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North American T-28 Trojan

January 01, 1970

This article is about the aircraft. For other uses, see T28 (disambiguation).

The North American Aviation T-28 Trojan is a radial-engine military trainer aircraft manufactured by North American Aviation and used by the United States Air Force and United States Navy beginning in the 1950s. Besides its use as a trainer, the T-28 was successfully employed as a counter-insurgency aircraft, primarily during the Vietnam War. It has continued in civilian use as an aerobatics and warbird performer.

T-28 Trojan
A US Navy T-28B in 1973
Role Trainer aircraft
Light attack
Manufacturer North American Aviation
First flight 24 September 1949
Retired 1994 Philippine Air Force[1]
Primary users United States Air Force
United States Navy
Republic of Vietnam Air Force
French Air Force
Produced 1950–1957
Number built 1,948
Developed from North American XSN2J
Developed into AIDC T-CH-1

Design and development edit

On 24 September 1949, the XT-28 (company designation NA-159) was flown for the first time, designed to replace the T-6 Texan. The T-28A arrived at the Air Proving Ground, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, in mid-June 1950, for suitability tests as an advanced trainer by the 3200th Fighter Test Squadron, with consideration given to its transition, instrument, and gunnery capabilities.[2] Found satisfactory, a contract was issued and between 1950 and 1957, a total of 1,948 were built.

Following the T-28's withdrawal from U.S. military service, a number were remanufactured by Hamilton Aircraft into two versions called the Nomair. The first refurbished machines, designated T-28R-1 were similar to the standard T-28s they were adapted from, and were supplied to the Brazilian Navy. Later, a more ambitious conversion was undertaken as the T-28R-2, which transformed the two-seat tandem aircraft into a five-seat cabin monoplane for general aviation use. Other civil conversions of ex-military T-28As were undertaken by PacAero as the Nomad Mark I and Nomad Mark II[3]

Operational history edit

 
West Virginia Air National Guard T-28A in 1957

After becoming adopted as a primary trainer by the USAF, the United States Navy and Marine Corps adopted it as well. Although the Air Force phased out the aircraft from primary pilot training by the early 1960s, continuing use only for limited training of special operations aircrews and for primary training of select foreign military personnel, the aircraft continued to be used as a primary trainer by the Navy (and by default, the Marine Corps and Coast Guard) well into the early 1980s.

The largest single concentration of this aircraft was employed by the U.S. Navy at Naval Air Station Whiting Field in Milton, Florida, in the training of student naval aviators. The T-28's service career in the U.S. military ended with the completion of the phase-in of the T-34C turboprop trainer. The last U.S. Navy training squadron to fly the T-28 was VT-27 "Boomers", based at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas, flying the last T-28 training flight in early 1984. The last T-28 in the Training Command, BuNo 137796, departed for Naval District Washington on 14 March 1984 to be displayed permanently at Naval Support Facility Anacostia, D.C.[4]

Vietnam War combat edit

 
RVNAF T-28Cs over Vietnam

In 1963, a Royal Lao Air Force T-28 piloted by Lieutenant Chert Saibory, a Thai national, defected to North Vietnam. Saibory was immediately imprisoned and his aircraft was impounded. Within six months the T-28 was refurbished and commissioned into the North Vietnamese Air Force as its first fighter aircraft.[5] Lt. Saibory later trained NVAF pilot Nguyen Van Ba in the operation of the T-28, where Nguyen flew the T-28 in its first successful interception against an SVNAF C-123 Provider on 15 February, 1964, earning the NVAF its first-ever aerial victory.[6]

T-28s were supplied to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) in support of ARVN ground operations, seeing extensive service during the Vietnam War in RVNAF hands, as well as the Secret War in Laos. A T-28 Trojan was the first US fixed wing attack aircraft (non-transport type) lost in South Vietnam, during the Vietnam War. Capt. Robert L. Simpson, USAF, Detachment 2A, 1st Air Commando Group, and Lt. Hoa, RVNAF, were shot down by ground fire on August 28, 1962 while flying close air support. Neither crewman survived. The USAF lost 23 T-28s to all causes during the war, with the last two losses occurring in 1968.[7]

Other combat uses edit

T-28s were used by the CIA in the former Belgian Congo during the 1960s.[8]

The T-28B and D were the primary ground attack aircraft of Khmer Air Force in Cambodia during the war there, largely provided from the U.S. Military Equipment Delivery Team and maintained by Air America.[9] On the night of 21 January 1971, PAVN sappers managed to get close enough to destroy the majority at Pochentong airbase. Replacements were quickly shipped in. On 17 March 1973 a pilot of a T-28, said to be Capt. So Petra, a common-law husband of one of the daughters of the overthrown Prince Norodom Sihanouk, machine gunned and bombed the palace of Lon Nol in an attempt to assassinate him, killing at least 20 and wounding 35, before defecting to Khmer Rouge held lands.[10]

France's Armée de l'Air used locally re-manufactured Trojans, T-28S Fennec, for close support missions in Algeria.[11]

Nicaragua replaced its fleet of 30+ ex-Swedish P-51s with T-28s in the early 1960s,[12] with more aircraft acquired in the 1970s and 1980s.[13]

The Philippines utilized T-28s (colloquially known as "Tora-toras") during the 1989 Philippine coup attempt. The aircraft were often deployed as dive bombers by rebel forces.[citation needed]

Civilian use edit

AeroVironment modified and armored a T-28A to fly weather research for South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, funded by the National Science Foundation, and operated in this capacity from 1969 to 2005.[14][15] SDSM&T was planning to replace it with another modified, but more modern, former military aircraft, specifically a Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II.[16] This plan was found to carry too many risks associated with the costly modifications required and the program was cancelled in 2018.[17]

Aerobatics and warbird display edit

Many retired T-28s were subsequently sold to private civil operators, and due to their reasonable operating costs are often found flying or displayed as warbirds today.

Variants edit

 
An early-production U.S. Navy T-28B in 1954
 
A tailhook-equipped T-28C after trapping aboard USS Tarawa (CVA-40), in 1955
 
T-28D at Degerfeld [18] airfield (2017)
 
