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No Cav

April 26, 2024

No Cav is an Italian protest movement that arose in the early 21st century, criticising the Carrara marble quarries in the Apuan Alps.[1][2][3][4][5]

Cava di Gioia, (Gioia Quarries), Carrara, and the irreversible modification of the peak shape
Logo NO CAV

Name and flag edit

 
No Cav sticker at Bivacco Aronte (Passo della Focolaccia, Alpi Apuane)

The phrase No Cav, short for "No Cave" (No Quarries, in Italian), was used for the first time in an article from Il Tirreno in 2014 to define the activists who had taken part in a demonstration organized by Salviamo le Apuane (Save Apuan Alps).[6]

The No Cav flag is a stylized black and white representation of the Vara viaduct of the Carrara Private Marble Railway crossed by a large red X, above which are the words "NO CAV", also in red, on a white background.

This symbol, whose graphic design recalls that of the Italian No TAV movement, first appeared in 2020, during an event organized by the environmentalist Gianluca Briccolani, who the following year, with Claudio Grandi and others, founded the Apuane Libere (Free Apuan Alps) association.[7][8]

The flag and the word "No Cav" itself are neither used nor accepted by all groups of this movement and some of them prefer to use more specific definitions.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

Characteristics edit

 
"No Cav" slogan in Carrara, 2021

The No Cav movement is classified by the Italian Atlas of Environmental Conflicts, part of the Environmental Justice Atlas, as a "proactive conflict in favor of sustainable alternatives".[1]

Over the years, environmentalists have managed to develop in civil society a widespread movement of opinion sensitive to the theme of safeguarding the Apuan Alps.[17][18]

The methods of opposition used by No Cav activists include demonstrations,[19][20] marches,[21] flash mobs,[22] appeals,[23] petitions,[24][25][26] demonstrative actions (such as the one at the Giro d'Italia 2021[27][28] or on the summit of Mont Blanc[29][30]), roadblocks,[31] lawsuits,[32][33] political initiatives (at local,[34] regional,[35][36] national,[37][38] European[39][40][41] and international[42] level), public information,[43] pressure on companies,[44][45][46][47] preparation of independent documents,[34][48] and media activism.[1]

 
No Cav slogan on a road sign near the village of Canevara (Massa)

Among the campaign slogans that have arisen from demonstrations, besides No Cav, there is "Basta Cave"[49] (lit. Enough Quarries: Stop the Quarries), "Giù le mani dalla montagna"[50] (Hands off the Mountain), "Fermiamo la devastazione"[51] (Let's stop the Devastation), "Help Apuan Alps",[52] "Le cave uccidono il passato e il futuro"[4] (The quarries are killing the past and the future), "Excavation devastation",[20] and more.

In addition, the No Cav movement has at times supported other environmentalist initiatives and actions in defence of landforms not directly connected to the issue of the Apuan Alps.[53]

Affiliated entities edit

 
Athamanta (a No Cav group) logo on a wall in Carrara, 2021

Campaigns in opposition to quarrying activity in the Apuan Alps have been ongoing for years,[1] pursued by many[54] and varied groups:

Various Italian intellectuals and personalities have stood up in defence of the Apuan Alps. Among them are: Andrea Camilleri, Moni Ovadia, Salvatore Settis, Adriano Prosperi, Paolo Maddalena, Tomaso Montanari, Roberta De Monticelli, Maurizio Maggiani, Mario Perrotta, Alberto Asor Rosa, Paolo Cognetti (who has declared himself to be "truly dismayed, beyond being angry, at the condition of the Apuans"[79]), Enzo Fileno Carabba, Angelo Baracca, Vittorio Emiliani, Edoardo Salzano, Pancho Pardiv, Alessandro Gogna, Claudio Lombardi, Alberto Magnaghi, Andrea Lanfriv (a main speaker at the large No Cav protest of 2021[80]), and Rossano Ercolini.[81][82][83][84][85] The cartoonist Sergio Staino made a cartoon on the subject.[86]

The No Cav campaign also finds supporters beyond Italian borders, especially in Germany.[87] International personalities close to the No Cav positions include Vandana Shiva and Raúl Zibechi.[88] On a political level, the inconvenient issue of closing down quarries has often been snubbed by parties, with some exceptions such as Partito della Rifondazione Comunista (Communist Refoundation Party),[89] Potere al Popolo[90] (Power to the People Party), and individual politicians, such as Pietro Ichino[91] and Tommaso Fattori.[92] Only in 2021 a party, Europa Verde (Green Europe), led by Eros Tetti, includes in its program the closure of the quarries falling within the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps.[93][94]

History edit

Mining in the Apuan Alps edit

 
View of the marble quarries from Campocecina
 
Marble quarry in Retignano, Stazzema

The Apuan Alps stone quarries were probably already used since the Iron Age by the Ligurians of Ameglia, but the actual mining activity developed from the Roman era, and experienced the greatest development under Julius Caesar (48-44 BC). Of the oldest quarries distributed in the Torano, Miseglia and Colonnata basins, not much remains, since the mining activity which continued over the centuries has caused their progressive destruction. In this way, ancient quarries such as that of Polvaccio and Mandria (Torano) and Canalgrande (Miseglia) have been lost. On the other hand, the quarries of La Tagliata (Miseglia) and Fossacava (Colonnata) are still intact, although poorly valued from a historical-archaeological and tourist point of view.[95][96] Another quarry of certainly ancient origin is the so-called Cava Romana di Forno ("Forno Roman Quarry"), subject of a legal dispute for environmental violations[97] and whose environmental licence was not renewed in 2017.[98]

The peak of celebrity of Carrara marble occurred in the Renaissance as it was used by Michelangelo, who used to personally choose the blocks to work on.

Between the end of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries there was a rapid increase in quarries, which began to be concentrated in the hands of a few large concessionaires,[99] and the "industrialization" of mining, which attracted a large number of workers from the mountain communities, moving them from traditional agro-pastoral occupations to mining ones.[100] The construction of the Carrara Private Marble Railway and the Port of Carrara dates back to this period. This process continued in the twentieth century, with the construction of infrastructures such as the Balzone cableway,[101] in 1907 and the branch for Arni of the Versilia tramway, inaugurated in 1923.

In addition to those of marble, there were once also mines of manganese,[102] mercury,[103] iron,[104] pyrite, magnesite, dolomite and yet more.[105][106] In 2015 the case of severe thallium contamination of the aquifer, and consequently of the aqueduct, of Pietrasanta exploded due to the perite mines of Valdicastello, abandoned in the 1980s and never reclaimed.[107][108]

In the post-war period, particularly in the late one, the mining activity has grown dramatically in terms of material removed, according to the magazine Focus "in the last 20 years, more than two thousand years of history have been excavated here".[109] However, according to Corriere della Sera, the number of people directly employed in the quarries went from 16,000 in the 1950s to about 1,000 today.[92]

Movements for the protection of the Apuan Alps edit

 
"Marmettola" (marble slurry) in the Carrione river, Carrara, 2021

In 1985, following a petition started many years before and the proposal of a popular initiative law in 1978, the Tuscan Region established the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps. In 1997, with the Regional Law 65/1997, it was reduced the perimeter from about 54,000 hectares to the current 20,598 hectares, in order to protect the presence of marble quarries, reclassified as "area contigua" (contiguous area).[110] Due to this reclassification, in 2021 the Council of State rejected the appeal of environmental associations against the reopening of quarries in these areas,[111] unless they overlap with protection areas such as SCI, SRI or SPA.[112][113]

Already in the 1980s, however, there were environmentalist struggles that led to the closure of the dolomite quarries in Forno (Massa) in the 1990s.[92] At least since 2000 there have been appeals by environmentalist associations against the Apuan marble industry.[114]

In 2000, through a national law still valid today, it was decreed the establishment of the Parco Archeominerario delle Alpi Apuane (Apuan Alps Archaeology and Mining Park) to protect the ancient mining activity historical evidences from the current one,[115] but its actual establishment has been suspended since 2006, despite the favorable opinions of local authorities[116] In order to overcome the delays, in 2003 the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps established the "Sistema museale di archeologia mineraria delle Alpi Apuane" (Museum System of Mining Archaeology of the Apuan Alps).[117]

From the experiences of struggle for the preservation of the Apuan Alps in the last decades of the 20th century, the current environmental conflict and the current No Cav movement would have developed. According to the Italian Atlas of Environmental Conflicts, part of the Environmental Justice Atlas, this "proactive conflict in favor of sustainable alternatives" would have originated in 2009,[118] the year in which Salviamo le Apuane, founded by Eros Tetti, launched the first online mobilization, with a good response and a consequent growth and diffusion on the territory.[119]

In 2010, this movement presented an articulated plan called "PIPSEAA" ("Piano Programma di Sviluppo Economico Alternativo per le Apuane", Plan-Program for Alternative Economic Development of the Apuan Alps)[120] for a gradual economic transition of the territory that would allow it to get rid of marble without employment shocks.

In 2014, the Tuscan regional council approved a plan for the "gradual closure of quarries",[121] promoted by regional councillor Anna Marson, and then withdrawn following pressure from Confindustria.[122] For the first time, the newspaper Il Tirreno used the word "No Cav" to define the activists who fought against the Apuan quarries.[6]

In the same year, following the umpteenth flood that hit the city of Carrara, the "Assemblea Permanente Carrara" (Carrara Permanent Assembly) was born. The activists occupied the town hall for two months.[123] This group fights for the environmental protection of the Carrara territory and sometimes expressed very critical positions towards the quarries.[124]

In 2015, Tommaso Fattori entered the Tuscan Regional Council with the list "Sì Toscana a Sinistra" (Yes Tuscany to the Left), contributing to keep up the pressure on marble quarries,[125] also through the presentation of numerous amendments to regional laws.[92]

In 2016, a group of associations called "Coordinamento Apuano" (Apuan Coordination) composed by: Legambiente, Salviamo le Apuane, WWF, Club Alpino Italiano, Fondo Ambiente Italiano, Italia Nostra, Rete dei comitati per la difesa del territorio, Società dei Territorialisti, Unione Italiana Sport Per tutti, Federparchi, Società Speleologica Toscana, Amici delle Alpi Apuane,[126][127] signed a document entitled "Manifesto per le Alpi Apuane" (Apuan Alps Manifesto),[128][129] in which they argued and detailed a green economic transition plan that would lead the Apuan territory to free itself from the marble supply chain, focusing on the defense of the environment and landscape, tourism and agroforestry productions. As a matter of fact, there are already valuable agricultural and gastronomic productions of the Apuan Alps,[130][131] among which the wine production,[132][133] in particular the Candia dei Colli Apuani, which could be promoted and strengthened.

