Nostos: The Return

Nostos: The Return (Italian: Nostos: Il ritorno) is a 1989 Italian adventure drama film directed by Franco Piavoli, starring Luigi Mezzanotte [it] and Branca De Camargo. Drawing from Homer's Odyssey, the film depicts Odysseus' homeward journey across the Mediterranean Sea following the Trojan War, and his struggles against natural obstacles and inner torments. The film relies on visual storytelling and the portrayal of nature; dialogue is minimal, without subtitles, and spoken in an imaginary Mediterranean language. Nostos: The Return explores themes of homecoming, the memory of war, time, and man's relationship with nature.

Nostos: The Return
Film poster
Directed by	Franco Piavoli
Screenplay by	Franco Piavoli
Based on	the Odyssey by Homer
Produced by	Franco Piavoli Giannandrea Pecorelli [it]
Starring	Luigi Mezzanotte [it] Branca De Camargo
Cinematography	Franco Piavoli
Edited by	Franco Piavoli
Music by	Luca Tessadrelli [it] Giuseppe Mazzucca
Production companies	Zefiro Film Immagininazione
Distributed by	Mikado Film [it]
Release dates	6 August 1989 (1989-08-06) (Locarno Festival) 26 May 1990 (1990-05-26) (Italy)
Running time	87 minutes^[1]
Country	Italy
Languages	fictional; inspired by ancient Greek, Sanskrit and Latin

Piavoli began to make films in the 1950s, but Nostos: The Return was his first feature-length fiction film. Envisioning it as "symphonic" as opposed to "theatrical" cinema, Piavoli was in control of most of the creative process and a cast with little film experience. The processes of preparing, filming, and editing the project each took one year to complete.

Nostos: The Return premiered at the 1989 Locarno Festival and received a limited release in Italy in 1990. Reception has been largely positive, with critics describing the film's depiction of nature as beautiful. The story has been interpreted as a lyrical version of Homer's epic poem, as a simplified retelling, and as an original narrative.

Plot

Odysseus,^[a] who is exhausted, is on a ship together with a crew of several men. He has flashbacks of his childhood, which are followed by a vision of dead bodies in the sea and memories of brutal scenes from the Trojan War in which he encounters suffering civilians. The ship docks and Odysseus goes ashore alone to explore a cave. He hears strange singing and calls out for his mother.^[b] Returning from the cave, he finds his crew missing and goes to explore the inland. Odysseus walks through a rocky dwelling place that is populated by nude men and women who are seemingly unable to move. He finds a woman who silently opens a large seashell and lets him embrace her.^[c] He wakes up in a cave where several people, including his crew, are sleeping; he wakes up his crew and sets off with them.

During the voyage, the sea is calm for a period but singing is heard, a female figure briefly appears in the water, and a sudden storm wrecks the ship. Odysseus wakes up alone on a beach; he watches clothes and helmets that have floated ashore and cries out in torment. Wandering for a while, he observes the rich flora and fauna of the location and then meets a woman who lets him seduce her.^[d] He stays with her, enjoying their time together, but is affected by memories of his childhood and homeland.

Odysseus sets off alone on a simple raft that soon falls apart; while swimming in the sea at night, he has auditory hallucinations of warfare. The sounds go away and Odysseus focuses on the moon. He has a vision in which he walks through a somber landscape with ruins; he reaches his palace but the building is a dark underground passage in which he finds human skulls. He runs toward the light at the end of the passage and appears to fall into the sea.

Waking up on a beach again, Odysseus walks across the land, which this time is full of animals and greenery, and reaches his palace. The entrance is the same as in the earlier vision and the sun is shining. In the building's atrium, a girl is rolling a hoop, mirroring a recurring scene from Odysseus' childhood memories. Through a window, he sees the shadow of a woman as she puts flowers in a vase and he quietly says the name Penelope. In the final shot, a woman folds a piece of fabric and places it in a chest.^[8]

Themes and analysis

Nostos

 

The film portrays the journey home after the experience of war. This amphora dated to c. 540 BC shows Odysseus killing an enemy.

