While connections between Yokuts and Utian languages were noticed through attempts to reconstruct their proto-languages in 1986,[1] it was not until 1991 that Yok-Utian was proposed and named by Geoffrey Gamble.[2][3] Yok-Utian has been further supported by Catherine Callaghan, who has argued for the family's existence on the basis of lexical, morphological, and phonological similarities between the reconstructed proto-languages.[3][4] However, she and others have noted that while it is compelling, the evidence presented is not conclusive.[2][3][4]
According to the proposal, the Yok-Utian proto-language was spoken by a group originating in the Great Basin at least as early as 4500 BC. There was a division around 2500 BC, as the group which began speaking Proto-Utian migrated from the Great Basin into California. Proto-Miwok began to emerge in the northern Bay Area between 1000 and 500 BC, and began to spread west and south. Proto-Costanoan emerged in the eastern Bay Area, splitting from the larger Utian group sometime after 1500 BC, if not earlier. The language that remained in the Great Basin turned into proto-Yokuts before gradually splitting into the various Yokuts dialects and only later began to migrate into California.[2] However, Scott DeLancey and Victor Golla have proposed that the language distribution could be the result of a single migration of Yok-Utian speakers who later spread out throughout California.[5]
One component of the evidence offered for Yok-Utian is that of sound correspondences in the reconstructed proto-languages for Yokuts and the Utian family, such as the sample below.[3]
Proto-Yokuts
Proto-Utian
English
[*waʔin]
[*waja]
"to give"
[*ʔatʰ-]
[*ʔat-]
"to split, break"
However, while the reconstructed correspondences can be compelling, they are not conclusive.[2][3][4] As the speakers of the Yokuts and Utian languages were in contact with one another for hundreds or thousands of years, it is entirely possible that the sound correspondences are the result of borrowing, rather than a common linguistic ancestor.[4]
While Yok-Utian can be included in the larger Penutian proposal, the Yok-Utian proposal does not directly support Penutian.[3]
References
^Whistler, Kenneth & Golla, Victor. (1986). Proto-Yokuts Reconsidered. International Journal of American Linguistics, 52, 317-358.
^ abcdGolla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 130, 147-168, 252-253. ISBN9780520266674.
^ abcdefCallaghan, Catherine. (1997). Evidence for Yok-Utian. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 18-64.
^ abcdCallaghan, Catherine. (2001). More Evidence for Yok-Utian: A Reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber sets. International Journal of American Linguistics, 67 (3), 313-346.
^DeLancey, Scott & Golla, Victor. (1997). The Penutian Hypothesis: Retrospect and Prospect. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 171-202.
External links
Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 (map after Kroeber)
January 28, 2023
utian, languages, utian, proposed, language, family, california, consists, yokuts, language, utian, language, family, utian, proposed, geographicdistributioncalifornialinguistic, classificationpenutian, utiansubdivisionsyokuts, utianglottolognonepre, contact, . Yok Utian is a proposed language family of California It consists of the Yokuts language and the Utian language family Yok Utian proposed GeographicdistributionCaliforniaLinguistic classificationPenutian Yok UtianSubdivisionsYokuts UtianGlottologNonePre contact distribution of Yok Utian languagesWhile connections between Yokuts and Utian languages were noticed through attempts to reconstruct their proto languages in 1986 1 it was not until 1991 that Yok Utian was proposed and named by Geoffrey Gamble 2 3 Yok Utian has been further supported by Catherine Callaghan who has argued for the family s existence on the basis of lexical morphological and phonological similarities between the reconstructed proto languages 3 4 However she and others have noted that while it is compelling the evidence presented is not conclusive 2 3 4 According to the proposal the Yok Utian proto language was spoken by a group originating in the Great Basin at least as early as 4500 BC There was a division around 2500 BC as the group which began speaking Proto Utian migrated from the Great Basin into California Proto Miwok began to emerge in the northern Bay Area between 1000 and 500 BC and began to spread west and south Proto Costanoan emerged in the eastern Bay Area splitting from the larger Utian group sometime after 1500 BC if not earlier The language that remained in the Great Basin turned into proto Yokuts before gradually splitting into the various Yokuts dialects and only later began to migrate into California 2 However Scott DeLancey and Victor Golla have proposed that the language distribution could be the result of a single migration of Yok Utian speakers who later spread out throughout California 5 One component of the evidence offered for Yok Utian is that of sound correspondences in the reconstructed proto languages for Yokuts and the Utian family such as the sample below 3 Proto Yokuts Proto Utian English waʔin waja to give ʔatʰ ʔat to split break However while the reconstructed correspondences can be compelling they are not conclusive 2 3 4 As the speakers of the Yokuts and Utian languages were in contact with one another for hundreds or thousands of years it is entirely possible that the sound correspondences are the result of borrowing rather than a common linguistic ancestor 4 While Yok Utian can be included in the larger Penutian proposal the Yok Utian proposal does not directly support Penutian 3 References Edit Whistler Kenneth amp Golla Victor 1986 Proto Yokuts Reconsidered International Journal of American Linguistics 52 317 358 a b c d Golla Victor 2011 California Indian Languages University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London 130 147 168 252 253 ISBN 9780520266674 a b c d e f Callaghan Catherine 1997 Evidence for Yok Utian International Journal of American Linguistics 63 18 64 a b c d Callaghan Catherine 2001 More Evidence for Yok Utian A Reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber sets International Journal of American Linguistics 67 3 313 346 DeLancey Scott amp Golla Victor 1997 The Penutian Hypothesis Retrospect and Prospect International Journal of American Linguistics 63 171 202 External links EditNative Tribes Groups Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 map after Kroeber Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yok Utian languages amp oldid 1059181360, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