The Europa Verde party led by Eros Tetti, which aims to close the quarries falling within the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps, in 2020 proposed an abrogative referendum regarding the regional regulations more favorable to quarries.[94][93]

In 2020, a petition was also started for the establishment of a national park including the Apuan Alps[134][110] or to merge them with the already existing and contiguous National Park of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines[135] in order to ensure an increased protection of the mountain range. In the same year, the group Athamanta was born, which combines the experience of social centers to that of environmentalism. The first No Cav flags appeared.[136]

In 2021 the Club Alpino Italiano proposed the establishment of a Cultural Park of the Apuan Alps.[137]

Also in 2021, the association Apuane Libere was born. In July of the same year, the newborn association organized a big demonstration whose testimonial was Andrea Lanfri[80] and in which 31 other associations participated. On that occasion there were scuffles at Passo Sella, where the demonstrators came into contact with a counter demonstration in support of the quarries organized by Confindustria.[138][139][140][141][142]

In September 2021, the association Salviamo le Apuane presented to the United Nations Working Group on Business and Human Rights an extensive dossier on the Apuan situation, written with the help of the Wageningen University researcher Chiara Macchi.[143][144][145]

At the beginning of 2022, the Council of State rejected the appeal of many marble companies against the new "Extraction Plan of the Region of Tuscany", stating that it is the right and duty of the region to protect the environment, especially of a "unicum" like the Apuan Alps, even by limiting the freedom of economic initiative.[146][147][148]

Arguments edit

Environmental pollution edit

 
Marble quarry at Passo della Focolaccia (Apuan Alps), about 1600 m above the sea. The pass has been irreversibly modified

Extractive activity has a negative impact[149] on aquifers due to pollution of soil and surface and groundwater, with both environmental and public health implications for the populations that are supplied with it.[150][151][108]

Marmettola, marble dust mixed with oils and sludge from quarrying, should be disposed of as special waste, but is often not properly managed and ends up dispersed in large quantities,[152] constituting a serious environmental pollution problem.[153][154][155][156][157][158]

Due to the high mechanization and industrialization of the mining processes, other pollutants such as heavy metals and, especially, hydrocarbons are dispersed into the mountain environment and groundwater in considerable quantities.[159][160][161]

Other relevant impacts are the dispersion of dust into the atmosphere,[162] noise and the abandonment of waste at high altitudes.[163]

Stone companies have also been accused by environmentalists of greenwashing.[164][165]

Destruction of habitats and ecosystems edit

 
The devastating effect of Cava dei Campanili (Bell Towers Quarry), Colonnata, which nearly wiped out an entire mountain range

The Apuan quarries are a serious threat to the habitats[166][167] and to the naturalistic heritage[122][168] of the mountain range as they cause the destruction of the flora, the stripping of the soil and the profound modification of the environment and the original landscape.[169]

These activities insist on an area of great natural value, high biodiversity and geodiversity, recognized as a regional natural park and UNESCO World Geopark. The Apuan Alps contain about 50% of Tuscan biodiversity, including some endemics.[170] Rare and relict species are also present among the flora and fauna,[171][172][173][174][175] including the rare alpine newt, threatened by the Valsora Quarry[176][177] (area of herpetological relevance IT130TOS003 recognized by the Societas Herpetologica Italica[178]) and the possible reopening of Crespina Quarry II, at the foot of Mt. Sagro,[179][180][181] and endangered species like wolf and European wildcat.[182]

The industrial activity of the quarries interferes directly or indirectly with a protected territory, which is part of the European network Natura 2000 and includes areas classified as Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas, Special Protection Areas, Special Areas of Conservation, Sites of Community Importance, WWF Oasis, LIPU Oasis and where there is an active project for the protection of the wolf in collaboration with the National Park of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines.[183]

The mining activities subtract water from the sources,[184] while the marmettola (very fine marble dust), produced by them in large quantities, deposits on the bed of the watercourses, destroys microsystems and represents a serious risk for the existence of some animal species.[185] Moreover, it penetrates into the karst network, modifying the quality of groundwater and favoring the presence of epigean species, which threaten the more fragile hypogean ones.[150]

Hydrogeological instability and destruction of geosites edit

 
Carrione river in Carrara, polluted by "marmettola" (marble slurry), 2021

The Apuan Alps have been recognized as an UNESCO World Geopark.[186][187] Therefore, quarries are also a serious threat to Apuan geodiversity and the karst activities present, which are particularly represented and significant in this mountain range.[188][189][190] Numerous cavities fall within the quarry area, despite the fact that they are protected, and many times they have been intercepted and damaged by mining activities,[184][191] or filled with debris.[192] Even the Antro del Corchia, Italy's largest karstic cave and one of the most important caves in Europe, is said to have suffered damage from nearby quarries.[193]

In the Apuan Alps there is also the largest water reserve in Tuscany,[154] put at risk by the mining activity due to its direct use,[184] to the discharge of debris, waste and marmettola, which occlude watercourses and springs[184][194] and the modification of the karst network.

Moreover, the "marmettola" (marble slurry), besides being chemically contaminated by hydrocarbons and metals, is strongly polluting also by mechanical action: it fills the interstices and waterproofs the surfaces eliminating the habitats of many species, modifies the processes of groundwater supply, speeds up the surface flow of water, infiltrates the karst network modifying the paths of groundwater up to cause the drying up or the deterioration of the sources.[155][156][195] The effect of quarries on local aquifer reserves results in significant economic and environmental damage to the Apuan territory, according to a study published in 2019 in the journal Water.[150]

Finally, in terms of hydrogeological instability, "ravaneti" (mounds of debris), particularly recent ones, represent areas at high risk.[196][197][198][190]

According to some commentators, the conspicuous removal of materials from mountains and the modification of their orography, would also play a role in the worsening of the local climate[4][199] and the increase of extreme weather events.[200]

Health risks to local people edit

 
The Carrione stream invaded by marmettola, on 28/08/2023

The health of the people in the Apuan basin is threatened by the deterioration of the quality of drinking water due to pollution from marmettola, which is contaminated with dangerous chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and heavy metals.

Another risk factor is the release of marble dust into the atmosphere, which, containing up to 5% silica, can cause pneumoconiosis, such as silicosis.[30] Although trucks should be closed and/or loads kept wet to reduce dust dispersion, these requirements are often not met.[201]

Landscape impact edit

 
Panorama of the quarries near Carrara and the irreversible geomorphological changes they bring to the Apuan Alps

Quarries cause the irreversible modification with very high landscape impact on the geomorphology of the places,[202] including some peaks[23][203][204][205] and ridges,[206] thanks to the exemption arranged by Tuscany Region.[207] Such damages have also affected the profiles of some of the highest and most significant mountains in the range.[154] The landscape impact is of such magnitude that it is visible in photographs taken by the European space mission Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite.[208]

Examples of these irreversible changes are the disappearance of the Falcovaia Peak, whose peak was entirely removed by the Cervaiole Quarry,[209] the lowering of several tens of meters of the Focolaccia Pass by the Piastramarina Quarry,[190][210][211][212][213] and the loss of the summit cusp of Carchio Mount.[214][215][216]

The Tuscany Region, in derogation of the Italian Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape that protects "the mountains for the part exceeding 1,600 meters above sea level for the Alpine chain and 1,200 meters above sea level for the Apennine chain and islands, glaciers and glacial cirques, parks and national or regional reserves, as well as the territories of external protection of parks" allows excavation even beyond 1,200 m above sea level and in the areas of the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps.[217] For this reason, in 2020 the Europa Verde party, which aims to close the quarries in the park and to repeal the regional exemptions, has raised the issue in the institutional office and has proposed a referendum to repeal these regional laws.[93][94][218]

Because of environmental protection deemed insufficient, Il Fatto Quotidiano called the Parco naturale regionale delle Alpi Apuane a "joke regional park".[219]

Also from a hiking, mountaineering and speleological point of view, the Apuan Alps are a territory of great value, rich in trails, vie ferrate (the one on Mount Procinto, opened in 1893, is the oldest in Italy), climbing routes and karst cavities, whose very existence is often threatened by the quarrying activity,[79][220] mountain huts and bivouac shelters. In addition, several stages of the Grand Italian Trail are located in the mountain range. There are also numerous ancient roads and paths including the Via Vandelli and the Via del Volto Santo.

Finally, in addition to the landscape damage due to the irreversible change of places, also the presence of machinery and industrial infrastructure of the quarries are a source of visual pollution of an area of high landscape value.[221]

Destruction of historical and cultural heritage edit

The Apuan Alps are rich in historical, artistic, archaeological and cultural evidence, including some very ancient ones, being among the few regions in Italy where there are sure traces of Paleolithic civilization remaining.[222] There are also historical evidences covering a time span from the early Iron Age, to the civilization of the Ligures Apuani, to Roman civilization, to the Middle Ages and to the modern and contemporary ages, some of them related to the marble mining activity itself. There are also testimonies of the Gothic Line,[223][224] of the Italian resistance movement[225] and of the Second World War,[226] such as the Parco Nazionale della Pace di Sant'Anna di Stazzema (Peace National Park) in Sant'Anna di Stazzema, the Parco della Resistenza (Resistance Park) at Monte Brugiana and the Sentiero della Libertà (Freedom Trail) in Molazzana.[227] In 2021 the Club Alpino Italiano also proposed the establishment of a Cultural Park of the Apuan Alps,[137] including the house where Fosco Maraini spent his last years.[227]

This cultural heritage is sometimes directly threatened by mining[228][229][230] or poorly protected and enhanced because of it, as in the case of Cava di Fossacava, the largest quarry of Roman origin in Europe, whose management has attracted criticism from Italia Nostra and other associations.[95][96] Another example is that of the historic Bivacco Aronte whose existence was threatened by the Piastramarina Quarry,[231][232] and which was saved by the intervention of the Italian Ministry of Culture, which in 2021 declared it a "good of historical and artistic interest".[233][234]

To protect the Apuan historical assets related to the ancient mining activity, in 2000 it was decreed the establishment of the "Parco Archeominerario delle Alpi Apuane" (Apuan Alps Archeo-mineral Park), whose actual establishment is however suspended since 2006, despite the favorable opinions of local authorities.[116]

A stretch of the eighteenth-century Via Vandelli, despite being protected since 1976 (Ministerial Decree 128/76), has been destroyed by the mining activity of the Colubraia Formignacola quarry.[192]

In 2017 it was requested the reopening of the quarries located near the Palazzo Mediceo di Serravezza (Serravezza Medici Palace), UNESCO World Heritage Site.[235][236] Also thanks to the mobilization of citizens, the request was rejected.[237]

Indirect negative impacts edit

 
No Cav slogan on a marble block close to the Henraux quarry gate in Azzano (Seravezza)

High indirect negative impacts of the quarries that fall on the Apuan territory are those related to the intense road transport of the extracted material: road accidents (including the loss of truck loads), air pollution, noise, inconveniences related to traffic and the wear and tear of the roads themselves.[238][239][240]

These indirect pollutants have an additional environmental impact and are the cause of the worsening quality of life in the Apuan area.[241]

A particularly uncomfortable event was the several collapses in a street in Colonnata in 2018, due to a nearby quarry.[242]

In order to facilitate the mining activity, the "Strada dei Marmi" (Marble Road) was built in 2012, reserved for truck traffic and closed to common traffic. The maintenance costs of the road, which is subject to high wear and tear, are borne by the community as the expected tolls have never been collected.[243]

The No Cav movements also emphasize the "external costs" of the marble supply chain, i.e., all those costs that would fall indirectly on the community. According to a 2006 study, released by environmental associations, for every ton of marble extracted, the costs would amount to 56 euros for the company and 168 euros for the community.[244][245] An example of such costs, are the substantial expenses incurred by the municipalities of Massa and Carrara for the maintenance of the aqueduct filters, damaged by the marmettola.[63]

Also in 2012 a 5 km tunnel under Mount Tambura was planned, whose real usefulness has often been questioned, but that would allow to quarry a large amount of marble.[246] The project, strongly opposed by several fronts,[247] was not realized.