A turboprop-powered YAT-28E in 1964
XT-28
Prototype; two built.
T-28A
U.S. Air Force version with an 800 hp (597 kW) Wright R-1300-1 radial engine driving a two-bladed propeller; 1,194 built.[19][20]
T-28B
U.S. Navy land-based trainer version with 1,425 hp (1,063 kW) Wright R-1820-86 radial engine driving a three-bladed propeller and fitted with a belly-mounted speed brake; 489 built from new and 17 converted from T-28.[21][20]
T-28C
U.S. Navy version, a T-28B with shortened propeller blades and tailhook for carrier-landing training; 299 built.[20][22]
T-28D Nomad
T-28Bs converted for the USAF in 1962 for the counter-insurgency, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and forward air controller roles in Vietnam. Fitted with two underwing hardpoints. The later T-28D-5 had ammo pans inside the wings that could be hooked up to hardpoint-mounted gun pods for a better center of gravity and aerodynamics; 321 converted by Pacific Airmotive (Pac-Aero).
T-28 Nomad Mark I - Wright R-1820-56S engine (1,300 hp).[3][23]
T-28 Nomad Mark II - Wright R-1820-76A (1,425 hp)
T-28 Nomad Mark III - Wright R-1820-80 (1,535 hp)[24]
Fairchild AT-28D
Attack model of the T-28D used for Close Air Support (CAS) missions by the USAF and allied Air Forces in Southeast Asia, which were nicknamed "Tangos" by their pilots.[25] It was fitted with six underwing hardpoints and the rocket-powered Stanley Yankee ejection seat;[26] 72 converted by Fairchild Hiller.
YAT-28E
Experimental development of the counter-insurgency T-28D. It was powered by a 2,445 hp (1,823 kW) Lycoming YT-55L-9 turboprop, and armed with two .50 in machine guns and up to 6,000 lb (2,730 kg) of weapons on 12 underwing hardpoints. Three prototypes were converted from T-28As by North American, with the first model flying on 15 February 1963. The project was canceled in 1965.[27]
T-28S Fennec
Ex-USAF T-28As converted in 1959 for use by the French Armée de l'Air, replacing the Morane-Saulnier MS.733A. It was flown by their Escadrilles d'Aviation Légère d'Appui (EALA; "Light Aviation Support Squadrons") in the counterinsurgency role in North Africa from 1959 to 1962. Fitted with an electrically powered sliding canopy, side-armor, a 1,200 hp Wright R-1820-97 supercharged radial engine (the model used in the B-17 bomber),[28] and four underwing hardpoints.[29] It is referred to as the "S" variant because its engine had a supercharger on it; it has also been referred to as the T-28F variant – with the "F" standing for France.[citation needed]
For fire support missions it usually carried two double-mount .50-caliber machine gun pods (with 100 rounds per gun) and two MATRA Type 122 6 x 68mm rocket pods.[29] It could also carry on paired hardpoints a 120 kg.[264 lb.] HE or GP "iron" bomb, a MATRA Type 361 36 x 37mm [1.45-inch] rocket pod, a SNEB 7 x 55mm [2.16-inch] rocket pod, or a MATRA Type 13 single-rail, MATRA Type 20 or Type 21 double-rail, MATRA Type 41 quadruple-rail (2 x 2), or MATRA Type 61 or Type 63 sextuple-rail (3 x 3) SERAM T10 heavy rocket launchers.[29] Improvised napalm bombs (called bidons spéciaux, or "special cans") were created by dropping gas tanks loaded with octagel-thickened fuel inside, then later igniting or detonating the spilled fuel with white phosphorus rockets.[29]
Total 148 airframes bought from Pacific Airmotive (Pac Aero) and modified by Sud-Aviation in France. After the war the French government offered them for sale from 1964 to 1967.[11] They sold most of them to Morocco and Argentina.[11] The Fuerza Aérea de Nicaragua (FAN) purchased four of these ex-Morocco aircraft during 1979.[citation needed] Argentina later sold some to Uruguay and Honduras.[11]
T-28P
T-28S Fennec aircraft sold to the Argentinian Navy as carrier-borne attack aircraft. They were given shortened propeller blades and a tailhook to allow carrier landings.[30]
T-28R Nomair
An attempt by Hamilton Aircraft Company of Tucson, Arizona to make a civilianized Nomad III-equivalent out of refurbished ex-USAF T-28As. It had a Wright Cyclone R-1820-80 engine to make it fast and powerful, but had to lengthen the wingspan by seven feet to reduce the stall speed to below a "street-legal" 70 knots.[24][31] The prototype flew for the first time in September, 1960, and the FAA Type Certificate was received on 15 February 1962.[31] At the time, the T-28-R2 was the fastest single-engined standard category aircraft available in the United States. It had been flown to a height of 38,700 ft. [11,800 m].
T-28R-1 Nomair I
A military trainer that had a tandem cockpit, dual instrumentation and flying controls, and hydraulically-actuated rearward-sliding canopy.[24][32] Six were sold in 1962 as carrier-landing trainers to the Brazilian Navy and were modified with a carrier arrestor hook. They were later transferred to the Brazilian Air Force.[31]
T-28R-2 Nomair II
Modified to have a cramped five-seater cabin (one pilot and two rows of two passengers) that opened from the port side.[24][32] Ten aircraft were modified in all; one was sold to a high-altitude photographic company.[31]
RT-28
Photo reconnaissance conversion for counter-insurgency use with Royal Lao Air Force. Number of conversions unknown.[33][34]
AIDC T-CH-1
A derivative of the T-28 developed by AIDC in Taiwan, the AIDC T-CH-1 was powered by a 1,082 kW (1,451 hp) Avco Lycoming T53-L-701 turboprop engine. Fifty aircraft were produced for the Taiwanese Air Force between March 1976 and 1981. The type has since been retired.

Operators edit

 
T-28Ds used in Operation Barrel Roll in Laos
 
A former French T-28 Fennec
 
T-28A Trojan, RoKAF
 
Derelict Royal Saudi Air Force T-28A Trojan at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, one of four acquired in the 1950s
 
Royal Thai Air Force North American T-28D Trojan is waiting for takeoff.
 
Uruguay Naval Aviation North American T-28S Fennec
 
Japan Air Self-Defense Force T-28B
  Argentina
  Bolivia
  Brazil
  Democratic Republic of the Congo
  Cuba
  • Cuban Air Force - 10 T-28As were ordered by the Batista regime but were never delivered owing to an arms embargo,[41][42] although at least one T-28 seems to have been acquired at some stage which was put on display at a museum at Playa Girón[43][44]
  Dominican Republic
  Ecuador
  Ethiopia
  France
  • French Air Force - 148 T-28A airframes modified in France (1959) to make the T-28S Fennec COIN model.[38]
  Haiti
  Honduras
  Japan
  Khmer Republic
  Laos
  Mexico
  Morocco
  Nicaragua
  Philippines
  South Korea
  Saudi Arabia
  South Vietnam
  Tunisia
  Taiwan
  Thailand
  United States
  Uruguay
  Vietnam
  Zaire

Surviving aircraft edit

 
A T-28A of the USAF Museum
 
T-28B BuNo 138266 in 2008
 
YAT-28E 0-13786

Many T-28s are on display throughout the world. In addition, a considerable number of flyable examples exist in private ownership, as the aircraft is a popular sport plane and warbird.

Argentina edit

On display
T-28A
  • S/N 174112 (ex USAF 51-3574), formerly operated by the Argentine Air Force as E-608. Preserved at the Museo Regional Inter Fuerzas, Estancia Santa Romana, San Luis.[62]
  • C/N° 174333 (ex-USAF 51-3795), formerly operated by the Argentine Naval Aviation. Preserved at the Argentine Naval Aviation Museum.[63]

Australia edit

On display
T-28A

T-28 TROJAN 50-221 "LITTL JUGGS". Toowoomba Australia

https://www.gluseum.com/AU/Toowoomba/287406544649061/T-28-Trojan-50-221-%22Littl-Juggs%22

T 28B Bu 140016, Located at Jandakot Airport in Western Australia. Owned by AOG Services and registered as VH-KAN. Imported from the USA in 2014 and formerly N46984.


Philippines edit

T-28A
  • 109 - Philippine Air Force Museum. Colonel Jesus Villamor Air BasePasay, Metro Manila[65]
  • 7760 -Basilio Fernando Air Base. Lipa, Batangas[66]
  • 612 - Villa Escudero Plantations and Resort. Tiaong, Quezon [67]
AT-28D
  • 137701 - Major Danilo Atienza Air Base, Cavite City, Cavite, Philippines.
  • 114645 - Clark Air Base, Angeles City, Pampanga Philippines[68][69]
  • 100310 - Edwin Andrews Air Base, Zamboanga City, Philippines.