Central to Nostos: The Return is the theme of homecoming—known as nostos in Homer's Odyssey—which is illustrated throughout the film by images of childhood.^[9] Piavoli describes the film's main concern as the conflict between man's drive to explore and his need to have a steady point of reference.^[10] Running in parallel with this is a theme of aggression and reconsideration.^[11] Piavoli says he thinks the story of Odysseus speaks to modern people because it expresses the timeless human needs for discovery, knowledge, and adventure. He thinks ancient stories remain relevant because new myths are linked to the myths of the ancient world.^[12]

The return of Odysseus to his palace contains a theme of regained identity, birthright, and social position. In Nostos: The Return, this is treated in a discreet and non-violent way, omitting the slaughter of the suitors from the original poem.^[7] The film's treatment of memory also differs from Homer's; in Nostos: The Return, the main character's memories of his homeland, childhood, and wartime experience appear to be intrinsic to his journey whereas, in the Odyssey, Odysseus continuously struggles against the risk of forgetting.^[13] According to the historian Óscar Lapeña Marchena, the journey in the film can be understood as an attempt to escape from the memory of war and destruction. This is illustrated by the flashback scenes from Troy, where there are no Trojan warriors but only civilians who are killed as they try to flee; at one point, the Greek soldiers appear to realize this and look horrified.^[14] Aldo Lastella of La Repubblica described the film's story as "a circular journey, a continuous return" that begins in childhood, goes through the experience of war and violence and ends in childhood.^[15][e]

Language and symbols

As is typical in the films of the director Franco Piavoli, Nostos: The Return is driven by images and natural sounds rather than dialogue.^[16] Spoken dialogue is scarce and, as described in the opening credits, is "inspired by sounds of ancient Mediterranean languages".^[17][f] Words and sounds are drawn from the Thessaly dialect of ancient Greek, Sanskrit, and Latin.^[4] No subtitles are provided for this invented language; Piavoli says he wants the viewers to lose themselves in the film through "the pleasure of the purely phonetic value of words".^[18][g] The film uses single-word utterances that audiences may understand, such as mater ("mother"), which Odysseus says in the cave early in the film, and oikós ("home"), which he says while delirious in the sea.^[19] According to Lapeña Marchena, the approach to language suggests a view of the Mediterranean Sea as the originator of several cultures and an ambition to use language as "primary, pure sounds" that are recognizable for these cultures.^[19] The Italian studies scholar Silvia Carlorosi likens the film's language to the way babies communicate with their mothers. She connects the film's language and imagery to the influence of Giambattista Vico, a philosopher who regarded poetry and metaphors as the original form of human communication and had both a cyclical and progressive view of history.^[20]

According to Piavoli, the child playing with a hoop is a "symbol of time seen as an element that turns in on itself. A child pushing a circle expresses the conception of time as seen by scientists, something circular and linear ... time as a succession of points in an infinite line that runs from the past to the future."^[21][h] The water in the film symbolizes life and the ability to bring memories and emotions to the surface. The moon occurs throughout Piavoli's filmography as something imposing that brings calm and tranquility.^[5] In one scene, Odysseus is seen from above as he swims toward the reflection of the moon in the water, which Piavoli says looks like a sperm moving toward an egg; the search for something steadfast is portrayed as a yearning to return to the embryonic stage.^[22] Other visual symbols include the scene in which a woman gives Odysseus a seashell, representing sex, and pomegranates and a dove at the end, symbolizing enduring life and newfound peace.^[5] The pomegranate is a traditional symbol for fertility and is used as such in several of Piavoli's films.^[23]

Colour and light are used to convey meaning and moods. The early part of the film uses gloomy reds and yellows to evoke the fire of battles and the despair of war. As the main character regains harmony with the world, the colours of blooming fruits and greenery become prominent against a backdrop of dark blue and green mountains.^[5]

Nature

 

Scene from the Odyssey on a Roman landscape painting [el] from the first century BC, found in the domus of via Graziosa [it] in Rome

Nostos: The Return puts a significant focus on the movements and visual appearances of nature, which makes the human hero of the story relatively anonymous. The main character appears as a generic human who makes an emotional discovery of the natural world.^[16] The motif of homecoming co-exists with a theme of man's union with nature; the main character's journey and the presence of the sea, earth, flowers, and the moon suggest a desire for a primitive harmony in which humans and nature are one.^[9] Piavoli has said his approach to nature is inspired by the poetry of Giacomo Leopardi, who he said portrayed nature with literary equivalents of cinematic close-ups, wide shots, and sound. According to Piavoli, Leopardi used the interplay of these techniques to create a sense of the eternal.^[24] Piavoli has highlighted the film's love scenes, in which the portrayal of human love among the images and sounds of nature was inspired by Leopardi.^[25]