Low economic impact on the territory edit

 
An anarchist "No Cav" declaration in Carrara, 2021

According to some observers, including Il Sole 24 Ore, the positive economic impact of the marble industry on the territory is it is getting smaller and smaller.[248][249] Even on the employment front, the sector would be declining: according to Corriere della Sera, the number of direct employees in the quarries would have dropped from 16,000 in the 1950s to about 1,000 today.[92]

Yet, while less than 100,000 tons of marble were mined annually in 1920, today it is up to 5 millions.[162][250]

Moreover, most of the marble extracted in blocks is no longer worked in Carrara or in Italy,[251][252][253] while the marble sector offers less and less work,[254][255][256] poorly paid[63][257][258] and moreover in safety conditions that have often been considered insufficient.[63][259][260][261] Moreover, according to some national media, the public budget would have a minimal income from mining and sometimes not even the entire amount due would be paid.

In addition to these considerations, there are the "external costs" of marble processing, i.e., those indirect costs borne by the community, which would be approximately three times those incurred directly by mining companies.[244][245]

Some observers have referred to the effects of the stone industry on the Apuan territory as an example of predatory capitalism,[200][262] even going so far as to compare the local economic reality to that typical of colonies.[200] Raúl Zibechi, for example, has spoken of the "harmony of the extractivist model with the colonial experience" stating that "in the economic sphere, extractivism has produced enclave economies similar to those induced in the colonies".[263][264] Indeed, the ownership of many quarries is in the hands of foreign multinationals,[92] including the Bin Laden family.[265][266][267][268][269][270][271]

The lack of attention for the territory and for the quarry workers themselves is a long-standing theme, if we think that even Charles Dickens, when he visited the quarries of Carrara in 1845, was struck by the backwardness of the production system, so much so that he accused the Duke of Modena, then lord of the city, of having abandoned it, as he reports in his book Pictures from Italy.[272]

The presence of mining activity, by its nature non-renewable and considered unsustainable,[273] is also considered a brake to any alternative and renewable economic development model, which enhances the tourism and agroforestry potential of the Apuan Alps.[274][275][276][277]

The legal status of the ownership of many Apuan quarries is complex and originates from the concept of "beni estimati" and from an edict of Countess Maria Teresa Cybo Malaspina in 1751. Although in 1995 the Italian Constitutional Court had ordered that quarry concessions were always temporary,[243] in October 2016 it partially upheld the appeal of some private companies, including Omya, against Regional Law 35/2015 that would have assimilated the quarries among the municipal unavailable assets, establishing that some (the "oldest" ones) were to be considered "private", others "public" and still others with variable shares of the two status,[278][279] despite the appeal of numerous intellectuals against the alleged "privatization".[280][281] The court also clarified that legislating on this subject is a state competence and not a regional one, so on October 12, 2021, the 5 Star Movement requested the scheduling of the parliamentary debate on the Tuscan Regional Law 35/2015, in order to incorporate the "beni estimati in the municipal properties.[282]

The Cassation has also excluded in 2018 that the usucaption can be applied on the marble beds.[283]

Some quarries located in the municipalities of Vagli Sotto and Stazzema (Arni) insist on civic use land, despite the fact that on them is prohibited the activity of excavation, according to the judgment no. 6132 of 21 September 2021 of the Court of Appeal of Rome.[284][285]

Ephemeral use of the mineral: no longer art but industrial additives edit

 
Omya plant in Carrara, Italy

The fact that on average about 75% of the extracted stone in the quarries is made up of flakes subsequently pulverized to produce calcium carbonate, processed by multinationals such as Omya[60][202][277][286] and destined for industrial uses, while only 25% is stone mainly used in the building sector[60][287] and that only 0.5% is still used in the field of art that has made Carrara marble famous,[92] is another argument often used in favor of closing the quarries. In some, especially those in the Torano basin, debris percentages as high as 94% are reached, according to data from the Carrara public weighbridge.[202] The problem of the very high quantity of waste produced by the Apuan quarries has been well known for a long time, so much so that an article in Scientific American in 1907 examined it.[288] In order to try to mitigate this situation, Legambiente proposed, as observations to the Carrara "PABE" (a public quarries plan) presented in the last years, to limit the extraction activity to the areas with less fractured marble and to employ the low-altitude tunnel extraction, which would allow to quickly reach the little fractured mineral, instead of the surface excavation. However, this appeal went unheeded.[202] In fact, according to the same industrialists, promising areas for the future of marble quarries would be sea fills, reefs, filters and fabrics.[289][290][291][292]

In 2022, the Tuscany Region's new Quarry Plan imposed a minimum block or slab yield of 30 percent (reducible to 25 percent at the municipal level) on marketable material for obtaining a new permit. Industrialists filed a recall to the Regional Administrative Tribunal against this provision, losing it.[293][294][295]

Alleged Mafia infiltration and widespread illegality edit

Piero Franco Angeloni, in his book "Gli anni bui della Repubblica" (The dark years of the Republic) claims that there was Mafia infiltration in the world of quarries in Carrara from the 1980s to 1992.[296]

According to this reconstruction, in 1982 Raul Gardini let Cosa Nostra enter the "Calcestruzzi" company, leader of the Ferruzzi Group of his father-in-law Serafino Ferruzzi, through Antonino and Salvatore Buscemi, Totò Riina's men. To the management of the quarries Buscemi would have put his brother-in-law Girolamo Cimino.[297] In 1987, Lorenzo Panzavolta, known as "il Panzer", Ferruzzi's partner, suggested the acquisition of Sam and Imeg (at that time part of Eni), which controlled most of the marble basins of Carrara. Moreover, bribes would have been given to some politicians in order to secure a series of public contracts in Sicily related to the desulphation and disposal of waste from the old Enel power plants, in which marble granules were used, and which Gardini won. The Mafia would have also managed the illegal traffic of waste, in particular through the so-called "poison ships" departing from the Port of Carrara and La Spezia. Following the murder of the entrepreneur Alessio Gozzani, the prosecutor Augusto Lama started investigations on Sicilian Mafia infiltration in Carrara, but the investigation was stopped by the then minister Claudio Martelli. The rooting of organized crime in the city is also testified by the murder of the engineer Alberto Dazzi through a car bomb in 1991.[298] According to some hypotheses, some of the explosives used in the 1992 Mafia massacres would have come from the Apuan quarries.[299]

Not only in that period of time, the Apuan quarries have actually been repeatedly investigated by the judiciary for alleged Mafia infiltration.[300][301]

In 1994, the Lusa-Lanzoni bivouac on Monte Corchia was completely destroyed by fire a few days after the judiciary seized the nearby Cava dei Tavolini for environmental violations.

After several changes of hands, not very transparent according to the Carrara Permanent Assembly,[301] in 2014 50% of the shares of Marmi Carrara (born from the ashes of Sam-Imeg) passed to Prince Bakr Bin Laden, of the Bin Laden family, who in 2017 was arrested for corruption in Saudi Arabia. At that time, a Carrara businessman who was his partner suffered a robbery with assault in his own villa, which, again according to the Carrara Permanent Assembly, may actually have been linked to a money laundering business.[301]

The Permanent Assembly of Carrara also, in collaboration with the journalists Pier Paolo Santi and Francesco Sinatti raised suspicions about the alleged criminal management of waste connected to the Apuan quarries, in the years 2000 and 2010.[302][303]

In addition, there have been numerous investigations for environmental crimes,[13][304] health and safety,[63][261][305] labour law,[63] corruption[306] and tax evasion,[301][307] so much so that alleged "mafia systems" have sometimes been evoked,[308] for example in the book "Terra Bianca" (White Land) by Giulio Milani.[159]

The No Cav activists have suffered in the years of their militancy various threats,[92] attacks[140] and intimidation.[309][310][119]

A sabotage to the vehicle of Sandro Manfredi exponent of the Assemblea Permanente Carrare and the Apuane Presidium of the Gruppo d'intervento giuridico occurred in 2018, fortunately without serious consequences,[311][312][313] following which a solidarity demonstration was organized.[314]

On February 17, 2021, the car of the president of the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps, Alberto Putamorsi, caught fire in the night.[315][316] In May 2020, the president's house had been raided as part of an investigation for corruption and rigged contracts[317] known journalistically as "Sistema Vagli" (Vagli System) (named after the village of Vagli Sotto, at the center of the investigation)[318] and which had also involved the seizure of Cava Prispoli.[319][320] Suspicions for the fire were directed towards both the marble world and environmentalists.[321]

The Mediterranean Observatory on organized crime and mafias, of the Caponnetto Foundation, in its 2020 report reports the presence in the province of Massa-Carrara of numerous organized crime groups.[322]

Poor safety and numerous deaths at work edit

The extraction of stone in the basin of the Apuan Alps has always been a high-risk activity, which over the centuries has killed hundreds of lives.[63] Beniamino Gemignani in his book "Il lavoro e i suoi martiri. Nelle cave apuane e di Garfagnana" (Work and its martyrs. In the Apuan and Garfagnana quarries, ISBN 9788871490588), lists the numerous fatal accidents from the time of the Duchy of Modena to the present day, some of which involved numerous workers at the same time.[323] For example, in one in 1864 there were as many as eleven deaths.[324] The increasing industrialization of the sector led to a decrease in fatal accidents, which nevertheless remained very numerous (22 deaths in 1965[63]).

