, intermediate dialects may have been lost as local groups gathered at the missions.[3] A newly discovered text from Mission Santa Clara provides evidence that Chochenyo of the East Bay area and Tamyen of the Santa Clara Valley were closely related dialects of a single San Francisco Bay Ohlone language.[4][5]
The last native speakers of Ohlone languages died by the 1950s. However, Chochenyo, Mutsun, and Rumsen are now in a state of revival (relearned from saved records).[6]
The classification below is based primarily on Callaghan (2001). Other classifications list Northern Costanoan, Southern Costanoan, and Karkin as single languages, with the following subgroups of each considered as dialects:
Awaswas (also known as Santa Cruz Costanoan) – There may have been more than one Costanoan language spoken within the proposed Awaswas area, as the small amount of linguistic material attributed to Mission Santa Cruz Costanoans is highly variable.
Chalon (also known as Cholon, Soledad) – Chalon may be a transitional language between Northern and Southern Costanoan.
Southern Costanoan
Mutsun (also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan)
Rumsen (also known as Rumsien, San Carlos, Carmel)
The Muwekma-Tah-Ruk theme house at Stanford University: Muwekma-Tah-Ruk means "house of the people" in Ohlone
More recently, Callaghan (2014)[7]: 17 groups Awaswas together with Mutsun as part of a South Central Costanoan subgroup with the Southern Costanoan branch.
Dialect or language debate
Regarding the eight Ohlone branches, sources differ on if they were eight language dialects, or eight separate languages.[8] Richard Levy, himself a linguist, contradicted himself on this point: First he said "Costanoans themselves were a set of tribelets [small tribes] who spoke a common language... distinguished from one another by slight differences in dialect"; however after saying that, he concluded: "The eight branches of the Costanoan family were separate languages (not dialects) as different from one another as Spanish is from French" (Levy, 1978:485, "Language and Territory"). Randall Milliken (1995:24–26) stated in 1995 that there were eight dialects, citing missionary-linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta to the effect that the idioms seemed distinct as one traveled from mission to mission, but actually formed a dialect chain from one neighboring local tribe to another. Catherine Callaghan (1997, 2001), a linguist who steeped herself in the primary documents, offered evidence that the Costanoan languages were distinct, with only Ramaytush, Tamyen, and Chochenyo possibly being dialects of a single language. Milliken (2008:6), himself an ethnohistorian and not a linguist, shifted his position in 2008 to follow Callaghan, referring to separate Costanoan languages rather than dialects.
Native placenames
The Ohlone native people belonged to one or more tribes, bands or villages, and to one or more of the eight linguistic group regions (as assigned by ethnolinguists). Native names listed in the mission records were, in some cases, clearly principal village names, in others the name assigned to the region of a "multifamily landholding group" (per Milliken). Although many native names have been written in historical records, the exact spelling and pronunciations were not entirely standardized in modern English. Ethnohistorians have resorted to approximating their indigenous regional boundaries as well. (The word that Kroeber coined to designate California tribes, bands and villages, tribelet, has been published in many records but is advisably offensive and incorrect, per the Ohlone people.)[9]
Many of the known tribal and village names were recorded in the California mission records of baptism, marriage, and death. Some names have come from Spanish and Mexican settlers, some from early Anglo-European travelers, and some from the memories of Native American informants. Speakers were natives still alive who could remember their group's native language and details.[10]
Some of the former tribe and village names were gleaned from the land maps ("diseños de terreno") submitted by grantees in applying for Spanish and Mexican land grants or designs ("diseños") that were drawn up in Alta California prior to the Mexican–American War.[11] In this regard, large amounts of untranslated material is available for research in the records of Clinton H. Merriam housed at the Bancroft Library, and more material continues to be published by local historical societies and associations.[12]
Spelling and pronunciation
Many of the original sounds were first heard and copied down by Spanish missionaries using Spanish as a reference language, subject to human error, later translated into English and Anglicized over time. Spelling errors crept in as different missionaries kept separate records over a long period of time, under various administrators. Ethnohistorians Kroeber, Merriam, and others interviewed Ohlone speakers and were able to define some pronunciations on word lists. Ethnolinguists have used this to some advantage to create phonetic tables giving some semblance of languages, notably the Selected Costanoan Words by Merriam.[13]
Native words
A partial table of words comes from Indian Names for Plants and Animals Among California and other Western North American Tribes by Clinton Merriam. This published list covers 400 Ohlone words from interviews of native speakers. The Ohlone words listed are by "phonetic English" pronunciations.[14]
Schedule # – record number of one more interviews, with one or more persons.
Word # – Merriam numbers his words for easy reference.