Taiwan edit

On display
T-28A
  • 51-3664 - Chung Cheng Aviation Museum, Taipai Airport, Taiwan.[70]

Thailand edit

 
T-28 at the Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base
On display
T-28A
T-28B

United Kingdom edit

On display
T-28C

United States edit

On display
T-28A
T-28B
 
T-28B at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum
T-28C
YAT-28E

Specifications (T-28D) edit

 
North American T-28B Trojan 3-view drawing
 
North American T-28C Trojan 3-view drawing

Data from Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft[112]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 33 ft 0 in (10.06 m)
  • Wingspan: 40 ft 1 in (12.22 m)
  • Height: 12 ft 8 in (3.86 m)
  • Wing area: 268.0 sq ft (24.90 m2)
  • Aspect ratio: 6.0:1
  • Empty weight: 6,424 lb (2,914 kg) (equipped)
  • Max takeoff weight: 8,500 lb (3,856 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-1820-86 Cyclone 9-cylinder air-cooled radial engine, 1,425 hp (1,063 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 343 mph (552 km/h, 298 kn) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
  • Ferry range: 1,060 mi (1,710 km, 920 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 35,500 ft (10,800 m)
  • Rate of climb: 3,540 ft/min (18.0 m/s)

Armament

  • Hardpoints: 6 with a capacity of 1,200 lb (540 kg) total

See also edit

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "Historical Listings: Philippines, (PHL)." 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine World Air Forces. Retrieved: 19 May 2011.
  2. ^ Fort Walton, Florida, "T-28 Trainer Now at Eglin – Is Latest Word In Instructional Craft", Playground News, 22 June 1950, Vol. 5, No. 21, p. 10.
  3. ^ a b The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft 1985, p. 2678.
  4. ^ "T-28." history.navy.mil. Retrieved: 9 July 2010.
  5. ^ Toperczer 2001, pp. 8–9.
  6. ^ Toperczer 2015, pp. 18–19.
  7. ^ Hobson 2001, p. 12.
  8. ^ Holm, Richard L. "A Plane Crash, Rescue, and Recovery - A Close Call in Africa". 24 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Center for the Study of Intelligence, Historical Perspectives, Washington, D.C., Winter 1999-2000.
  9. ^ Leeker, Dr Joe F. "Khmer Air Force T-28s(maintained under the supervision of Air America’s LMAT, Phnom Penh)"
  10. ^ New York Times. "20 DIE IN BOMBING AiMED AT LON NOL".
  11. ^ a b c d Ganivet, Jean-Luc. "T-28 Fennec History." fennec.pfiquet. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
  12. ^ Hagedorn 1993, p. 41
  13. ^ Hagedorn 1993, pp. 42–43
  14. ^ Godfrey, Joe. "Charlie Summers" AVweb, 16 April 2003. Retrieved: 22 July 2012.
  15. ^ "T-28 Instrumented Research Aircraft" 1 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine South Dakota School of Mines & Technology. Retrieved: 22 July 2012.
  16. ^ (PDF). South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  17. ^ Rogoway, Tyler. "The Storm Chasing A-10 Thunderhog Program Is Officially Dead, Jet To Be Returned To USAF". The Drive. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  18. ^ See German Wikipedia Flugplatz Albstadt-Degerfeld
  19. ^ Ginter 1981, p. 6
  20. ^ a b c Darke 2013, p. 147
  21. ^ Ginter 1981, p. 27
  22. ^ Ginter 1981, p. 53
  23. ^ Sweeney, Richard L. "New Role for Nomad."Flying Magazine, December 1961.
  24. ^ a b c d Concannon, Milt. "The Lost (and last) Nomad." 2014-01-01 at the Wayback Machine courtesyaircraft.com. Retrieved: December 31, 2013.
  25. ^ Trichter, J. Gary (12 August 2016). "The Poor Man's P-51: The T-28 Trojan". Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  26. ^ "The Ejection Site: Stanley YANKEE Extraction System". www.ejectionsite.com.
  27. ^ Tate Air Enthusiast May/June 1999, pp. 58–59.
  28. ^ "Warbirds of New Smyrna." angelfire.com, p. 44. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
  29. ^ a b c d Renaud, Patrick-Charles."Aerostories (Algérie (1954-1962): T-28 Fennec: des ailes pour un renard." aerostories, 2002. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
  30. ^ North American T-28 Trojan/Fennec in Argentina
  31. ^ a b c d "Hamilton T-28-R2 Nomair (N9106Z)". Ron Dupas Collection, No. 1040, August 1970. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
  32. ^ a b Flying Magazine, April 1962, p. 3.
  33. ^ Troung, Albert Grandolini and Tom Cooper. "Laos, 1948-1989; Part 1." Indochina Database, 13 November 2003. Retrieved: 17 April 2012.
  34. ^ Troung, Albert Grandolini and Tom Cooper. "Laos, 1948-1989; Part 2." Indochina Database, 13 November 2003. Retrieved: 17 April 2012.
  35. ^ Ay, Carlos. "The Illustrated Catalogue to Argentine Air Force Aircraft." Aeromilitaria, 15 August 2013. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Taylor and Munson 1973, p. 179.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Krivinyi 1977, p. 178.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Fitzsimons 1988, p. 137.
  39. ^ Andrade 1982, p. 28.
  40. ^ Air-Britain Aeromilitaria, March 2015
  41. ^ Wieland, William A. "Memorandum From the Director of the Office of Middle American Affairs." latinamericanstudies.org, August 1958. Retrieved: 21 February 2010.
  42. ^ Hagedorn 1993, pp. 22, 27
  43. ^ Hagedorn 1993, p. 27
  44. ^ Valero, Jose Ramon. "Picture of the North American T-28 Trojan aircraft." airliners.net, October 2003. Retrieved: 21 February 2010.
  45. ^ Andrade 1982, p. 56.
  46. ^ Andrade 1982, p. 58.
  47. ^ Andrade 1982, p. 62.
  48. ^ a b Andrade 1982, p. 97.
  49. ^ Green 1956, p. 238.
  50. ^ Thompson, Paul North American T-28D Trojan J-HangarSpace Retrieved August 18, 2017
  51. ^ Andrade 1982, p. 146.
  52. ^ Andrade 1982, p. 156.
  53. ^ Andrade 1982, p. 181.
  54. ^ Andrade 1982, p. 143.
  55. ^ Cooper 2017, p. 14
  56. ^ Andrade 1982, p. 223.
  57. ^ Pocock 1986, p. 115.
  58. ^ "Talking Paper for Chief of Staff, U.S. Army: Guidance for T-28 Aircraft Operations." U.S. Army, 9 March 1964.
  59. ^ Andrade 1982, p. 336.
  60. ^ Secrets of US Air Operations in North Vietnam (Bí mật các chiến dịch không kích của Mỹ vào Bắc Việt Nam (in Vietnamese)). Hanoi: People's Police Publisher, p. 513.
  61. ^ Ginter 1981, p. 22.
  62. ^ Aviacion Militar Argentina (Amilarg)- North American T-28A/F/P Trojan/Fennec (retrieved 2014-11-23) 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ^ Museo de la Aviacion Naval - ARA 25 de MAYO - T-28 Fennec (retrieved 2014-08-19) 2008-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ^ "T-28 Trojan/49-1583." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  65. ^ https://www.skippyscage.com/aviation/ph/philippine-air-force-museum-manila/index.php
  66. ^ https://mondortiz.com/the-t-28-trojan-is-not-the-tora-tora-plane/
  67. ^ https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/9045134
  68. ^ https://www.flickr.com/photos/aeroprints/7838745960
  69. ^ https://www.jetphotos.com/aircraft/manufacturer/North%20American/serial/114
  70. ^ "T-28 Trojan/51-3664." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  71. ^ "T-28 Trojan/49-1538." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  72. ^ "T-28 Trojan/49-1601." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  73. ^ "T-28 Trojan/49-1687." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  74. ^ "T-28 Trojan/51-3480." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  75. ^ "T-28 Trojan/51-3578." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  76. ^ "T-28 Trojan/51-3740." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  77. ^ "T-28 Trojan/153652" Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  78. ^ "T-28 Trojan/137661." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  79. ^ "T-28 Trojan/138157." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  80. ^ "T-28 Trojan/138284." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  81. ^ "T-28 Trojan/138302." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  82. ^ "T-28 Trojan/146289." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  83. ^ "T-28 Trojan/49-1494." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  84. ^ "T-28 Trojan/49-1663." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  85. ^ "T-28 Trojan/49-1679." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  86. ^ "T-28 Trojan/49-1682." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  87. ^ "T-28 Trojan/49-1689." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  88. ^ "T-28 Trojan/49-1695." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  89. ^ "T-28 Trojan/50-0300." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  90. ^ "T-28 Trojan/51-3612." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  91. ^ "T-28 Trojan/51-7500." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  92. ^ "T-28 Trojan/137702." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  93. ^ "T-28 Trojan/137796." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  94. ^ "T-28 Trojan/138144." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  95. ^ a b "Trojan Phlyer's T28s".
  96. ^ "US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos--Third Series (135774 to 140052)". www.joebaugher.com. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  97. ^ "T-28 Trojan/138247." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  98. ^ "N63NA (1955 NORTH AMERICAN T-28B owned by URBAN SCOTT J) Aircraft Registration".
  99. ^ "Aircraft" Retrieved: 20 January 2023.
  100. ^ < "Aircraft on Display: T-28."[permanent dead link] Naval Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
  101. ^ "T-28 Trojan/138339." trojanhorsemen.com. Retrieved: 22 March 2013.
  102. ^ "Aircraft on Display - USS Hornet Museum". 9 December 2015.
  103. ^ "T-28 Trojan/138353." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  104. ^ "T-28 Trojan/140048." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  105. ^ . warbirdmuseumva.org. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  106. ^ "North American T-28 Trojan – Air Heritage Inc". Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  107. ^ "T-28 Trojan/140454." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  108. ^ "T-28 Trojan/140481." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  109. ^ "T-28 Trojan/140557." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  110. ^ "T-28 Trojan/140659." Warbird Registry. Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
  111. ^ . Helen Murphy. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  112. ^ Donald and Lake 1996, p. 333