In the 2000s and 2010s the averaged was one injury every two days (1,258 between 2005 and 2015)[325][326][327] and one death per year. As for quarries: one in 2006, one in 2007, one in 2010, one in 2012, two in 2015, four in 2016, none in 2017, two in 2018.[328] In the supply chain, on the other hand, there were 1340 injuries and three fatal accidents between 2006 and 2018, for a total of as many as fifteen deaths in twelve years,[329] with a peak between 2015 and 2016.[330]

According to data collected by the local HSE Authority, between 2006 and 2015 there were an average of 102 accidents per year in Carrara's quarries; considering that there were 700-800 people employed at the mining sites, this means an incidence of one injured person for every seven workers.[259] As reported by the Corriere della Sera, according to the Quarrymen's League these data could be downwardly biased due to occupational blackmail that would push workers not to report accidents.[260]

As of 2006, non-fatal injuries were declining, but fatal injuries were unfortunately on the rise.[328] However, since 2021, the year in which the Region of Tuscany discontinued its special program of quarry safety inspections,[331] the number of non-fatal injuries also began to rise again.[332]

Aims and proposals edit

The positions of the various No Cav groups converge on the necessity of an environmental protection of the Apuan Alps, for example through the institution of a new national park[134][110] or their unification to the already existing and contiguous National Park of the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano[93] and, above all, on the aim of the closure of the marble quarries.

Most of the groups, such as Legambiente,[333] Club Alpino Italiano,[334] Salviamo le Apuane and others, aim at the gradual closure of the quarries, starting with those within the regional park of the Apuan Alps,[335] without employment shocks, the inclusion of the Apuan Alps in a national park, and the abolition of regional exceptions for quarries.[94][93] They also seek a mediation with industrialists and a dialogue with political forces and institutions.[336][337]

For example, already in 2010 Salviamo le Apuane had promoted an articulated plan called "PIPSEAA" ("Piano Programma di Sviluppo Economico Alternativo per le Apuane", Plan-Program for Alternative Economic Development of the Apuan Alps)[120] for a gradual economic transition of the territory that would allow it to get rid of marble without employment shocks.[338] Then, in 2016, with a group of associations, they signed a document entitled "Manifesto per le Alpi Apuane" (Apuan Alps Manifesto),[128][127] in which a green economic transition plan was detailed, to bring the Apuan territory to break free from the marble supply chain by focusing on tourism and agroforestry productions.

However, there are also more intransigent minority positions, which would like the rapid closure of all quarries, including those outside the Apuan Alps Regional Park.[339][340]

Media resonance edit

In Italy edit

Numerous articles denouncing the Apuan environmental situation have appeared in national newspapers and magazines, such as Il Corriere della Sera,[92][341] La Repubblica,[342] Il Fatto Quotidiano,[60][287][153][343][344] Huffington Post,[345][346] Internazionale,[347] Il Messaggero,[348] Il Manifesto,[69][349][350] Il Foglio,[351] Libero,[352] Adnkronos,[271][353][354] Affari Italiani,[25] VD News,[149] Focus,[109] Il Giornale dell'arte,[355] Arte,[356] Artribune,[357][358][359] Arte Magazine,[360] Finestre sull'arte,[361][362][363] Altreconomia,[198] GreenMe,[250] Lifegate.[364] Also RAI in 2014[365] and 2015[366] dealt with the "wild excavation of the Apuan Alps" in a TG1 report.

In the world edit

In terms of the international spread of the No cav cause, major foreign media such as Newsweek,[367][368] Reader's Digest,[162] The Guardian,[369][370] Le Monde,[371] Le Figaro,[372] Deutsche Welle,[373] Arte,[374] Radiotelevisione svizzera[286] and SwissInfo[375] have also carried out investigations into the environmental damage of quarries. In 2012, an article by Der Spiegel[376][377] attracted a lot of interest in Germany.[378]

Apuan disaster in mass culture edit

Film and TV edit

  • Cosa c'è sotto le nuvole, a 2004 documentary film directed by Alberto Grossi presented in competition at the Trento Film Festival[379]
  • Aut Out, a 2010 documentary film directed by Alberto Grossi finalist[380] at the Trento Film Festival[381]
  • Anthropocene: The Human Epoch, 2018 Canadian docufilm broadcast in cinemas around the world, where that of the Apuan Alps camp among the 43 largest contemporary environmental disasters,[382] and which gave the No Cav cause global visibility.
  • Cave Canem, 2019 documentary, directed by Alberto Grossi, about the impacts of excavation in the Apuan Alps.[383]
  • Carie, a 2020 documentary directed by Achille Mauri, Marzio Nardi, and Federico Ravassard (photography by Roberto Gianocca and Achille Mauri), which was also followed by an exhibition, a fanzine, and thematic debates, focused attention on the landscape impact of the Apuan quarries and on their potential reconversion with a tourist-sports perspective.[384][385][386][387][388]

In 2021, the television channel Dmax Italia broadcast the program "Uomini di Pietra" (Rock Men),[389] distributed by Discovery+, about the extraction of marble in the Apuan Alps, and in particular in the quarries of the company Henraux Spa,[390] arousing criticism from the environmentalist world[391][392] and the Club Alpino Italiano,[393] as it was considered a commercial in favor of "destruction at the expense of nature".[394] At the end of the year, the release of the second season sparked new criticism.[395][396]

Books edit

  • Elia Pegollo, Emozioni apuane. Non solo marmo, Res Edizioni, 2003, ISBN 9788889048009. Photographic book created by a historic No Cav activist to raise awareness of the environmental value of the Apuan Alps.
  • Giulio Milani, La terra bianca. Marmo, chimica e altri disastri, Laterza, 2015, ISBN 9788858119754. Concerning the environmental impacts of quarries and other industrial activities in Carrara and their alleged illicit management.
  • Piero Franco Angeloni, Gli anni bui della Repubblica. Aneddoti di vita professionale, Booksprint, 2016, ISBN 9788824900829. Concerning an alleged infiltration of Cosa Nostra in the Apuan territory between the 80s and 1992, retracing the investigations started at the beginning of the 90s by judge Augusto Lama, on which the author himself collaborated.
  • Beniamino Gemignani, Work and its Martyrs. In the Apuan and Garfagnana quarries, Editrice Apuana, 2017, ISBN 9788871490588. Documented collection of fatal accidents at work that occurred in the Apuan quarries from the time of the Duchy of Modena to the present day.
  • Gianluca Briccolani, L'altezza della libertà. Viaggio tra l'essenziale bellezza delle Alpi Apuane, Polistampa, 2018, ISBN 9788859618997. Text and photography autobiography narrative focusing on the author's lone crossing of the Apuan Alps and containing numerous observations and extensive reflections on the strong landscape and environmental impact of the Apuan quarries.

Art edit

  • Cave Hominem, a 2012 art project by photographer Raffaella Castagnoli, focusing on the anthropic impact on the Apuan Alps, published in the magazine LensCulture.[397]
  • Apuan Carbonate, a 2015 art project by photographer Andrea Foligni, focusing on the disappearance of the Apuan Alps transformed into calcium carbonate dust for consumer goods. It was one of the finalists in the LensCulture Exposure Awards.[398][399][400][401]
  • Whiter, a 2017 art project by photographer Andrea Foligni, about "marmettola" (marble slurry) pollution in Apuan waterways. It was a finalist at the Sony World Photography Awards, Contemporary Issues section, and was exhibited in London.[402][403][404]
  • White Gold, a 2018 series of pictures by Luca Locatelli, winner of the Sony World Photography Award.[405][406] These shots were published by the New York Times to accompany an article on Carrara marble which, although it did not directly address the environmental and landscape impact of quarrying, highlighted the massive global spread of Carrara marble for construction and no longer artistic uses.[407][408][409]
  • Alpi Apuane, photographic project by Primož Bizjak produced starting in 2014 and exhibited in 2018 at C.A.P. (Centro Arti Plastiche, Plastc Arts Center) in Carrara, concerning the anthropogenic nature of the Apuan quarries.[410][411]
  • Wolf Mountain, picture by Lorenzo Shoubridge (an artist who has spoken out against quarries in various interviews[412]) depicting wolves at night near Mount Corchia[413] and winner of the Wildlife Photographer of the Year in 2020.
  • E se fossimo noi le Alpi Apuane? (What if we were the Apuan Alps?) Narrative and visual project by Garfagnana Dream, illustrated by Naomi Zanardo.[414]

Criticism to the No Cav movement edit

 
Anticapitalist No Cav Mural on State Road SS1 (Aurelia) near Montignoso
 
Detail of Montignoso mural

Confindustria, some[415][416] quarrymen's unions,[417][418] some political parties[419] and local administrators[420] and pro-quarry people[421] have often criticised the No Cav movement.

Among these, the most common are the criticisms that quarries generate wealth and jobs that would disappear if the No Cav goals were achieved.[422][423] The latter have responded by presenting detailed economic reconversion plans, aimed at maintaining if not increasing employment and wealth in the area.[120][338] Moreover, they have often contested the data presented by the industrialists accusing them of carrying out "job blackmail"[424] and of constructing a "false environment-employment conflict".[340][425]

Another criticism levelled at the movement is that it spreads false or biased information.[426][427][428][429] No Cav has responded to this observation by presenting detailed and substantial dossiers, often drawn up in collaboration with experts, such as Legambiente's Quarry Report.[430]

Quarry supporters also believe that No Cav would not respect the tradition and identity of the Apuan territory, which has always been dedicated to marble extraction.[431] The No Cav supporters reply to this criticism by pointing out that traditional marble quarrying disappeared decades ago in favour of today's much more devastating industrial quarrying, which has nothing to do with the historical identity of the Apuan Alps.[432]

In 2018, following the diffusion of an email exchange between the historical activist Franca Leverotti (member of Gruppo d'intervento giuridico and at the time president of Italia Nostra) and some public bodies, a marble industrialist sued her for slander and defamation,[433] but the court dismissed the proceedings, claiming that what she reported was true.[92] Following the same report, a second complaint against her was made by the municipality of Vagli Sotto, this time for damage to its image, with a request for compensation of 5.5 million euros. Solidarity towards it was expressed by No Cav protesters in front of the court.[434][435] In 2022, at the end of a lengthy trial, the Civil Court of Massa ruled that the claim was unfounded, instead condemning former mayor Mario Puglia and the Municipality of Vagli Sotto to pay €6,700,000 each in court costs.[436]

The movement was then accused of creating a climate of hatred towards quarrymen and mining activities and of not wanting dialogue with the opposing side, sometimes having aggressive attitudes.[437][438] The No Cav people have rejected these accusations stating that the exact opposite would be true.[439] In 2021 the movement Salviamo le Apuane, proposed a hypothesis of mediation and solution of the environmental conflict of the Apuan Alps, immediately picked up by the Europa Verde party.[336]

At times, the movement has also been accused of alleged sabotage and ecoterrorist attacks,[48][440][441][442] insults,[443][444] threats[445] and other crimes.[446][447]

On 17 February 2021, the car of the president of the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps, Alberto Putamorsi, caught fire in the night.[315][316] In May 2020, the president's house had been raided as part of an investigation for corruption and rigged contracts[317] known journalistically as "Sistema Vagli" (Vagli System) (named after the village of Vagli Sotto, at the center of the investigation)[318] and which had also involved the seizure of Cava Prispoli.[319][320] Suspicions for the fire were directed towards both the marble world and environmentalists.[321]

In August 2021, there was an alleged attack on a quarry in Gorfigliano, with some mechanical equipment set on fire during the night;[440][441][448] an act from which environmentalists actually distanced themselves[449][450] and which is currently under investigation.