References
^Utian and Penutian classification: Levy, 1978:485–486 (citing Kroeber), Callaghan 1997, Golla 2007. Yok-Utian as a taxonomic category: Callaghan 1997, 2001; Golla 2007:76
^Names of dialects or languages: Levy 1978:485; Teixeira 1997:33–34; Milliken 1995:24–26. For the assertion they are dialects of one language, refer to Milliken, 1995:24–26 (an ethnohistorian, not a linguist), who cited missionary-linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta to that effect. Levy 1978:485 (a linguist) asserted they were distinct languages, but he contradicted himself on same page. Callaghan (1997, 2001), a linguist who steeped herself in the primary documents, offered evidence that the languages were separate, with only Ramaytush, Tamyen, and Chochenyo possibly being dialects of a single language. Milliken (2008:6) followed Callaghan, referring to separate languages rather than dialects.
^Forbes (1968:184), an ethnohistorian, introduced the term Muwekma for a hypothetical northern division of the Costanoan language family, with an Ohlone subdivision (San Francisco, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, San Jose dialects) and a Huchiun–Karkin division. Beeler (1961), Levy (1978), and Callaghan (1997), all linguists, consider the Santa Cruz and Karkin dialects completely distinct from any of the other dialects grouped by Forbes.
^for extinction classification, Gordon 2005 (krb, cst, css); For revitalization claims see external links section, revitalization articles.
^Callaghan, Catherine. (2014). Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: with notes on Yokuts. Trends in Linguistics Documentation 31. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110276770
^For the names of the languages, see Levy 1978:485; Teixeira 1997:33–34; and Milliken 1995:24–26. The latter two both cite Levy 1978:485 as their source.
^Milliken 1995:13n and Appendix I; Term "tribelet" not accepted by many Native American scholars and others, per Bean 1994:299–300, article by Leventhal et al.
^Village Names: Cook, 1976b, attributes a good village name list to Merriam's assistant. "Informant" interviews were made as early as 1890, and as late as the 1940s. Mainly from Bancroft (earliest), Kroeber and Merriam (published 1970s posthumously via R. F. Heizer and others).
^For example of a Diseño de terreno, see Diseño de terreno de la Misión Dolores, 1854, from the Bancroft Library.
^While Merriam does not list the species, it is most likely Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and less likely pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha); although both ply in both bay areas.
^The double equals require a ch over them, as listed.
^Merriam listed Valley Live Oak. Since that is not a listed species, he probably meant either Coast Live Oak or Valley Oak.
^Merriam listed Big round tule. Since that species is NOT in California, he must mean one of the Bay Area tules possibly Scirpus lacustris. (See California Indian Watercraft by Richard W. Cunningham. 1989:36)
Bibliography
Levy, Richard. (1978). Costanoan, in Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8 (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ISBN0-16-004578-9 / 0160045754, pages 485–495.
Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1910). The Chumash and Costanoan languages. Berkeley, The University Press. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Milliken, Randall. (1995). A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication. ISBN0-87919-132-5.
Milliken, Randall. (2008). Native Americans at Mission San Jose. Banning, CA: Malki-Ballena Press. ISBN978-0-87919-147-4.
Teixeira, Lauren. (1997). The Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area, A Research Guide. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication. ISBN0-87919-141-4.
External links
Language:
Chochenyo revitalization – language at UCB "News" 2004
Chochenyo revitalization – language at UCB "Faith in Words" 2004
Ohlone dictionary
Grammar of Mutsun by Arroyo de la Cuesta, Felipe (1842) (in Spanish)
ohlone, languages, also, known, costanoan, small, family, indigenous, languages, spoken, ohlone, people, contact, distribution, these, languages, ranged, from, southern, francisco, area, northern, monterey, county, along, with, miwok, languages, they, members,. The Ohlone languages also known as Costanoan are a small family of indigenous languages spoken by the Ohlone people The pre contact distribution of these languages ranged from the southern San Francisco Bay Area to northern Monterey County Along with the Miwok languages they are members of the Utian language family The most recent work suggests that Ohlone Miwok and Yokuts are branches of a Yok Utian language family 1 OhloneCostanoanEthnicityOhloneGeographicdistributionSan Francisco Bay AreaLinguistic classificationYok UtianUtianOhloneCostanoanSubdivisionsKarkin Northern SouthernGlottologcost1250Pre contact distribution of the Ohlone languagesNotesISO 639 3 codes krb Karkin cst N Costanoan css S Costanoan source source source Myth of the Coyote in the Rumsen language recorded by Alfred L Kroeber in 1902 Contents 1 Languages 2 Dialect or language debate 3 Native placenames 4 Spelling and pronunciation 5 Native words 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksLanguages EditOhlone comprises eight attested varieties Awaswas Chalon Chochenyo also spelt as Chocheno Karkin Mutsun Ramaytush Rumsen and Tamyen Overall divergence among these languages seems to have been roughly equivalent to that