Bibliography edit

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  • Donald, David and Lake, Jon. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-874023-95-6.
  • Fitzsimons, Bernie. The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1988. ISBN 0-8317-2181-2.
  • Ginter, Steve (1981). North American T-28 Trojan. Naval Fighters. Vol. 5 (First ed.). California, United States: Ginter Books. ISBN 0-942612-05-1.
  • Green, William. Observers Aircraft, 1956. London: Frederick Warne Publishing, 1956.
  • Hagedorn, Daniel P. (1993). Central American and Caribbean Air Forces. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-210-6.
  • Hellström, Leif (Autumn 2014). "T-28s in the Congo – Part 1: Stemming The Rebellion". Air-Britain Aeromilitaria. Vol. 40, no. 159. pp. 117–128. ISSN 0262-8791.
  • Hellström, Leif (Winter 2014). "T-28s in the Congo – Part 2: Heyday of the Trojan". Air-Britain Aeromilitaria. Vol. 40, no. 160. pp. 147–157. ISSN 0262-8791.
  • Hellström, Leif (Spring 2015). "T-28s in the Congo – Part 3: The Twilight Years". Air-Britain Aeromilitaria. Vol. 41, no. 161. pp. 4–17. ISSN 0262-8791.
  • Hobson, Chris. Vietnam Air Losses, USAF/Navy/Marine, Fixed Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast 1961–1973. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2001. ISBN 1-85780-115-6.
  • The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
  • Krivinyi, Nikolaus. World Military Aviation. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1977. ISBN 0-668-04348-2.
  • Pocock, Chris. "Thailand Hones its Air Forces". Air International, Vol. 31, No. 3, September 1986. pp. 113–121, 168. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Tate, Jess. "Ultimate Trojan: North American's YAT-28E Project". Air Enthusiast, No. 99, May/June 1999. pp. 58–59. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Taylor, John J.H. and Kenneth Munson.Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft. New York: Collier Books, 1973. ISBN 0-7232-3697-6.
  • Thompson, Kevin. North American Aircraft: 1934–1998 Volume 2. Santa Ana, California: Narkiewicz-Thompson, 1999. ISBN 0-913322-06-7.
  • Toperczer, Istvan. MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War. London: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2001. ISBN 1-84176-162-1.
  • Toperczer, Istvan, MiG Aces of the Vietnam War, Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 2015; ISBN 978-0-7643-4895-2.
  • United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.

Further reading edit

  • Adcock, Al. T-28 Trojan in Action. Squadron/Signal Publications Inc. 1989. ISBN 0-89747-211-X
  • Cupido, Joe., "Veteran United: A T-28D Trojan Meets Up with a Former Pilot." Air Enthusiast, No. 83, September/October 1999, pp. 16–20 ISSN 0143-5450
  • Genat, Robert. "Final Tour of Duty - North American's T-28 Trojans". North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1996. ISBN 0-933424-61-2
  • Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (2010). Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (ed.). North American T-28 Fennec. Serie Aeronaval (in Spanish). Vol. 28. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales. ISBN 978-987-1682-02-7.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to T-28 Trojan.
  • North American T-28B Trojan – National Museum of the United States Air Force
  • Warbird Alley: T-28 page
  • T-28 FENNEC : History + 2006 inventory 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  • T-28 Trojan Registry: The histories of those aircraft that survived military service
  • North American T-28 Trojan (Variants/Other Names: AT-28; Fennec)