Accusations of violent or illegal actions have always been rejected by No Cav, who have instead expressed solidarity with the victims.[449][450]

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April 26, 2024
this, article, contain, excessive, number, citations, please, help, remove, quality, irrelevant, citations, june, 2022, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, italian, protest, movement, that, arose, early, 21st, century, criticising, carrara, marble, q. This article may contain an excessive number of citations Please help remove low quality or irrelevant citations June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message No Cav is an Italian protest movement that arose in the early 21st century criticising the Carrara marble quarries in the Apuan Alps 1 2 3 4 5 Cava di Gioia Gioia Quarries Carrara and the irreversible modification of the peak shape Logo NO CAV Contents 1 Name and flag 2 Characteristics 3 Affiliated entities 4 History 4 1 Mining in the Apuan Alps 4 2 Movements for the protection of the Apuan Alps 5 Arguments 5 1 Environmental pollution 5 2 Destruction of habitats and ecosystems 5 3 Hydrogeological instability and destruction of geosites 5 4 Health risks to local people 5 5 Landscape impact 5 6 Destruction of historical and cultural heritage 5 7 Indirect negative impacts 5 8 Low economic impact on the territory 5 9 Ephemeral use of the mineral no longer art but industrial additives 5 10 Alleged Mafia infiltration and widespread illegality 5 11 Poor safety and numerous deaths at work 6 Aims and proposals 7 Media resonance 7 1 In Italy 7 2 In the world 8 Apuan disaster in mass culture 8 1 Film and TV 8 2 Books 8 3 Art 9 Criticism to the No Cav movement 10 References 11 External linksName and flag edit nbsp No Cav sticker at Bivacco Aronte Passo della Focolaccia Alpi Apuane The phrase No Cav short for No Cave No Quarries in Italian was used for the first time in an article from Il Tirreno in 2014 to define the activists who had taken part in a demonstration organized by Salviamo le Apuane Save Apuan Alps 6 The No Cav flag is a stylized black and white representation of the Vara viaduct of the Carrara Private Marble Railway crossed by a large red X above which are the words NO CAV also in red on a white background This symbol whose graphic design recalls that of the Italian No TAV movement first appeared in 2020 during an event organized by the environmentalist Gianluca Briccolani who the following year with Claudio Grandi and others founded the Apuane Libere Free Apuan Alps association 7 8 The flag and the word No Cav itself are neither used nor accepted by all groups of this movement and some of them prefer to use more specific definitions 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Characteristics edit nbsp No Cav slogan in Carrara 2021 The No Cav movement is classified by the Italian Atlas of Environmental Conflicts part of the Environmental Justice Atlas as a proactive conflict in favor of sustainable alternatives 1 Over the years environmentalists have managed to develop in civil society a widespread movement of opinion sensitive to the theme of safeguarding the Apuan Alps 17 18 The methods of opposition used by No Cav activists include demonstrations 19 20 marches 21 flash mobs 22 appeals 23 petitions 24 25 26 demonstrative actions such as the one at the Giro d Italia 2021 27 28 or on the summit of Mont Blanc 29 30 roadblocks 31 lawsuits 32 33 political initiatives at local 34 regional 35 36 national 37 38 European 39 40 41 and international 42 level public information 43 pressure on companies 44 45 46 47 preparation of independent documents 34 48 and media activism 1 nbsp No Cav slogan on a road sign near the village of Canevara Massa Among the campaign slogans that have arisen from demonstrations besides No Cav there is Basta Cave 49 lit Enough Quarries Stop the Quarries Giu le mani dalla montagna 50 Hands off the Mountain Fermiamo la devastazione 51 Let s stop the Devastation Help Apuan Alps 52 Le cave uccidono il passato e il futuro 4 The quarries are killing the past and the future Excavation devastation 20 and more In addition the No Cav movement has at times supported other environmentalist initiatives and actions in defence of landforms not directly connected to the issue of the Apuan Alps 53 Affiliated entities edit nbsp Athamanta a No Cav group logo on a wall in Carrara 2021 Campaigns in opposition to quarrying activity in the Apuan Alps have been ongoing for years 1 pursued by many 54 and varied groups Environmentalist associations for instance Legambiente 55 Gruppo d Intervento Giuridico 56 these last engaging in legal interventions WWF 57 Extinction Rebellion 58 Sea Shepherd 46 47 Friends of the Earth Apuane Libere and yet more 59 Caving 60 and mountain climbing groups including Club Alpino Italiano Italian Alpine Club 61 62 Mountain Wilderness 63 and Federazione Italiana Escursionismo 64 Italian Trekking Federation Associations for land care such as Italia Nostra 65 Our Italy and Fondo Ambiente Italiano 66 Italian Enveronmental Foundation Committees and movements like Salviamo le Apuane Save the Apuan Alps Rete dei Comitati per la Difesa del Territorio 67 Network of Committees in Defence of the Landscape Assemblea Permanente Carrara Carrara Permanent Assembly and Fridays for Future 68 Collectives and social hubs such as Athamanta 69 70 named in honour of the Athamanta Cortiana a plant endemic to the Apuan range and at risk of extinction and others 71 72 Faith inspired groups such as Accademia Apuana della Pace 73 Apuan Peace Academy Socio cultural associations such as ARCI 74 75 Italian Cultural and Recreational Association Associations not directly connected to environmental or landscape issues for example Slow Food 76 and GIROS Italian Group for Research on Wild Orchids 77 Private citizens not members of a particular group but who support the cause by taking part in No Cav initiatives 78 Various Italian intellectuals and personalities have stood up in defence of the Apuan Alps Among them are Andrea Camilleri Moni Ovadia Salvatore Settis Adriano Prosperi Paolo Maddalena Tomaso Montanari Roberta De Monticelli Maurizio Maggiani Mario Perrotta Alberto Asor Rosa Paolo Cognetti who has declared himself to be truly dismayed beyond being angry at the condition of the Apuans 79 Enzo Fileno Carabba Angelo Baracca Vittorio Emiliani Edoardo Salzano Pancho Pardiv Alessandro Gogna Claudio Lombardi Alberto Magnaghi Andrea Lanfriv a main speaker at the large No Cav protest of 2021 80 and Rossano Ercolini 81 82 83 84 85 The cartoonist Sergio Staino made a cartoon on the subject 86 The No Cav campaign also finds supporters beyond Italian borders especially in Germany 87 International personalities close to the No Cav positions include Vandana Shiva and Raul Zibechi 88 On a political level the inconvenient issue of closing down quarries has often been snubbed by parties with some exceptions such as Partito della Rifondazione Comunista Communist Refoundation Party 89 Potere al Popolo 90 Power to the People Party and individual politicians such as Pietro Ichino 91 and Tommaso Fattori 92 Only in 2021 a party Europa Verde Green Europe led by Eros Tetti includes in its program the closure of the quarries falling within the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps 93 94 History editMining in the Apuan Alps edit nbsp View of the marble quarries from Campocecina nbsp Marble quarry in Retignano Stazzema The Apuan Alps stone quarries were probably already used since the Iron Age by the Ligurians of Ameglia but the actual mining activity developed from the Roman era and experienced the greatest development under Julius Caesar 48 44 BC Of the oldest quarries distributed in the Torano Miseglia and Colonnata basins not much remains since the mining activity which continued over the centuries has caused their progressive destruction In this way ancient quarries such as that of Polvaccio and Mandria Torano and Canalgrande Miseglia have been lost On the other hand the quarries of La Tagliata Miseglia and Fossacava Colonnata are still intact although poorly valued from a historical archaeological and tourist point of view 95 96 Another quarry of certainly ancient origin is the so called Cava Romana di Forno Forno Roman Quarry subject of a legal dispute for environmental violations 97 and whose environmental licence was not renewed in 2017 98 The peak of celebrity of Carrara marble occurred in the Renaissance as it was used by Michelangelo who used to personally choose the blocks to work on Between the end of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries there was a rapid increase in quarries which began to be concentrated in the hands of a few large concessionaires 99 and the industrialization of mining which attracted a large number of workers from the mountain communities moving them from traditional agro pastoral occupations to mining ones 100 The construction of the Carrara Private Marble Railway and the Port of Carrara dates back to this period This process continued in the twentieth century with the construction of infrastructures such as the Balzone cableway 101 in 1907 and the branch for Arni of the Versilia tramway inaugurated in 1923 In addition to those of marble there were once also mines of manganese 102 mercury 103 iron 104 pyrite magnesite dolomite and yet more 105 106 In 2015 the case of severe thallium contamination of the aquifer and consequently of the aqueduct of Pietrasanta exploded due to the perite mines of Valdicastello abandoned in the 1980s and never reclaimed 107 108 In the post war period particularly in the late one the mining activity has grown dramatically in terms of material removed according to the magazine Focus in the last 20 years more than two thousand years of history have been excavated here 109 However according to Corriere della Sera the number of people directly employed in the quarries went from 16 000 in the 1950s to about 1 000 today 92 Movements for the protection of the Apuan Alps edit nbsp Marmettola marble slurry in the Carrione river Carrara 2021 In 1985 following a petition started many years before and the proposal of a popular initiative law in 1978 the Tuscan Region established the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps In 1997 with the Regional Law 65 1997 it was reduced the perimeter from about 54 000 hectares to the current 20 598 hectares in order to protect the presence of marble quarries reclassified as area contigua contiguous area 110 Due to this reclassification in 2021 the Council of State rejected the appeal of environmental associations against the reopening of quarries in these areas 111 unless they overlap with protection areas such as SCI SRI or SPA 112 113 Already in the 1980s however there were environmentalist struggles that led to the closure of the dolomite quarries in Forno Massa in the 1990s 92 At least since 2000 there have been appeals by environmentalist associations against the Apuan marble industry 114 In 2000 through a national law still valid today it was decreed the establishment of the Parco Archeominerario delle Alpi Apuane Apuan Alps Archaeology and Mining Park to protect the ancient mining activity historical evidences from the current one 115 but its actual establishment has been suspended since 2006 despite the favorable opinions of local authorities 116 In order to overcome the delays in 2003 the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps established the Sistema museale di archeologia mineraria delle Alpi Apuane Museum System of Mining Archaeology of the Apuan Alps 117 From the experiences of struggle for the preservation of the Apuan Alps in the last decades of the 20th century the current environmental conflict and the current No Cav movement would have developed According to the Italian Atlas of Environmental Conflicts part of the Environmental Justice Atlas this proactive conflict in favor of sustainable alternatives would have originated in 2009 118 the year in which Salviamo le Apuane founded by Eros Tetti launched the first online mobilization with a good response and a consequent growth and diffusion on the territory 119 In 2010 this movement presented an articulated plan called PIPSEAA Piano Programma di Sviluppo Economico Alternativo per le