Lapeña Marchena writes that Piavoli's ambition may have been to go to the source of the Odysseus myth, located in the nature of the pre-Homeric Mediterranean world,^[9] which may explain why no gods appear as on-screen characters. The gods, who in Homer's poem rule over men, animals, and plants, may be seen as manifest in nature.^[26] According to the film historian Gian Piero Brunetta, Piavoli seems to search for the roots of Mediterranean mythology and thereby the origin of Western civilization.^[27] Brunetta also writes Piavoli, from his earliest films, has taken an interest in the pre-Socratic roots of Western thought, Darwinism, and the ability to evoke a deep sense of meaning through the portrayal of nature.^[28]

Production

Development

Piavoli (born 1933) was interested in poetry, painting, and music from an early age, and he studied law at the University of Pavia.^[2] He began to make short films in the 1950s and in the early-to-mid 1960s, his series of short films received positive attention from critics. After this, he settled in his hometown Pozzolengo, Brescia, and did not release more films until 1982, when his first feature-length documentary film The Blue Planet [it] became a critical success.^[29] His next major film project and his first full-length fiction film was Nostos: The Return.^[2] As he had done with The Blue Planet, he envisioned it as a symphonic film, a form he says differs from theatrical cinema in the same way symphonic music differs from opera and other forms of theatrical music.^[30]

The basic story material in Nostos: The Return comes from the ancient Greek epic poem the Odyssey by Homer. Piavoli was especially inspired by book XXIII, which narrates Odysseus' need to convince his wife Penelope of his identity after he returns to his kingdom in Ithaca.^[16] The approach to the source material is intentionally ambiguous; elements of the film were also inspired by Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica and Virgil's Aeneid.^[8]

Nostos: The Return was produced by Piavoli and Giannandrea Pecorelli [it] through the companies Zefiro Film and Immagininazione. It received financial support from Italy's Ministry of Tourism and Entertainment [it].^[31] The lead actors Luigi Mezzanotte [it] (Odysseus) and Branca De Camargo (Calypso) were among the few cast members with previous experience of film and television.^[32] Some of the other cast members were theatre actors from the Laboratorio Teatro Settimo in Turin and some were non-professionals.^[16] The actors who are credited by name are Mezzanotte, De Camargo, Alex Carozzo [it], Paola Agosti, Giuseppe Marcoli, and Mariella Fabbris. The costumes were created by Ferruccio Bolognesi [it].^[31]

Filming and post-production

 

The Cave of the Sibyl in Cumae

After one year of preparation, Nostos: The Return took one year to film.^[15] Much of the filming was done at Piavoli's house and in the vicinity of Pozzolengo.^[33] Other locations include Lake Garda, the Brenta Dolomites and the Roman ruins in Sirmione, and places in Sardinia, Veneto, Etruria and Lazio.^[34] Scenes from Odysseus' palace were shot at the 16th-century Villa Della Torre [it] in the Province of Verona.^[35] The Cave of the Sibyl in Cumae was used to portray the absence of light.^[36] The ship's sail was soaked in petrol to make it look old and worn.^[16] Piavoli did not set out to imitate a particular visual artist but the marine paintings of Francesco Guardi became a reference point in the depiction of disorientation at sea.^[5]

As with all of his films, Piavoli had nearly complete control over the production and is credited as writer, producer, director, cinematographer, editor, and sound editor.^[16] His wife Neria Poli is credited for "artistic collaboration".^[37] Piavoli had his own film laboratory and Moviola in his house.^[33] Editing took one year; there was enough recorded material to make nine films.^[38] The soundtrack features original music by Luca Tessadrelli [it] and Giuseppe Mazzucca, as well as music by the composers Gianandrea Gazzola [it], Luciano Berio, Alexander Borodin, Rudolf Maros [hu], and Claudio Monteverdi.^[16] The last section from Monteverdi's Vespro della Beata Vergine is heard during the film's final scene.^[8]

Release

Nostos: The Return premiered on 6 August 1989 outside of competition at the Locarno Festival.^[39] Other festival screenings included the 1990 Mill Valley Film Festival and the Moscow International Film Festival.^[40] Mikado Film [it] released the film in Italian cinemas on 26 May 1990.^[41] The release was limited to a few locations in the major cities, in part because few cinemas were open. Italian cinemas usually close for a period in the summer and in 1990, many operators closed almost a month earlier than usual due to the 1990 FIFA World Cup, which was held in Italy and provided tough competition in the entertainment business.^[1]