January 01, 1970
north, american, trojan, this, article, about, aircraft, other, uses, disambiguation, north, american, aviation, trojan, radial, engine, military, trainer, aircraft, manufactured, north, american, aviation, used, united, states, force, united, states, navy, be. This article is about the aircraft For other uses see T28 disambiguation The North American Aviation T 28 Trojan is a radial engine military trainer aircraft manufactured by North American Aviation and used by the United States Air Force and United States Navy beginning in the 1950s Besides its use as a trainer the T 28 was successfully employed as a counter insurgency aircraft primarily during the Vietnam War It has continued in civilian use as an aerobatics and warbird performer T 28 Trojan A US Navy T 28B in 1973 Role Trainer aircraftLight attack Manufacturer North American Aviation First flight 24 September 1949 Retired 1994 Philippine Air Force 1 Primary users United States Air ForceUnited States Navy Republic of Vietnam Air ForceFrench Air Force Produced 1950 1957 Number built 1 948 Developed from North American XSN2J Developed into AIDC T CH 1 Contents 1 Design and development 2 Operational history 2 1 Vietnam War combat 2 2 Other combat uses 2 3 Civilian use 2 4 Aerobatics and warbird display 3 Variants 4 Operators 5 Surviving aircraft 5 1 Argentina 5 2 Australia 5 3 Philippines 5 4 Taiwan 5 5 Thailand 5 6 United Kingdom 5 7 United States 6 Specifications T 28D 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Notes 8 2 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External linksDesign and development editOn 24 September 1949 the XT 28 company designation NA 159 was flown for the first time designed to replace the T 6 Texan The T 28A arrived at the Air Proving Ground Eglin Air Force Base Florida in mid June 1950 for suitability tests as an advanced trainer by the 3200th Fighter Test Squadron with consideration given to its transition instrument and gunnery capabilities 2 Found satisfactory a contract was issued and between 1950 and 1957 a total of 1 948 were built Following the T 28 s withdrawal from U S military service a number were remanufactured by Hamilton Aircraft into two versions called the Nomair The first refurbished machines designated T 28R 1 were similar to the standard T 28s they were adapted from and were supplied to the Brazilian Navy Later a more ambitious conversion was undertaken as the T 28R 2 which transformed the two seat tandem aircraft into a five seat cabin monoplane for general aviation use Other civil conversions of ex military T 28As were undertaken by PacAero as the Nomad Mark I and Nomad Mark II 3 Operational history edit nbsp West Virginia Air National Guard T 28A in 1957 After becoming adopted as a primary trainer by the USAF the United States Navy and Marine Corps adopted it as well Although the Air Force phased out the aircraft from primary pilot training by the early 1960s continuing use only for limited training of special operations aircrews and for primary training of select foreign military personnel the aircraft continued to be used as a primary trainer by the Navy and by default the Marine Corps and Coast Guard well into the early 1980s The largest single concentration of this aircraft was employed by the U S Navy at Naval Air Station Whiting Field in Milton Florida in the training of student naval aviators The T 28 s service career in the U S military ended with the completion of the phase in of the T 34C turboprop trainer The last U S Navy training squadron to fly the T 28 was VT 27 Boomers based at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi Texas flying the last T 28 training flight in early 1984 The last T 28 in the Training Command BuNo 137796 departed for Naval District Washington on 14 March 1984 to be displayed permanently at Naval Support Facility Anacostia D C 4 Vietnam War combat edit nbsp RVNAF T 28Cs over Vietnam In 1963 a Royal Lao Air Force T 28 piloted by Lieutenant Chert Saibory a Thai national defected to North Vietnam Saibory was immediately imprisoned and his aircraft was impounded Within six months the T 28 was refurbished and commissioned into the North Vietnamese Air Force as its first fighter aircraft 5 Lt Saibory later trained NVAF pilot Nguyen Van Ba in the operation of the T 28 where Nguyen flew the T 28 in its first successful interception against an SVNAF C 123 Provider on 15 February 1964 earning the NVAF its first ever aerial victory 6 T 28s were supplied to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force RVNAF in support of ARVN ground operations seeing extensive service during the Vietnam War in RVNAF hands as well as the Secret War in Laos A T 28 Trojan was the first US fixed wing attack aircraft non transport type lost in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War Capt Robert L Simpson USAF Detachment 2A 1st Air Commando Group and Lt Hoa RVNAF were shot down by ground fire on August 28 1962 while flying close air support Neither crewman survived The USAF lost 23 T 28s to all causes during the war with the last two losses occurring in 1968 7 Other combat uses edit T 28s were used by the CIA in the former Belgian Congo during the 1960s 8 The T 28B and D were the primary ground attack aircraft of Khmer Air Force in Cambodia during the war there largely provided from the U S Military Equipment Delivery Team and maintained by Air America 9 On the night of 21 January 1971 PAVN sappers managed to get close enough to destroy the majority at Pochentong airbase Replacements were quickly shipped in On 17 March 1973 a pilot of a T 28 said to be Capt So Petra a common law husband of one of the daughters of the overthrown Prince Norodom Sihanouk machine gunned and bombed the palace of Lon Nol in an attempt to assassinate him killing at least 20 and wounding 35 before defecting to Khmer Rouge held lands 10 France s Armee de l Air used locally re manufactured Trojans T 28S Fennec for close support missions in Algeria 11 Nicaragua replaced its fleet of 30 ex Swedish P 51s with T 28s in the early 1960s 12 with more aircraft acquired in the 1970s and 1980s 13 The Philippines utilized T 28s colloquially known as Tora toras during the 1989 Philippine coup attempt The aircraft were often deployed as dive bombers by rebel forces citation needed Civilian use edit AeroVironment modified and armored a T 28A to fly weather research for South Dakota School of Mines amp Technology funded by the National Science Foundation and operated in this capacity from 1969 to 2005 14 15 SDSM amp T was planning to replace it with another modified but more modern former military aircraft specifically a Fairchild Republic A 10 Thunderbolt II 16 This plan was found to carry too many risks associated with the costly modifications required and the program was cancelled in 2018 17 Aerobatics and warbird display edit Many retired T 28s were subsequently sold to private civil operators and due to their reasonable operating costs are often found flying or displayed as warbirds today Variants edit nbsp An early production U S Navy T 28B in 1954 nbsp A tailhook equipped T 28C after trapping aboard USS Tarawa CVA 40 in 1955 nbsp T 28D at Degerfeld 18 airfield 2017 nbsp A turboprop powered YAT 28E in 1964 XT 28 Prototype two built T 28A U S Air Force version with an 800 hp 597 kW Wright R 1300 1 radial engine driving a two bladed propeller 1 194 built 19 20 T 28B U S Navy land based trainer version with 1 425 hp 1 063 kW Wright R 1820 86 radial engine driving a three bladed propeller and fitted with a belly mounted speed brake 489 built from new and 17 converted from T 28 21 20 T 28C U S Navy version a T 28B with shortened propeller blades and tailhook for carrier landing training 299 built 20 22 T 28D Nomad T 28Bs converted for the USAF in 1962 for the counter insurgency reconnaissance search and rescue and forward air controller roles in Vietnam Fitted with two underwing hardpoints The later T 28D 5 had ammo pans inside the wings that could be hooked up to hardpoint mounted gun pods for a better center of gravity and aerodynamics 