Apuane Plan Program for Alternative Economic Development of the Apuan Alps 120 for a gradual economic transition of the territory that would allow it to get rid of marble without employment shocks In 2014 the Tuscan regional council approved a plan for the gradual closure of quarries 121 promoted by regional councillor Anna Marson and then withdrawn following pressure from Confindustria 122 For the first time the newspaper Il Tirreno used the word No Cav to define the activists who fought against the Apuan quarries 6 In the same year following the umpteenth flood that hit the city of Carrara the Assemblea Permanente Carrara Carrara Permanent Assembly was born The activists occupied the town hall for two months 123 This group fights for the environmental protection of the Carrara territory and sometimes expressed very critical positions towards the quarries 124 In 2015 Tommaso Fattori entered the Tuscan Regional Council with the list Si Toscana a Sinistra Yes Tuscany to the Left contributing to keep up the pressure on marble quarries 125 also through the presentation of numerous amendments to regional laws 92 In 2016 a group of associations called Coordinamento Apuano Apuan Coordination composed by Legambiente Salviamo le Apuane WWF Club Alpino Italiano Fondo Ambiente Italiano Italia Nostra Rete dei comitati per la difesa del territorio Societa dei Territorialisti Unione Italiana Sport Per tutti Federparchi Societa Speleologica Toscana Amici delle Alpi Apuane 126 127 signed a document entitled Manifesto per le Alpi Apuane Apuan Alps Manifesto 128 129 in which they argued and detailed a green economic transition plan that would lead the Apuan territory to free itself from the marble supply chain focusing on the defense of the environment and landscape tourism and agroforestry productions As a matter of fact there are already valuable agricultural and gastronomic productions of the Apuan Alps 130 131 among which the wine production 132 133 in particular the Candia dei Colli Apuani which could be promoted and strengthened The Europa Verde party led by Eros Tetti which aims to close the quarries falling within the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps in 2020 proposed an abrogative referendum regarding the regional regulations more favorable to quarries 94 93 In 2020 a petition was also started for the establishment of a national park including the Apuan Alps 134 110 or to merge them with the already existing and contiguous National Park of the Tuscan Emilian Apennines 135 in order to ensure an increased protection of the mountain range In the same year the group Athamanta was born which combines the experience of social centers to that of environmentalism The first No Cav flags appeared 136 In 2021 the Club Alpino Italiano proposed the establishment of a Cultural Park of the Apuan Alps 137 Also in 2021 the association Apuane Libere was born In July of the same year the newborn association organized a big demonstration whose testimonial was Andrea Lanfri 80 and in which 31 other associations participated On that occasion there were scuffles at Passo Sella where the demonstrators came into contact with a counter demonstration in support of the quarries organized by Confindustria 138 139 140 141 142 In September 2021 the association Salviamo le Apuane presented to the United Nations Working Group on Business and Human Rights an extensive dossier on the Apuan situation written with the help of the Wageningen University researcher Chiara Macchi 143 144 145 At the beginning of 2022 the Council of State rejected the appeal of many marble companies against the new Extraction Plan of the Region of Tuscany stating that it is the right and duty of the region to protect the environment especially of a unicum like the Apuan Alps even by limiting the freedom of economic initiative 146 147 148 Arguments editEnvironmental pollution edit nbsp Marble quarry at Passo della Focolaccia Apuan Alps about 1600 m above the sea The pass has been irreversibly modified Extractive activity has a negative impact 149 on aquifers due to pollution of soil and surface and groundwater with both environmental and public health implications for the populations that are supplied with it 150 151 108 Marmettola marble dust mixed with oils and sludge from quarrying should be disposed of as special waste but is often not properly managed and ends up dispersed in large quantities 152 constituting a serious environmental pollution problem 153 154 155 156 157 158 Due to the high mechanization and industrialization of the mining processes other pollutants such as heavy metals and especially hydrocarbons are dispersed into the mountain environment and groundwater in considerable quantities 159 160 161 Other relevant impacts are the dispersion of dust into the atmosphere 162 noise and the abandonment of waste at high altitudes 163 Stone companies have also been accused by environmentalists of greenwashing 164 165 Destruction of habitats and ecosystems edit nbsp The devastating effect of Cava dei Campanili Bell Towers Quarry Colonnata which nearly wiped out an entire mountain range The Apuan quarries are a serious threat to the habitats 166 167 and to the naturalistic heritage 122 168 of the mountain range as they cause the destruction of the flora the stripping of the soil and the profound modification of the environment and the original landscape 169 These activities insist on an area of great natural value high biodiversity and geodiversity recognized as a regional natural park and UNESCO World Geopark The Apuan Alps contain about 50 of Tuscan biodiversity including some endemics 170 Rare and relict species are also present among the flora and fauna 171 172 173 174 175 including the rare alpine newt threatened by the Valsora Quarry 176 177 area of herpetological relevance IT130TOS003 recognized by the Societas Herpetologica Italica 178 and the possible reopening of Crespina Quarry II at the foot of Mt Sagro 179 180 181 and endangered species like wolf and European wildcat 182 The industrial activity of the quarries interferes directly or indirectly with a protected territory which is part of the European network Natura 2000 and includes areas classified as Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas Special Protection Areas Special Areas of Conservation Sites of Community Importance WWF Oasis LIPU Oasis and where there is an active project for the protection of the wolf in collaboration with the National Park of the Tuscan Emilian Apennines 183 The mining activities subtract water from the sources 184 while the marmettola very fine marble dust produced by them in large quantities deposits on the bed of the watercourses destroys microsystems and represents a serious risk for the existence of some animal species 185 Moreover it penetrates into the karst network modifying the quality of groundwater and favoring the presence of epigean species which threaten the more fragile hypogean ones 150 Hydrogeological instability and destruction of geosites edit nbsp Carrione river in Carrara polluted by marmettola marble slurry 2021 The Apuan Alps have been recognized as an UNESCO World Geopark 186 187 Therefore quarries are also a serious threat to Apuan geodiversity and the karst activities present which are particularly represented and significant in this mountain range 188 189 190 Numerous cavities fall within the quarry area despite the fact that they are protected and many times they have been intercepted and damaged by mining activities 184 191 or filled with debris 192 Even the Antro del Corchia Italy s largest karstic cave and one of the most important caves in Europe is said to have suffered damage from nearby quarries 193 In the Apuan Alps there is also the largest water reserve in Tuscany 154 put at risk by the mining activity due to its direct use 184 to the discharge of debris waste and marmettola which occlude watercourses and springs 184 194 and the modification of the karst network Moreover the marmettola marble slurry besides being chemically contaminated by hydrocarbons and metals is strongly polluting also by mechanical action it fills the interstices and waterproofs the surfaces eliminating the habitats of many species modifies the processes of groundwater supply speeds up the surface flow of water infiltrates the karst network modifying the paths of groundwater up to cause the drying up or the deterioration of the sources 155 156 195 The effect of quarries on local aquifer reserves results in significant economic and environmental damage to the Apuan territory according to a study published in 2019 in the journal Water 150 Finally in terms of hydrogeological instability ravaneti mounds of debris particularly recent ones represent areas at high risk 196 197 198 190 According to some commentators the conspicuous removal of materials from mountains and the modification of their orography would also play a role in the worsening of the local climate 4 199 and the increase of extreme weather events 200 Health risks to local people edit nbsp The Carrione stream invaded by marmettola on 28 08 2023 The health of the people in the Apuan basin is threatened by the deterioration of the quality of drinking water due to pollution from marmettola which is contaminated with dangerous chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and heavy metals Another risk factor is the release of marble dust into the atmosphere which containing up to 5 silica can cause pneumoconiosis such as silicosis 30 Although trucks should be closed and or loads kept wet to reduce dust dispersion these requirements are often not met 201 Landscape impact edit nbsp Panorama of the quarries near Carrara and the irreversible geomorphological changes they bring to the Apuan Alps Quarries cause the irreversible modification with very high landscape impact on the geomorphology of the places 202 including some peaks 23 203 204 205 and ridges 206 thanks to the exemption arranged by Tuscany Region 207 Such damages have also affected the profiles of some of the highest and most significant mountains in the range 154 The landscape impact is of such magnitude that it is visible in photographs taken by the European space mission Copernicus Sentinel 2 satellite 208 Examples of these irreversible changes are the disappearance of the Falcovaia Peak whose peak was entirely removed by the Cervaiole Quarry 209 the lowering of several tens of meters of the Focolaccia Pass by the Piastramarina Quarry 190 210 211 212 213 and the loss of the summit cusp of Carchio Mount 214 215 216 The Tuscany Region in derogation of the Italian Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape that protects the mountains for the part exceeding 1 600 meters above sea level for the Alpine chain and 1 200 meters above sea level for the Apennine chain and islands glaciers and glacial cirques parks and national or regional reserves as well as the territories of external protection of parks allows excavation even beyond 1 200 m above sea level and in the areas of the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps 217 For this reason in 2020 the Europa Verde party which aims to close the quarries in the park and to repeal the regional exemptions has raised the issue in the institutional office and has proposed a referendum to repeal these regional laws 93 94 218 Because of environmental protection deemed insufficient Il Fatto Quotidiano called the Parco naturale regionale delle Alpi Apuane a joke regional park 219 Also from a hiking mountaineering and speleological point of view the Apuan Alps are a territory of great value rich in trails vie ferrate the one on Mount Procinto opened in 1893 is the oldest in Italy climbing routes and karst cavities whose very existence is often threatened by the quarrying activity 79 220 mountain huts and bivouac shelters In addition several stages of the Grand Italian Trail are located in the mountain range There are also numerous ancient roads and paths including the Via Vandelli and the Via del Volto Santo Finally in addition to the landscape damage due to the irreversible change of places also the presence of machinery and industrial infrastructure of the quarries are a source of visual pollution of an area of high landscape value 221 Destruction of historical and cultural heritage