Medusa Home Entertainment [it] released Nostos: The Return in Italy on DVD in 2008.^[42] Another DVD edition was released in 2015 by CG Entertainment [it].^[1] In 2017, the French company Potemkine [fr] collaborated with the festival Cinéma du Réel to release a double DVD containing The Blue Planet and Nostos: The Return.^[43]

Reception

After the first screening of Nostos: The Return in Locarno, Sauro Borelli of the newspaper L'Unità called the film a masterpiece. Writing he could understand objections that it relies too much on Baroque aesthetics, he nevertheless called it "simply beautiful".^[39][i] Upon the Italian release, the same critic called the film sublime in its portrayal of a dialectic between nature and culture.^[44] La Repubblica's Paolo D'Agostini wrote the use of symbols is powerful, the editing captures the rhythms of nature and the film should be able to affect also those who are sceptical of the variety of cinema it belongs to. He compared it to Soviet avant-garde cinema from the 1920s and Joris Ivens' last film, A Tale of the Wind.^[45] Alberto Pesce of the Rivista del cinematografo [it] wrote he was impressed by the visuals and sound alike, and that the film's components blend into a beautiful and concrete whole.^[46] Pesce was one of several Italian critics who approached the film as a lyrical version of the Odyssey; other approaches have included those of the film critic Massimo Maisetti, who in a 2006 text interpreted it as an original story with references to Homer, and the sociologists Maurizio Ambrosini [it] and Camilla Bartolini, who in a 2012 book viewed it as a simplified but successful retelling of the Odyssey.^[47]

In his book of film reviews Il Mereghetti, Paolo Mereghetti gives Nostos: The Return a rating of two and a half stars out of four. He calls the cinematography beautiful and the film fascinating for people who enjoy poetic cinema but writes the film can be disconcerting and boring and suffers when viewed on a television screen.^[48] In 2008, Mary Hanlon of The Brooklyn Rail wrote that the film contains unintentional humour that stems from the performances and erotic symbols, but also some of "the most incredible, fluid, and abstract visual sequences I've ever seen".^[49] In 2020, Ross McDonnell wrote in a feature article for Sight & Sound's website that Nostos: The Return stands out in Piavoli's filmography because of its level of ambition and its relatively conventional dramatic storytelling. McDonnell wrote the film "surrealistically decentres its human protagonist by placing him amidst a dangerous, unforgiving and unfathomable force of nature", subverting the sense of wonder found in Piavoli's earlier The Blue Planet.^[50]

Nostos: The Return received the OPL Moti Ibrahim award at the 1990 Djerba Festival in Tunisia and the 1990 Premio AIACE from the Turin-based Associazione Italiana Amici del Cinema d'Essai.^[2]

See also

• List of films based on Greco-Roman mythology

References

Notes

1. The character is never named in the film.^[2] Piavoli has referred to him as both Odysseus (Italian: Ulisse) and Nostos.^[3]
2. According to Lapeña Marchena, this segment recalls Odysseus' visit to Hades and his meeting with his mother Anticlea.^[4]
3. Carlorosi identifies the woman with the shell as Circe.^[5]
4. Piavoli has referred to the woman as Calypso.^[6] According to Lapeña Marchena, she is a mix of the Odyssey's Calypso, Circe, and Nausicaa.^[7]
5. Original quotation: "è un viaggio circolare, un ritorno continuo."
6. Original quotation: "I dialoghi del film sono ispirati a suoni di antiche lingue mediterranee."
7. Original quotation: "Il piacere del valore puramente fonetico delle parole"
8. Original quotation: "è il simbolo del tempo visto come elemento che gira su se stesso. Il cerchio fatto girare da un bambino esprime entrambe le concezioni del tempo espresso dagli scienziati, quella circolare e quella lineare ... tempo come successione di punti su una linea infinita che corre dal passato al futuro"
9. Original quotation: "Per noi il nuovo film di Piavoli è semplicemente bellissimo."