321 converted by Pacific Airmotive Pac Aero T 28 Nomad Mark I Wright R 1820 56S engine 1 300 hp 3 23 T 28 Nomad Mark II Wright R 1820 76A 1 425 hp T 28 Nomad Mark III Wright R 1820 80 1 535 hp 24 dd Fairchild AT 28D Attack model of the T 28D used for Close Air Support CAS missions by the USAF and allied Air Forces in Southeast Asia which were nicknamed Tangos by their pilots 25 It was fitted with six underwing hardpoints and the rocket powered Stanley Yankee ejection seat 26 72 converted by Fairchild Hiller YAT 28E Experimental development of the counter insurgency T 28D It was powered by a 2 445 hp 1 823 kW Lycoming YT 55L 9 turboprop and armed with two 50 in machine guns and up to 6 000 lb 2 730 kg of weapons on 12 underwing hardpoints Three prototypes were converted from T 28As by North American with the first model flying on 15 February 1963 The project was canceled in 1965 27 T 28S Fennec Ex USAF T 28As converted in 1959 for use by the French Armee de l Air replacing the Morane Saulnier MS 733A It was flown by their Escadrilles d Aviation Legere d Appui EALA Light Aviation Support Squadrons in the counterinsurgency role in North Africa from 1959 to 1962 Fitted with an electrically powered sliding canopy side armor a 1 200 hp Wright R 1820 97 supercharged radial engine the model used in the B 17 bomber 28 and four underwing hardpoints 29 It is referred to as the S variant because its engine had a supercharger on it it has also been referred to as the T 28F variant with the F standing for France citation needed For fire support missions it usually carried two double mount 50 caliber machine gun pods with 100 rounds per gun and two MATRA Type 122 6 x 68mm rocket pods 29 It could also carry on paired hardpoints a 120 kg 264 lb HE or GP iron bomb a MATRA Type 361 36 x 37mm 1 45 inch rocket pod a SNEB 7 x 55mm 2 16 inch rocket pod or a MATRA Type 13 single rail MATRA Type 20 or Type 21 double rail MATRA Type 41 quadruple rail 2 x 2 or MATRA Type 61 or Type 63 sextuple rail 3 x 3 SERAM T10 heavy rocket launchers 29 Improvised napalm bombs called bidons speciaux or special cans were created by dropping gas tanks loaded with octagel thickened fuel inside then later igniting or detonating the spilled fuel with white phosphorus rockets 29 Total 148 airframes bought from Pacific Airmotive Pac Aero and modified by Sud Aviation in France After the war the French government offered them for sale from 1964 to 1967 11 They sold most of them to Morocco and Argentina 11 The Fuerza Aerea de Nicaragua FAN purchased four of these ex Morocco aircraft during 1979 citation needed Argentina later sold some to Uruguay and Honduras 11 T 28P T 28S Fennec aircraft sold to the Argentinian Navy as carrier borne attack aircraft They were given shortened propeller blades and a tailhook to allow carrier landings 30 T 28R Nomair An attempt by Hamilton Aircraft Company of Tucson Arizona to make a civilianized Nomad III equivalent out of refurbished ex USAF T 28As It had a Wright Cyclone R 1820 80 engine to make it fast and powerful but had to lengthen the wingspan by seven feet to reduce the stall speed to below a street legal 70 knots 24 31 The prototype flew for the first time in September 1960 and the FAA Type Certificate was received on 15 February 1962 31 At the time the T 28 R2 was the fastest single engined standard category aircraft available in the United States It had been flown to a height of 38 700 ft 11 800 m T 28R 1 Nomair I A military trainer that had a tandem cockpit dual instrumentation and flying controls and hydraulically actuated rearward sliding canopy 24 32 Six were sold in 1962 as carrier landing trainers to the Brazilian Navy and were modified with a carrier arrestor hook They were later transferred to the Brazilian Air Force 31 T 28R 2 Nomair II Modified to have a cramped five seater cabin one pilot and two rows of two passengers that opened from the port side 24 32 Ten aircraft were modified in all one was sold to a high altitude photographic company 31 RT 28 Photo reconnaissance conversion for counter insurgency use with Royal Lao Air Force Number of conversions unknown 33 34 AIDC T CH 1 A derivative of the T 28 developed by AIDC in Taiwan the AIDC T CH 1 was powered by a 1 082 kW 1 451 hp Avco Lycoming T53 L 701 turboprop engine Fifty aircraft were produced for the Taiwanese Air Force between March 1976 and 1981 The type has since been retired Operators edit nbsp T 28Ds used in Operation Barrel Roll in Laos nbsp A former French T 28 Fennec nbsp T 28A Trojan RoKAF nbsp Derelict Royal Saudi Air Force T 28A Trojan at King Abdulaziz University Jeddah one of four acquired in the 1950s nbsp Royal Thai Air Force North American T 28D Trojan is waiting for takeoff nbsp Uruguay Naval Aviation North American T 28S Fennec nbsp Japan Air Self Defense Force T 28B nbsp Argentina Argentine Air Force 34 T 28A 35 36 Argentine Naval Aviation 36 65 ex French Air Force T 28S Fennec aircraft 37 38 Last nine transferred to Uruguayan naval aviation in 1980 citation needed nbsp Bolivia Bolivian Air Force at least six T 28Ds 36 37 39 nbsp Brazil Brazilian Navy 18 T 28C 36 nbsp Democratic Republic of the Congo Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 14 T 28C 3 T 28B 10 T 28D 40 nbsp Cuba Cuban Air Force 10 T 28As were ordered by the Batista regime but were never delivered owing to an arms embargo 41 42 although at least one T 28 seems to have been acquired at some stage which was put on display at a museum at Playa Giron 43 44 nbsp Dominican Republic Dominican Air Force 37 38 45 nbsp Ecuador Ecuadorian Air Force nine T 28A 36 46 nbsp Ethiopia Ethiopian Air Force 12 T 28A and 12 T 28D 36 37 38 47 nbsp France French Air Force 148 T 28A airframes modified in France 1959 to make the T 28S Fennec COIN model 38 nbsp Haiti Haitian Air Force 12 ex French Air Force 36 nbsp Honduras Honduran Air Force eight former Moroccan Air Force Fennecs One delivered seven others impounded at Fort Lauderdale 37 38 48 nbsp Japan Japanese Air Self Defense Force one T 28B 49 50 nbsp Khmer Republic Khmer Air Force operated 47 T 28s in total in service 36 37 38 nbsp Laos Royal Lao Air Force 55 T 28D 36 37 38 51 nbsp Mexico Mexican Air Force 32 T 28A 36 38 52 nbsp Morocco Royal Moroccan Air Force 25 Fennec aircraft 36 37 38 48 nbsp Nicaragua Nicaraguan Air Force six T 28D 36 38 nbsp Philippines Philippine Air Force 12 T 28A 36 37 38 53 nbsp South Korea Republic of Korea Air Force 36 38 54 nbsp Saudi Arabia Royal Saudi Air Force 55 nbsp South Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Air Force 38 nbsp Tunisia Tunisian Air Force Fennec 36 nbsp Taiwan ROC Air Force 36 38 nbsp Thailand Royal Thai Air Force 88 T 28Ds delivered 36 37 38 56 Retired 1984 57 nbsp United States United States Army 58 United States Air Force 1194 T 28A of which 360 converted to D 36 United States Navy 489 T 28B and 299 T 28C 36 nbsp Uruguay Uruguayan Naval Aviation Fennec 38 59 nbsp Vietnam Vietnam People s Air Force 60 nbsp Zaire Zaire Air Force 61 Surviving aircraft edit nbsp A T 28A of the USAF Museum nbsp T 28B BuNo 138266 in 2008 nbsp YAT 28E 0 13786 Many T 28s are on display throughout the world In addition a considerable number of flyable examples exist in private ownership as the aircraft is a popular sport plane and warbird Argentina edit On display T 28A S N 174112 ex USAF 51 3574 formerly operated by the Argentine Air Force as E 608 Preserved at the Museo Regional Inter Fuerzas Estancia Santa Romana San Luis 62 C N 174333 ex USAF 51 3795 formerly operated by the Argentine Naval Aviation Preserved at the Argentine Naval Aviation Museum 63 Australia edit On display T 28A 49 1583 Australian Aviation Museum Bankstown Airport New South Wales Australia 64 T 28 TROJAN 50 221 LITTL JUGGS Toowoomba Australiahttps www gluseum com AU Toowoomba 287406544649061 T 28 Trojan 50 221 22Littl Juggs 22T 28B Bu 140016 Located at Jandakot Airport in Western Australia Owned by AOG Services and registered as VH KAN Imported from the USA in 2014 and formerly N46984 Philippines edit T 28A 109 Philippine Air Force Museum Colonel Jesus Villamor Air BasePasay