edit The Apuan Alps are rich in historical artistic archaeological and cultural evidence including some very ancient ones being among the few regions in Italy where there are sure traces of Paleolithic civilization remaining 222 There are also historical evidences covering a time span from the early Iron Age to the civilization of the Ligures Apuani to Roman civilization to the Middle Ages and to the modern and contemporary ages some of them related to the marble mining activity itself There are also testimonies of the Gothic Line 223 224 of the Italian resistance movement 225 and of the Second World War 226 such as the Parco Nazionale della Pace di Sant Anna di Stazzema Peace National Park in Sant Anna di Stazzema the Parco della Resistenza Resistance Park at Monte Brugiana and the Sentiero della Liberta Freedom Trail in Molazzana 227 In 2021 the Club Alpino Italiano also proposed the establishment of a Cultural Park of the Apuan Alps 137 including the house where Fosco Maraini spent his last years 227 This cultural heritage is sometimes directly threatened by mining 228 229 230 or poorly protected and enhanced because of it as in the case of Cava di Fossacava the largest quarry of Roman origin in Europe whose management has attracted criticism from Italia Nostra and other associations 95 96 Another example is that of the historic Bivacco Aronte whose existence was threatened by the Piastramarina Quarry 231 232 and which was saved by the intervention of the Italian Ministry of Culture which in 2021 declared it a good of historical and artistic interest 233 234 To protect the Apuan historical assets related to the ancient mining activity in 2000 it was decreed the establishment of the Parco Archeominerario delle Alpi Apuane Apuan Alps Archeo mineral Park whose actual establishment is however suspended since 2006 despite the favorable opinions of local authorities 116 A stretch of the eighteenth century Via Vandelli despite being protected since 1976 Ministerial Decree 128 76 has been destroyed by the mining activity of the Colubraia Formignacola quarry 192 In 2017 it was requested the reopening of the quarries located near the Palazzo Mediceo di Serravezza Serravezza Medici Palace UNESCO World Heritage Site 235 236 Also thanks to the mobilization of citizens the request was rejected 237 Indirect negative impacts edit nbsp No Cav slogan on a marble block close to the Henraux quarry gate in Azzano Seravezza High indirect negative impacts of the quarries that fall on the Apuan territory are those related to the intense road transport of the extracted material road accidents including the loss of truck loads air pollution noise inconveniences related to traffic and the wear and tear of the roads themselves 238 239 240 These indirect pollutants have an additional environmental impact and are the cause of the worsening quality of life in the Apuan area 241 A particularly uncomfortable event was the several collapses in a street in Colonnata in 2018 due to a nearby quarry 242 In order to facilitate the mining activity the Strada dei Marmi Marble Road was built in 2012 reserved for truck traffic and closed to common traffic The maintenance costs of the road which is subject to high wear and tear are borne by the community as the expected tolls have never been collected 243 The No Cav movements also emphasize the external costs of the marble supply chain i e all those costs that would fall indirectly on the community According to a 2006 study released by environmental associations for every ton of marble extracted the costs would amount to 56 euros for the company and 168 euros for the community 244 245 An example of such costs are the substantial expenses incurred by the municipalities of Massa and Carrara for the maintenance of the aqueduct filters damaged by the marmettola 63 Also in 2012 a 5 km tunnel under Mount Tambura was planned whose real usefulness has often been questioned but that would allow to quarry a large amount of marble 246 The project strongly opposed by several fronts 247 was not realized Low economic impact on the territory edit nbsp An anarchist No Cav declaration in Carrara 2021 According to some observers including Il Sole 24 Ore the positive economic impact of the marble industry on the territory is it is getting smaller and smaller 248 249 Even on the employment front the sector would be declining according to Corriere della Sera the number of direct employees in the quarries would have dropped from 16 000 in the 1950s to about 1 000 today 92 Yet while less than 100 000 tons of marble were mined annually in 1920 today it is up to 5 millions 162 250 Moreover most of the marble extracted in blocks is no longer worked in Carrara or in Italy 251 252 253 while the marble sector offers less and less work 254 255 256 poorly paid 63 257 258 and moreover in safety conditions that have often been considered insufficient 63 259 260 261 Moreover according to some national media the public budget would have a minimal income from mining and sometimes not even the entire amount due would be paid In addition to these considerations there are the external costs of marble processing i e those indirect costs borne by the community which would be approximately three times those incurred directly by mining companies 244 245 Some observers have referred to the effects of the stone industry on the Apuan territory as an example of predatory capitalism 200 262 even going so far as to compare the local economic reality to that typical of colonies 200 Raul Zibechi for example has spoken of the harmony of the extractivist model with the colonial experience stating that in the economic sphere extractivism has produced enclave economies similar to those induced in the colonies 263 264 Indeed the ownership of many quarries is in the hands of foreign multinationals 92 including the Bin Laden family 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 The lack of attention for the territory and for the quarry workers themselves is a long standing theme if we think that even Charles Dickens when he visited the quarries of Carrara in 1845 was struck by the backwardness of the production system so much so that he accused the Duke of Modena then lord of the city of having abandoned it as he reports in his book Pictures from Italy 272 The presence of mining activity by its nature non renewable and considered unsustainable 273 is also considered a brake to any alternative and renewable economic development model which enhances the tourism and agroforestry potential of the Apuan Alps 274 275 276 277 The legal status of the ownership of many Apuan quarries is complex and originates from the concept of beni estimati and from an edict of Countess Maria Teresa Cybo Malaspina in 1751 Although in 1995 the Italian Constitutional Court had ordered that quarry concessions were always temporary 243 in October 2016 it partially upheld the appeal of some private companies including Omya against Regional Law 35 2015 that would have assimilated the quarries among the municipal unavailable assets establishing that some the oldest ones were to be considered private others public and still others with variable shares of the two status 278 279 despite the appeal of numerous intellectuals against the alleged privatization 280 281 The court also clarified that legislating on this subject is a state competence and not a regional one so on October 12 2021 the 5 Star Movement requested the scheduling of the parliamentary debate on the Tuscan Regional Law 35 2015 in order to incorporate the beni estimati in the municipal properties 282 The Cassation has also excluded in 2018 that the usucaption can be applied on the marble beds 283 Some quarries located in the municipalities of Vagli Sotto and Stazzema Arni insist on civic use land despite the fact that on them is prohibited the activity of excavation according to the judgment no 6132 of 21 September 2021 of the Court of Appeal of Rome 284 285 Ephemeral use of the mineral no longer art but industrial additives edit nbsp Omya plant in Carrara Italy The fact that on average about 75 of the extracted stone in the quarries is made up of flakes subsequently pulverized to produce calcium carbonate processed by multinationals such as Omya 60 202 277 286 and destined for industrial uses while only 25 is stone mainly used in the building sector 60 287 and that only 0 5 is still used in the field of art that has made Carrara marble famous 92 is another argument often used in favor of closing the quarries In some especially those in the Torano basin debris percentages as high as 94 are reached according to data from the Carrara public weighbridge 202 The problem of the very high quantity of waste produced by the Apuan quarries has been well known for a long time so much so that an article in Scientific American in 1907 examined it 288 In order to try to mitigate this situation Legambiente proposed as observations to the Carrara PABE a public quarries plan presented in the last years to limit the extraction activity to the areas with less fractured marble and to employ the low altitude tunnel extraction which would allow to quickly reach the little fractured mineral instead of the surface excavation However this appeal went unheeded 202 In fact according to the same industrialists promising areas for the future of marble quarries would be sea fills reefs filters and fabrics 289 290 291 292 In 2022 the Tuscany Region s new Quarry Plan imposed a minimum block or slab yield of 30 percent reducible to 25 percent at the municipal level on marketable material for obtaining a new permit Industrialists filed a recall to the Regional Administrative Tribunal against this provision losing it 293 294 295 Alleged Mafia infiltration and widespread illegality edit Piero Franco Angeloni in his book Gli anni bui della Repubblica The dark years of the Republic claims that there was Mafia infiltration in the world of quarries in Carrara from the 1980s to 1992 296 According to this reconstruction in 1982 Raul Gardini let Cosa Nostra enter the Calcestruzzi company leader of the Ferruzzi Group of his father in law Serafino Ferruzzi through Antonino and Salvatore Buscemi Toto Riina s men To the management of the quarries Buscemi would have put his brother in law Girolamo Cimino 297 In 1987 Lorenzo Panzavolta known as il Panzer Ferruzzi s partner suggested the acquisition of Sam and Imeg at that time part of Eni which controlled most of the marble basins of Carrara Moreover bribes would have been given to some politicians in order to secure a series of public contracts in Sicily related to the desulphation and disposal of waste from the old Enel power plants in which marble granules were used and which Gardini won The Mafia would have also managed the illegal traffic of waste in particular through the so called poison ships departing from the Port of Carrara and La Spezia Following the murder of the entrepreneur Alessio Gozzani the prosecutor Augusto Lama started investigations on Sicilian Mafia infiltration in Carrara but the investigation was stopped by the then minister Claudio Martelli The rooting of organized crime in the city is also testified by the murder of the engineer Alberto Dazzi through a car bomb in 1991 298 According to some hypotheses some of the explosives used in the 1992 Mafia massacres would have come from the Apuan quarries 299 Not only in that period of time the Apuan quarries have actually been repeatedly investigated by the judiciary for alleged Mafia infiltration 300 301 In 1994 the Lusa Lanzoni bivouac on Monte Corchia was completely destroyed by fire a few days after the judiciary seized the nearby Cava dei Tavolini for environmental violations After several changes of hands not very transparent according to the Carrara Permanent Assembly 301 in 2014 50 of the shares of Marmi Carrara born from the ashes of Sam Imeg passed to Prince Bakr Bin Laden of the Bin Laden family who in 2017 was arrested for corruption in Saudi Arabia At that time a Carrara businessman who was his partner suffered a robbery with assault in his own villa which again according to the Carrara Permanent Assembly may actually have been linked to a money laundering business 301 The Permanent Assembly of Carrara also in collaboration with the journalists Pier Paolo