among the languages of the Romance sub family of Indo European languages Neighboring groups seem to have been able to understand and speak to each other 2 The number and geographic distribution of Ohlone language divisions partially mirrors the distribution of Franciscan missions in their original lands While the known languages are in most cases quite distinct intermediate dialects may have been lost as local groups gathered at the missions 3 A newly discovered text from Mission Santa Clara provides evidence that Chochenyo of the East Bay area and Tamyen of the Santa Clara Valley were closely related dialects of a single San Francisco Bay Ohlone language 4 5 The last native speakers of Ohlone languages died by the 1950s However Chochenyo Mutsun and Rumsen are now in a state of revival relearned from saved records 6 The classification below is based primarily on Callaghan 2001 Other classifications list Northern Costanoan Southern Costanoan and Karkin as single languages with the following subgroups of each considered as dialects Karkin also known as Carquin source source Vincent Medina presents in the Chochenyo Ohlone language at the San Francisco Public Library Northern Costanoan San Francisco Bay Costanoan Tamyen also known as Tamien Santa Clara Costanoan Chochenyo also known as Chocheno Chocheno East Bay Costanoan Ramaytush also known as San Francisco Costanoan Awaswas also known as Santa Cruz Costanoan There may have been more than one Costanoan language spoken within the proposed Awaswas area as the small amount of linguistic material attributed to Mission Santa Cruz Costanoans is highly variable Chalon also known as Cholon Soledad Chalon may be a transitional language between Northern and Southern Costanoan Southern Costanoan Mutsun also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan Rumsen also known as Rumsien San Carlos Carmel The Muwekma Tah Ruk theme house at Stanford University Muwekma Tah Ruk means house of the people in Ohlone More recently Callaghan 2014 7 17 groups Awaswas together with Mutsun as part of a South Central Costanoan subgroup with the Southern Costanoan branch Dialect or language debate EditRegarding the eight Ohlone branches sources differ on if they were eight language dialects or eight separate languages 8 Richard Levy himself a linguist contradicted himself on this point First he said Costanoans themselves were a set of tribelets small tribes who spoke a common language distinguished from one another by slight differences in dialect however after saying that he concluded The eight branches of the Costanoan family were separate languages not dialects as different from one another as Spanish is from French Levy 1978 485 Language and Territory Randall Milliken 1995 24 26 stated in 1995 that there were eight dialects citing missionary linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta to the effect that the idioms seemed distinct as one traveled from mission to mission but actually formed a dialect chain from one neighboring local tribe to another Catherine Callaghan 1997 2001 a linguist who steeped herself in the primary documents offered evidence that the Costanoan languages were distinct with only Ramaytush Tamyen and Chochenyo possibly being dialects of a single language Milliken 2008 6 himself an ethnohistorian and not a linguist shifted his position in 2008 to follow Callaghan referring to separate Costanoan languages rather than dialects Native placenames EditThe Ohlone native people belonged to one or more tribes bands or villages and to one or more of the eight linguistic group regions as assigned by ethnolinguists Native names listed in the mission records were in some cases clearly principal village names in others the name assigned to the region of a multifamily landholding group per Milliken Although many native names have been written in historical records the exact spelling and pronunciations were not entirely standardized in modern English Ethnohistorians have resorted to approximating their indigenous regional boundaries as well The word that Kroeber coined to designate California tribes bands and villages tribelet has been published in many records but is advisably offensive and incorrect per the Ohlone people 9 Many of the known tribal and village names were recorded in the California mission records of baptism marriage and death Some names have come from Spanish and Mexican settlers some from early Anglo European travelers and some from the memories of Native American informants Speakers were natives still alive who could remember their group s native language and details 10 Some of the former tribe and village names were gleaned from the land maps disenos de terreno submitted by grantees in applying for Spanish and Mexican land grants or designs disenos that were drawn up in Alta California prior to the Mexican American War 11 In this regard large amounts of untranslated material is available for research in the records of Clinton H Merriam housed at the Bancroft Library and more material continues to be published by local historical societies and associations 12 Spelling and pronunciation EditMany of the original sounds were first heard and copied down by Spanish missionaries using Spanish as a reference language subject to human error later translated into English and Anglicized over time Spelling errors crept in as different missionaries kept separate records over a long period of time under various administrators Ethnohistorians Kroeber Merriam and others interviewed Ohlone