Metro Manila 65 7760 Basilio Fernando Air Base Lipa Batangas 66 612 Villa Escudero Plantations and Resort Tiaong Quezon 67 AT 28D 137701 Major Danilo Atienza Air Base Cavite City Cavite Philippines 114645 Clark Air Base Angeles City Pampanga Philippines 68 69 100310 Edwin Andrews Air Base Zamboanga City Philippines Taiwan edit On display T 28A 51 3664 Chung Cheng Aviation Museum Taipai Airport Taiwan 70 Thailand edit nbsp T 28 at the Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base On display T 28A 49 1538 Prachuap Khiri Khan AFB in Bangkok Thailand 71 49 1601 Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base Bangkok Thailand 72 49 1687 Loei Airport Loei Province Thailand 73 51 3480 Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base Thailand 74 51 3578 Chiang Mai AFB Thailand 75 51 3740 Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base Bangkok Thailand 76 153652 National Memorial Bangkok Thailand 77 T 28B 137661 Royal Thai Air Force Museum Bangkok Thailand 78 138157 Royal Thai Air Force Museum Bangkok Thailand 79 138284 Royal Thai Air Force Museum Bangkok Thailand 80 138302 Lopburi AFB Thailand 81 United Kingdom edit On display T 28C 146289 Norfolk amp Suffolk Aviation Museum Flixton The Saints United Kingdom 82 United States edit On display T 28A 49 1494 National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright Patterson AFB in Dayton Ohio The aircraft is painted as a typical Air Training Command T 28A of the mid 1950s It was transferred to the museum in September 1965 It is on display in the museum s Cold War Gallery 83 49 1663 Hurlburt Field Florida 84 49 1679 Reese AFB Texas 85 49 1682 Laughlin AFB Texas 86 49 1689 Vance AFB Oklahoma 87 49 1695 Randolph AFB Texas 88 50 0300 Dakota Territory Air Museum Minot North Dakota 89 51 3612 Museum of Aviation Robins Air Force Base Warner Robins Georgia 90 51 7500 Olympic Flight Museum Olympia Washington 91 T 28B nbsp T 28B at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum 137702 Air Force Flight Test Center Museum Edwards AFB California 92 137749 Hill Aerospace Museum Hill Air Force Base Utah 137796 Naval Air Station Anacostia Washington DC 93 138144 Naval Air Station Whiting Field Florida 94 138164 Actively flying and performing in airshows with the Trojan Phlyers in Dallas TX 95 138192 Aviation Heritage Center of Wisconsin Sheboygan Memorial Airport Sheboygan WI 96 138247 War Eagles Air Museum in Santa Teresa New Mexico 97 138263 Actively flying and based at KRLD Richland Airport Richland WA 98 138311 Air Heritage Aviation Museum in Beaver Falls Pennsylvania 99 138326 National Naval Aviation Museum Naval Air Station Pensacola Florida 100 138339 Owned by Skydoc 1989 present 2019 Springfield Illinois performing with the Trojan Horsemen 2003 2017 and Trojan Thunder 2017 present 101 138349 USS Hornet Air and Space Museum Alameda California 102 138353 on a pole at Milton Florida 103 140047 Actively flying and performing in airshows with the Trojan Phlyers in Dallas TX 95 140048 National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright Patterson AFB in Dayton Ohio 104 T 28C 138245 WarBird Museum of Virginia in Chesterfield Virginia 105 138311 Air Heritage Museum in Beaver Falls Pennsylvania 106 140451 Middleton Field in Evergreen Alabama 140454 Battleship Cove in Fall River Massachusetts 107 140481 Pima Air amp Space Museum adjacent to Davis Monthan AFB in Tucson Arizona 108 140557 Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum Cape May Airport Rio Grande New Jersey 109 140659 Southern Museum of Flight Birmingham Alabama 110 YAT 28E 0 13786 Private collection Port Hueneme California One of two surviving air frames currently in storage awaiting restoration 111 Specifications T 28D edit nbsp North American T 28B Trojan 3 view drawing nbsp North American T 28C Trojan 3 view drawing Data from Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft 112 General characteristicsCrew 2 Length 33 ft 0 in 10 06 m Wingspan 40 ft 1 in 12 22 m Height 12 ft 8 in 3 86 m Wing area 268 0 sq ft 24 90 m2 Aspect ratio 6 0 1 Empty weight 6 424 lb 2 914 kg equipped Max takeoff weight 8 500 lb 3 856 kg Powerplant 1 Wright R 1820 86 Cyclone 9 cylinder air cooled radial engine 1 425 hp 1 063 kW Performance Maximum speed 343 mph 552 km h 298 kn at 10 000 ft 3 000 m Ferry range 1 060 mi 1 710 km 920 nmi Service ceiling 35 500 ft 10 800 m Rate of climb 3 540 ft min 18 0 m s Armament Hardpoints 6 with a capacity of 1 200 lb 540 kg totalSee also editLee Lue Related development AIDC T CH 1 North American XSN2J Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era de Havilland Canada DHC 1 Chipmunk North American T 6 Texan PZL TS 8 Bies Yak 11 Related lists List of United States Navy aircraft designations pre 1962 List of military aircraft of the United StatesReferences editNotes edit Historical Listings Philippines PHL Archived 2011 07 20 at the Wayback Machine World Air Forces Retrieved 19 May 2011 Fort Walton Florida T 28 Trainer Now at Eglin Is Latest Word In Instructional Craft Playground News 22 June 1950 Vol 5 No 21 p 10 a b The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft 1985 p 2678 T 28 history navy mil Retrieved 9 July 2010 Toperczer 2001 pp 8 9 Toperczer 2015 pp 18 19 Hobson 2001 p 12 Holm Richard L A Plane Crash Rescue and Recovery A Close Call in Africa Archived 24 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Center for the Study of Intelligence Historical Perspectives Washington D C Winter 1999 2000 Leeker Dr Joe F Khmer Air Force T 28s maintained under the supervision of Air America s LMAT Phnom Penh New York Times 20 DIE IN BOMBING AiMED AT LON NOL a b c d Ganivet Jean Luc T 28 Fennec History fennec pfiquet Retrieved 31 December 2013 Hagedorn 1993 p 41 Hagedorn 1993 pp 42 43 Godfrey Joe Charlie Summers AVweb 16 April 2003 Retrieved 22 July 2012 T 28 Instrumented Research Aircraft Archived 1 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine South Dakota School of Mines amp Technology Retrieved 22 July 2012 Next generation Storm penetrating Aircraft PDF South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Archived from the original PDF on 12 November 2013 Retrieved 14 December 2013 Rogoway Tyler The Storm Chasing A 10 Thunderhog Program Is Officially Dead Jet To Be Returned To USAF The Drive Retrieved 13 October 2018 See German Wikipedia Flugplatz Albstadt Degerfeld Ginter 1981 p 6 a b c Darke 2013 p 147 Ginter 1981 p 27 Ginter 1981 p 53 Sweeney Richard L New Role for Nomad Flying Magazine December 1961 a b c d Concannon Milt The Lost and last Nomad Archived 2014 01 01 at the Wayback Machine courtesyaircraft com Retrieved December 31 2013 Trichter J Gary 12 August 2016 The Poor Man s P 51 The T 28 Trojan Retrieved 12 July 2019 The Ejection Site Stanley YANKEE Extraction System www ejectionsite com Tate Air Enthusiast May June 1999 pp 58 59 Warbirds of New Smyrna angelfire com p 44 Retrieved 31 December 2013 a b c d Renaud Patrick Charles Aerostories Algerie 1954 1962 T 28 Fennec des ailes pour un renard aerostories 2002 Retrieved 31 December 2013 North American T 28 Trojan Fennec in Argentina a b c d Hamilton T 28 R2 Nomair N9106Z Ron Dupas Collection No 1040 August 1970 Retrieved 31 December 2013 a b Flying Magazine April 1962 p 3 Troung Albert Grandolini and Tom Cooper Laos 1948 1989 Part 1 Indochina Database 13 November 2003 Retrieved 17 April 2012 Troung Albert Grandolini and Tom Cooper Laos 1948 1989 Part 2 Indochina Database 13 November 2003 Retrieved 17 April 2012 Ay Carlos The Illustrated Catalogue to Argentine Air Force Aircraft Aeromilitaria 15 August 2013 Retrieved 31 December 2013 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Taylor and Munson 1973 p 179 a b c d e f g h i j Krivinyi 1977 p 178 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Fitzsimons 1988 p 137 Andrade 1982 p 28 Air Britain Aeromilitaria March 2015 Wieland William A Memorandum From the Director of the Office of Middle American Affairs latinamericanstudies org August 1958 Retrieved 21 February 2010 Hagedorn 1993 pp 22 27 Hagedorn 1993 p 27 Valero Jose Ramon Picture of