Citations

1. Mymovies.it.
2. Lapeña Marchena 2018, p. 97.
3. Piavoli 2008, 0:27; Piavoli 2019.
4. Lapeña Marchena 2018, p. 101.
5. Carlorosi 2015, p. 108.
6. Piavoli 2008, 3:31.
7. Lapeña Marchena 2018, p. 102.
8. Carlorosi 2015, p. 104.
9. Lapeña Marchena 2018, p. 100.
10. Piavoli 2008, 0:15.
11. Piavoli 2008, 2:19.
12. Masserdotti Moneta 2014, p. 72.
13. Carlorosi 2015, p. 105.
14. Lapeña Marchena 2018, pp. 100–101.
15. Lastella 1989.
16. Lapeña Marchena 2018, p. 98.
17. Carlorosi 2015, p. 105; Lapeña Marchena 2018, p. 99.
18. Faccioli 2003, p. 35, quoted in Carlorosi (2015, p. 105)
19. Lapeña Marchena 2018, p. 99.
20. Carlorosi 2015, pp. 94, 105.
21. Faccioli 2003, p. 38, quoted in Carlorosi (2015, p. 108)
22. Piavoli 2008, 1:28.
23. Migliorati 2013, p. 278.
24. Migliorati 2013, pp. 279–280.
25. Migliorati 2013, p. 280.
26. Lapeña Marchena 2018, p. 103.
27. Brunetta 2007, p. 571.
28. Brunetta 2007, p. 570.
29. Pesce 1991, p. 104.
30. Piavoli 2019.
31. Poppi 2000, p. 83.
32. Lapeña Marchena 2018, p. 106.
33. Verona Film Commission.
34. Lapeña Marchena 2018, p. 98; Verona Film Commission.
35. Salvador Ventura 2015, p. 61.
36. Di Benedetto 2014, p. 27.
37. Migliorati 2013, p. 275; Poppi 2000, p. 83.
38. Lapeña Marchena 2018, pp. 97–98.
39. Borelli 1989, p. 17.
40. Gazzetta di Mantova 2008.
41. Borelli 1990, p. 21; Pesce 1990, p. 17.
42. WorldCat.
43. Cinéma du Réel 2017.
44. Borelli 1990, p. 21.
45. D'Agostini 1990.
46. Pesce 1990, p. 17.
47. Lapeña Marchena 2018, pp. 100, 106.
48. Mereghetti 2010, p. 2298.
49. Hanlon 2008.
50. McDonnell 2020.