speakers and were able to define some pronunciations on word lists Ethnolinguists have used this to some advantage to create phonetic tables giving some semblance of languages notably the Selected Costanoan Words by Merriam 13 Native words EditA partial table of words comes from Indian Names for Plants and Animals Among California and other Western North American Tribes by Clinton Merriam This published list covers 400 Ohlone words from interviews of native speakers The Ohlone words listed are by phonetic English pronunciations 14 Selected Costanoan Words by Merriam 15 English Word Schedule 56 Schedule 57 Word Salmon 16 Oo rahk Hoo rah ka 247Abalone Oo ch 17 Hah shan 254Redwood Sequoia sempervirens Ho o pe 280Valley Live Oak Quercus agrifolia or Quercus lobata 18 Yu Ks You kish 296Big Round Tule 19 Rōks Ro kus 409Legend Schedule record number of one more interviews with one or more persons Word Merriam numbers his words for easy reference References Edit Utian and Penutian classification Levy 1978 485 486 citing Kroeber Callaghan 1997 Golla 2007 Yok Utian as a taxonomic category Callaghan 1997 2001 Golla 2007 76 Names of dialects or languages Levy 1978 485 Teixeira 1997 33 34 Milliken 1995 24 26 For the assertion they are dialects of one language refer to Milliken 1995 24 26 an ethnohistorian not a linguist who cited missionary linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta to that effect Levy 1978 485 a linguist asserted they were distinct languages but he contradicted himself on same page Callaghan 1997 2001 a linguist who steeped herself in the primary documents offered evidence that the languages were separate with only Ramaytush Tamyen and Chochenyo possibly being dialects of a single language Milliken 2008 6 followed Callaghan referring to separate languages rather than dialects Milliken 1995 24 26 Blevins and Golla 2005 Forbes 1968 184 an ethnohistorian introduced the term Muwekma for a hypothetical northern division of the Costanoan language family with an Ohlone subdivision San Francisco Santa Cruz Santa Clara San Jose dialects and a Huchiun Karkin division Beeler 1961 Levy 1978 and Callaghan 1997 all linguists consider the Santa Cruz and Karkin dialects completely distinct from any of the other dialects grouped by Forbes for extinction classification Gordon 2005 krb cst css For revitalization claims see external links section revitalization articles Callaghan Catherine 2014 Proto Utian Grammar and Dictionary with notes on Yokuts Trends in Linguistics Documentation 31 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton doi 10 1515 9783110276770 For the names of the languages see Levy 1978 485 Teixeira 1997 33 34 and Milliken 1995 24 26 The latter two both cite Levy 1978 485 as their source Milliken 1995 13n and Appendix I Term tribelet not accepted by many Native American scholars and others per Bean 1994 299 300 article by Leventhal et al Village Names Cook 1976b attributes a good village name list to Merriam s assistant Informant interviews were made as early as 1890 and as late as the 1940s Mainly from Bancroft earliest Kroeber and Merriam published 1970s posthumously via R F Heizer and others For example of a Diseno de terreno see Diseno de terreno de la Mision Dolores 1854 from the Bancroft Library Merriam 1979 Preface also Teixeira 1997 Discussion of spelling translation and mission record variances Milliken 1995 Phonetic tables Merriam 1979 Phonetic tables Merriam 1979 See also C Hart Merriam biography and endorsement Teixeira 1997 33 34 Merriam 1979 While Merriam does not list the species it is most likely Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and less likely pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha although both ply in both bay areas The double equals require a ch over them as listed Merriam listed Valley Live Oak Since that is not a listed species he probably meant either Coast Live Oak or Valley Oak Merriam listed Big round tule Since that species is NOT in California he must mean one of the Bay Area tules possibly Scirpus lacustris See California Indian Watercraft by Richard W Cunningham 1989 36 Bibliography EditLevy Richard 1978 Costanoan in Handbook of North American Indians Vol 8 California William C Sturtevant and Robert F Heizer eds Washington DC Smithsonian Institution 1978 ISBN 0 16 004578 9 0160045754 pages 485 495 Kroeber Alfred Louis 1910 The Chumash and Costanoan languages Berkeley The University Press Retrieved 2012 08 26 Milliken Randall 1995 A Time of Little Choice The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769 1910 Menlo Park CA Ballena Press Publication ISBN 0 87919 132 5 Milliken Randall 2008 Native Americans at Mission San Jose Banning CA Malki Ballena Press ISBN 978 0 87919 147 4 Teixeira Lauren 1997 The Costanoan Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area A Research Guide Menlo Park CA Ballena Press Publication ISBN 0 87919 141 4 External links EditLanguage Chochenyo revitalization language at UCB News 2004 Chochenyo revitalization language at UCB Faith in Words 2004 Mutsun revitalization language Ohlone dictionary Grammar of Mutsun by Arroyo de la Cuesta Felipe 1842 in Spanish Tamyen language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Rumsen language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Ramaytush language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Chalon language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ohlone languages amp oldid 1129838909, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