the North American T 28 Trojan aircraft airliners net October 2003 Retrieved 21 February 2010 Andrade 1982 p 56 Andrade 1982 p 58 Andrade 1982 p 62 a b Andrade 1982 p 97 Green 1956 p 238 Thompson Paul North American T 28D Trojan J HangarSpace Retrieved August 18 2017 Andrade 1982 p 146 Andrade 1982 p 156 Andrade 1982 p 181 Andrade 1982 p 143 Cooper 2017 p 14 Andrade 1982 p 223 Pocock 1986 p 115 Talking Paper for Chief of Staff U S Army Guidance for T 28 Aircraft Operations U S Army 9 March 1964 Andrade 1982 p 336 Secrets of US Air Operations in North Vietnam Bi mật cac chiến dịch khong kich của Mỹ vao Bắc Việt Nam in Vietnamese Hanoi People s Police Publisher p 513 Ginter 1981 p 22 Aviacion Militar Argentina Amilarg North American T 28A F P Trojan Fennec retrieved 2014 11 23 Archived 2014 11 29 at the Wayback Machine Museo de la Aviacion Naval ARA 25 de MAYO T 28 Fennec retrieved 2014 08 19 Archived 2008 10 04 at the Wayback Machine T 28 Trojan 49 1583 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 https www skippyscage com aviation ph philippine air force museum manila index php https mondortiz com the t 28 trojan is not the tora tora plane https www jetphotos com photo 9045134 https www flickr com photos aeroprints 7838745960 https www jetphotos com aircraft manufacturer North 20American serial 114 T 28 Trojan 51 3664 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 49 1538 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 49 1601 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 49 1687 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 51 3480 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 51 3578 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 51 3740 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 153652 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 137661 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 138157 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 138284 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 138302 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 146289 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 49 1494 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 49 1663 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 49 1679 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 49 1682 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 49 1689 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 49 1695 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 50 0300 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 51 3612 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 51 7500 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 137702 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 137796 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 138144 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 a b Trojan Phlyer s T28s US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos Third Series 135774 to 140052 www joebaugher com Retrieved 15 May 2017 T 28 Trojan 138247 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 N63NA 1955 NORTH AMERICAN T 28B owned by URBAN SCOTT J Aircraft Registration Aircraft Retrieved 20 January 2023 lt Aircraft on Display T 28 permanent dead link Naval Aviation Museum Retrieved 31 December 2013 T 28 Trojan 138339 trojanhorsemen com Retrieved 22 March 2013 Aircraft on Display USS Hornet Museum 9 December 2015 T 28 Trojan 138353 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 140048 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 WarBird Museum of Virginia warbirdmuseumva org Archived from the original on 5 August 2020 Retrieved 30 June 2015 North American T 28 Trojan Air Heritage Inc Retrieved 15 April 2023 T 28 Trojan 140454 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 140481 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 140557 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 T 28 Trojan 140659 Warbird Registry Retrieved 11 June 2012 YAT 28E Helen Murphy Archived from the original on 3 February 2020 Retrieved 27 April 2017 Donald and Lake 1996 p 333 Bibliography edit Andrade John Militair 1982 London Aviation Press Limited 1982 ISBN 0 907898 01 7 Avery Norm North American Aircraft 1934 1998 Volume 1 Santa Ana California Narkiewicz Thompson 1998 ISBN 0 913322 05 9 Compton Frank November 79 Zulu the Story of the North American Nomad Sport Aviation June 1983 Cooper Tom 2017 Hot Skies Over Yemen Volume 1 Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula 1962 1994 Solihull UK Helion amp Company Publishing ISBN 978 1 912174 23 2 Darke Stephen M Winter 2013 The North American T 28D Air Britain Aeromilitaria Vol 39 no 156 pp 147 155 ISSN 0262 8791 Donald David and Lake Jon Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft London Aerospace Publishing 1996 ISBN 1 874023 95 6 Fitzsimons Bernie The Defenders A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA London Aerospace Publishing 1988 ISBN 0 8317 2181 2 Ginter Steve 1981 North American T 28 Trojan Naval Fighters Vol 5 First ed California United States Ginter Books ISBN 0 942612 05 1 Green William Observers Aircraft 1956 London Frederick Warne Publishing 1956 Hagedorn Daniel P 1993 Central American and Caribbean Air Forces Tonbridge Kent UK Air Britain Historians Ltd ISBN 0 85130 210 6 Hellstrom Leif Autumn 2014 T 28s in the Congo Part 1 Stemming The Rebellion Air Britain Aeromilitaria Vol 40 no 159 pp 117 128 ISSN 0262 8791 Hellstrom Leif Winter 2014 T 28s in the Congo Part 2 Heyday of the Trojan Air Britain Aeromilitaria Vol 40 no 160 pp 147 157 ISSN 0262 8791 Hellstrom Leif Spring 2015 T 28s in the Congo Part 3 The Twilight Years Air Britain Aeromilitaria Vol 41 no 161 pp 4 17 ISSN 0262 8791 Hobson Chris Vietnam Air Losses USAF Navy Marine Fixed Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast 1961 1973 North Branch Minnesota Specialty Press 2001 ISBN 1 85780 115 6 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft Part Work 1982 1985 London Orbis Publishing 1985 Krivinyi Nikolaus World Military Aviation New York Arco Publishing Company 1977 ISBN 0 668 04348 2 Pocock Chris Thailand Hones its Air Forces Air International Vol 31 No 3 September 1986 pp 113 121 168 ISSN 0306 5634 Tate Jess Ultimate Trojan North American s YAT 28E Project Air Enthusiast No 99 May June 1999 pp 58 59 ISSN 0143 5450 Taylor John J H and Kenneth Munson Jane s Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft New York Collier Books 1973 ISBN 0 7232 3697 6 Thompson Kevin North American Aircraft 1934 1998 Volume 2 Santa Ana California Narkiewicz Thompson 1999 ISBN 0 913322 06 7 Toperczer Istvan MiG 17 and MiG 19 Units of the Vietnam War London Osprey Publishing Limited 2001 ISBN 1 84176 162 1 Toperczer Istvan MiG Aces of the Vietnam War Schiffer Publishing Ltd 2015 ISBN 978 0 7643 4895 2 United States Air Force Museum Guidebook Wright Patterson AFB Ohio Air Force Museum Foundation 1975 Further reading editAdcock Al T 28 Trojan in Action Squadron Signal Publications Inc 1989 ISBN 0 89747 211 X Cupido Joe Veteran United A T 28D Trojan Meets Up with a Former Pilot Air Enthusiast No 83 September October 1999 pp 16 20 ISSN 0143 5450 Genat Robert Final Tour of Duty North American s T 28 Trojans North Branch Minnesota Specialty Press 1996 ISBN 0 933424 61 2 Nunez Padin Jorge Felix 2010 Nunez Padin Jorge Felix ed North American T 28 Fennec Serie Aeronaval in Spanish Vol 28 Bahia Blanca Argentina Fuerzas Aeronavales ISBN 978 987 1682 02 7 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to T 28 Trojan North American T 28B Trojan National Museum of the United States Air Force Warbird Alley T 28 page T 28 FENNEC History 2006 inventory Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine T 28 Trojan Registry The histories of those aircraft that survived military service North American T 28 Trojan Variants Other Names AT 28 Fennec Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title North American T 28 Trojan amp oldid 1220932830, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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