Sources

• Borelli, Sauro (8 August 1989). "Ulisse, avventuriero dell'anima" [Odysseus, adventurer of the soul] (PDF). L'Unità (in Italian). (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
• Borelli, Sauro (26 May 1990). "Il mio Ulisse non trova pace" [My Odysseus finds no peace] (PDF). L'Unità (in Italian). (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
• Brunetta, Gian Piero (2007). Il cinema italiano contemporaneo [Contemporary Italian cinema] (in Italian). Rome and Bari: Editori Laterza. ISBN 978-88-420-8374-0.
• Carlorosi, Silvia (2015). A Grammar of Cinepoiesis: Poetic Cameras of Italian Cinema. Cine-Aesthetics: New Directions in Film and Philosophy. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-0986-2.
• Cinéma du Réel (2017). "Franco Piavoli, special guest". cinemadureel.org. from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
• D'Agostini, Paolo (12 August 1990). "Ulisse, l'acqua e il vento" [Odysseus, the water and the wind]. La Repubblica (in Italian). from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
• Di Benedetto, Giuseppe (2014). "Per via di levare: scavare e sottrarre in architettura" [The way of removal: excavation and subtraction in architecture]. P+C, proyecto y ciudad. Revista de temas de arquitectura (in Italian). 5. hdl:10317/4361. ISSN 2172-9220.
• Faccioli, Alessandro (2003). Lo sguardo in ascolto. Il cinema di Franco Piavoli [The listening gaze. The cinema of Franco Piavoli] (in Italian). Turin: Kaplan. ISBN 978-88-901231-1-5.
• "Incontri col regista in libreria" [Encounters with directors at the bookstore]. Gazzetta di Mantova (in Italian). 16 October 2008. from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
• Hanlon, Mary (June 2008). "Celebrating the Earth: The Films of Franco Piavoli". The Brooklyn Rail. ISSN 2157-2151. from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
• Lapeña Marchena, Óscar (2018). "Ulysses in the Cinema: The Example of Nostos, il ritorno (Franco Piavoli, Italy, 1990)". In Rovira Guardiola, Rosario (ed.). The Ancient Mediterranean Sea in Modern Visual and Performing Arts: Sailing in Troubled Waters. Imagines – Classical Receptions in the Visual and Performing Arts. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-9859-9.
• Lastella, Aldo (1 August 1989). "Torna a casa, uomo!" [Come back home, human!]. La Repubblica (in Italian). from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
• Masserdotti Moneta, Katia (2014). "Franco Piavoli, creatore d'emozioni" [Franco Piavoli, creator of emotions] (PDF). Brescia & Futuro (2/2014). (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
• McDonnell, Ross (31 August 2020). "Franco Piavoli's odes to Earth". bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound. British Film Institute. from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
• Mereghetti, Paolo (2010). "Nostos, il ritorno". Il Mereghetti. Dizionario dei film 2011 [The Mereghetti. Film dictionary 2011] (in Italian). Vol. 2. Milan: Baldini Castoldi Dalai. ISBN 978-88-6073-626-0.
• Migliorati, Silvia (2013). "Il suono dei melograni. Primi piani di erbe fiori e frutti" [The sound of pomegranates. Close-ups of herbs flowers and fruits]. Altre Modernità (in Italian). 10. doi:10.13130/2035-7680/3358.
• "Nostos - Il ritorno". Mymovies.it (in Italian). from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
• Pesce, Alberto (1990). "Nostos, il ritorno, di Franco Piavoli" [Nostos: The Return, by Franco Piavoli]. Rivista del cinematografo [it] (in Italian). 60 (4). from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
• Pesce, Alberto (1991). "Nostos. Il ritorno di Franco Piavoli" [Nostos: The Return by Franco Piavoli]. In Bini, Luigi (ed.). Attualità cinematografiche 1990 [Cinematic news 1990] (in Italian). Milan: Letture [it]. ISBN 978-88-85000-67-4.
• Piavoli, Franco (2008). "Intervista" [Interview]. Nostos: Il ritorno (DVD) (in Italian). Rome: Medusa [it].
• Piavoli, Franco (21 April 2019). "Nostos, Piavoli in Matera with his Ulysses". materre.retecinemabasilicata.it. Rete Cinema Basilicata, Matera Basilicata 2019 Foundation and Lucana Film Commission. from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
• Poppi, Roberto (2000). "Nostos – Il ritorno". Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film dal 1980 al 1989 [Dictionary of Italian cinema. Films from 1980 to 1989] (in Italian). Vol. 2: M–Z. Rome: Gremese Editore. ISBN 978-88-7742-429-7.
• Salvador Ventura, Francisco (2015). "From Ithaca to Troy: The Homeric City in Cinema and Television". In Garcia Morcillo, Marta; Hanesworth, Pauline; Lapeña Marchena, Óscar (eds.). Imagining Ancient Cities in Film: From Babylon to Cinecittà. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-84397-3.
• Verona Film Commission. "Nostos, il ritorno". veronafilmcommission.org (in Italian). from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
• WorldCat. Nostos : il ritorno (DVD video, 2008). OCLC. OCLC 878669259. from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.

Further reading

• Danese, Roberto M. (2015). "Nostos. Il ritorno di Franco Piavoli. Il mito come intermediazione fra uomo e nature" [Franco Piavoli's Nostos: The Return. Myth as intermediary between man and nature]. Rivista di Cultura Classica e Medioevale (in Italian). 57 (2): 409–430. JSTOR 43923813.
• Maisetti, Massimo (2006). "Νοστος. L'odissea poetica di Franco Piavoli" [Nostos. The poetic odyssey of Franco Piavoli]. In Invitto, Giovanni (ed.). Fenomenologia del mito. La narrazione tra cinema, filosofía, psicoanalisi [Phenomenology of myth. The narrative between cinema, philosophy, psychoanalysis] (in Italian). San Cesario di Lecce: Manni. pp. 100–106. ISBN 978-88-8176-854-7.
• Piavoli, Franco (2011). "Nostos, il ritorno e il mito di Ulisse" [Nostos: The Return and the myth of Odysseus]. In Brunetta, Gian Piero (ed.). Metamorfosi del mito classico nel cinema [Metamorphoses of classical myth in cinema] (in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino. pp. 131–137. ISBN 978-88-15-14698-4.
• Schillaci, Filippo (2020). Il cielo, l'acqua e il gatto. Il cinema secondo natura di Franco Piavoli [The sky, the water and the cat. The natural cinema of Franco Piavoli] (in Italian). Dublin: Artdigiland. ISBN 978-1-909088-38-2.

External links

• Official website (in Italian)
• Nostos: The Return at IMDb