Santi and Francesco Sinatti raised suspicions about the alleged criminal management of waste connected to the Apuan quarries in the years 2000 and 2010 302 303 In addition there have been numerous investigations for environmental crimes 13 304 health and safety 63 261 305 labour law 63 corruption 306 and tax evasion 301 307 so much so that alleged mafia systems have sometimes been evoked 308 for example in the book Terra Bianca White Land by Giulio Milani 159 The No Cav activists have suffered in the years of their militancy various threats 92 attacks 140 and intimidation 309 310 119 A sabotage to the vehicle of Sandro Manfredi exponent of the Assemblea Permanente Carrare and the Apuane Presidium of the Gruppo d intervento giuridico occurred in 2018 fortunately without serious consequences 311 312 313 following which a solidarity demonstration was organized 314 On February 17 2021 the car of the president of the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps Alberto Putamorsi caught fire in the night 315 316 In May 2020 the president s house had been raided as part of an investigation for corruption and rigged contracts 317 known journalistically as Sistema Vagli Vagli System named after the village of Vagli Sotto at the center of the investigation 318 and which had also involved the seizure of Cava Prispoli 319 320 Suspicions for the fire were directed towards both the marble world and environmentalists 321 The Mediterranean Observatory on organized crime and mafias of the Caponnetto Foundation in its 2020 report reports the presence in the province of Massa Carrara of numerous organized crime groups 322 Poor safety and numerous deaths at work edit The extraction of stone in the basin of the Apuan Alps has always been a high risk activity which over the centuries has killed hundreds of lives 63 Beniamino Gemignani in his book Il lavoro e i suoi martiri Nelle cave apuane e di Garfagnana Work and its martyrs In the Apuan and Garfagnana quarries ISBN 9788871490588 lists the numerous fatal accidents from the time of the Duchy of Modena to the present day some of which involved numerous workers at the same time 323 For example in one in 1864 there were as many as eleven deaths 324 The increasing industrialization of the sector led to a decrease in fatal accidents which nevertheless remained very numerous 22 deaths in 1965 63 In the 2000s and 2010s the averaged was one injury every two days 1 258 between 2005 and 2015 325 326 327 and one death per year As for quarries one in 2006 one in 2007 one in 2010 one in 2012 two in 2015 four in 2016 none in 2017 two in 2018 328 In the supply chain on the other hand there were 1340 injuries and three fatal accidents between 2006 and 2018 for a total of as many as fifteen deaths in twelve years 329 with a peak between 2015 and 2016 330 According to data collected by the local HSE Authority between 2006 and 2015 there were an average of 102 accidents per year in Carrara s quarries considering that there were 700 800 people employed at the mining sites this means an incidence of one injured person for every seven workers 259 As reported by the Corriere della Sera according to the Quarrymen s League these data could be downwardly biased due to occupational blackmail that would push workers not to report accidents 260 As of 2006 non fatal injuries were declining but fatal injuries were unfortunately on the rise 328 However since 2021 the year in which the Region of Tuscany discontinued its special program of quarry safety inspections 331 the number of non fatal injuries also began to rise again 332 Aims and proposals editThe positions of the various No Cav groups converge on the necessity of an environmental protection of the Apuan Alps for example through the institution of a new national park 134 110 or their unification to the already existing and contiguous National Park of the Appennino Tosco Emiliano 93 and above all on the aim of the closure of the marble quarries Most of the groups such as Legambiente 333 Club Alpino Italiano 334 Salviamo le Apuane and others aim at the gradual closure of the quarries starting with those within the regional park of the Apuan Alps 335 without employment shocks the inclusion of the Apuan Alps in a national park and the abolition of regional exceptions for quarries 94 93 They also seek a mediation with industrialists and a dialogue with political forces and institutions 336 337 For example already in 2010 Salviamo le Apuane had promoted an articulated plan called PIPSEAA Piano Programma di Sviluppo Economico Alternativo per le Apuane Plan Program for Alternative Economic Development of the Apuan Alps 120 for a gradual economic transition of the territory that would allow it to get rid of marble without employment shocks 338 Then in 2016 with a group of associations they signed a document entitled Manifesto per le Alpi Apuane Apuan Alps Manifesto 128 127 in which a green economic transition plan was detailed to bring the Apuan territory to break free from the marble supply chain by focusing on tourism and agroforestry productions However there are also more intransigent minority positions which would like the rapid closure of all quarries including those outside the Apuan Alps Regional Park 339 340 Media resonance editIn Italy edit Numerous articles denouncing the Apuan environmental situation have appeared in national newspapers and magazines such as Il Corriere della Sera 92 341 La Repubblica 342 Il Fatto Quotidiano 60 287 153 343 344 Huffington Post 345 346 Internazionale 347 Il Messaggero 348 Il Manifesto 69 349 350 Il Foglio 351 Libero 352 Adnkronos 271 353 354 Affari Italiani 25 VD News 149 Focus 109 Il Giornale dell arte 355 Arte 356 Artribune 357 358 359 Arte Magazine 360 Finestre sull arte 361 362 363 Altreconomia 198 GreenMe 250 Lifegate 364 Also RAI in 2014 365 and 2015 366 dealt with the wild excavation of the Apuan Alps in a TG1 report In the world edit In terms of the international spread of the No cav cause major foreign media such as Newsweek 367 368 Reader s Digest 162 The Guardian 369 370 Le Monde 371 Le Figaro 372 Deutsche Welle 373 Arte 374 Radiotelevisione svizzera 286 and SwissInfo 375 have also carried out investigations into the environmental damage of quarries In 2012 an article by Der Spiegel 376 377 attracted a lot of interest in Germany 378 Apuan disaster in mass culture editFilm and TV edit Cosa c e sotto le nuvole a 2004 documentary film directed by Alberto Grossi presented in competition at the Trento Film Festival 379 Aut Out a 2010 documentary film directed by Alberto Grossi finalist 380 at the Trento Film Festival 381 Anthropocene The Human Epoch 2018 Canadian docufilm broadcast in cinemas around the world where that of the Apuan Alps camp among the 43 largest contemporary environmental disasters 382 and which gave the No Cav cause global visibility Cave Canem 2019 documentary directed by Alberto Grossi about the impacts of excavation in the Apuan Alps 383 Carie a 2020 documentary directed by Achille Mauri Marzio Nardi and Federico Ravassard photography by Roberto Gianocca and Achille Mauri which was also followed by an exhibition a fanzine and thematic debates focused attention on the landscape impact of the Apuan quarries and on their potential reconversion with a tourist sports perspective 384 385 386 387 388 In 2021 the television channel Dmax Italia broadcast the program Uomini di Pietra Rock Men 389 distributed by Discovery about the extraction of marble in the Apuan Alps and in particular in the quarries of the company Henraux Spa 390 arousing criticism from the environmentalist world 391 392 and the Club Alpino Italiano 393 as it was considered a commercial in favor of destruction at the expense of nature 394 At the end of the year the release of the second season sparked new criticism 395 396 Books edit Elia Pegollo Emozioni apuane Non solo marmo Res Edizioni 2003 ISBN 9788889048009 Photographic book created by a historic No Cav activist to raise awareness of the environmental value of the Apuan Alps Giulio Milani La terra bianca Marmo chimica e altri disastri Laterza 2015 ISBN 9788858119754 Concerning the environmental impacts of quarries and other industrial activities in Carrara and their alleged illicit management Piero Franco Angeloni Gli anni bui della Repubblica Aneddoti di vita professionale Booksprint 2016 ISBN 9788824900829 Concerning an alleged infiltration of Cosa Nostra in the Apuan territory between the 80s and 1992 retracing the investigations started at the beginning of the 90s by judge Augusto Lama on which the author himself collaborated Beniamino Gemignani Work and its Martyrs In the Apuan and Garfagnana quarries Editrice Apuana 2017 ISBN 9788871490588 Documented collection of fatal accidents at work that occurred in the Apuan quarries from the time of the Duchy of Modena to the present day Gianluca Briccolani L altezza della liberta Viaggio tra l essenziale bellezza delle Alpi Apuane Polistampa 2018 ISBN 9788859618997 Text and photography autobiography narrative focusing on the author s lone crossing of the Apuan Alps and containing numerous observations and extensive reflections on the strong landscape and environmental impact of the Apuan quarries Art edit Cave Hominem a 2012 art project by photographer Raffaella Castagnoli focusing on the anthropic impact on the Apuan Alps published in the magazine LensCulture 397 Apuan Carbonate a 2015 art project by photographer Andrea Foligni focusing on the disappearance of the Apuan Alps transformed into calcium carbonate dust for consumer goods It was one of the finalists in the LensCulture Exposure Awards 398 399 400 401 Whiter a 2017 art project by photographer Andrea Foligni about marmettola marble slurry pollution in Apuan waterways It was a finalist at the Sony World Photography Awards Contemporary Issues section and was exhibited in London 402 403 404 White Gold a 2018 series of pictures by Luca Locatelli winner of the Sony World Photography Award 405 406 These shots were published by the New York Times to accompany an article on Carrara marble which although it did not directly address the environmental and landscape impact of quarrying highlighted the massive global spread of Carrara marble for construction and no longer artistic uses 407 408 409 Alpi Apuane photographic project by Primoz Bizjak produced starting in 2014 and exhibited in 2018 at C A P Centro Arti Plastiche Plastc Arts Center in Carrara concerning the anthropogenic nature of the Apuan quarries 410 411 Wolf Mountain picture by Lorenzo Shoubridge an artist who has spoken out against quarries in various interviews 412 depicting wolves at night near Mount Corchia 413 and winner of the Wildlife Photographer of the Year in 2020 E se fossimo noi le Alpi Apuane What if we were the Apuan Alps Narrative and visual project by Garfagnana Dream illustrated by Naomi Zanardo 414 Criticism to the No Cav movement edit nbsp Anticapitalist No Cav Mural on State Road SS1 Aurelia near Montignoso nbsp Detail of Montignoso mural Confindustria some 415 416 quarrymen s unions 417 418 some political parties 419 and local administrators 420 and pro quarry people 421 have often criticised the No Cav movement Among these the most common are the criticisms that quarries generate wealth and jobs that would disappear if the No Cav goals were achieved 422 423 The latter have responded by presenting detailed economic reconversion plans aimed at maintaining if not increasing employment and wealth in the area 120 338 Moreover they have often contested the data presented by the industrialists accusing them of carrying out job blackmail 424 and of constructing a false environment employment conflict 340 425 Another criticism levelled at the movement is that it spreads false or biased information 426 427 428 429 No Cav has responded to this observation by presenting detailed and substantial dossiers often drawn up in collaboration with experts such as Legambiente s Quarry Report 430 Quarry supporters also believe that No Cav would not respect the tradition and identity of the Apuan territory which has always been dedicated to marble extraction 431 The No Cav supporters reply to this criticism by pointing out that traditional marble quarrying disappeared decades ago in favour of today s much more devastating industrial quarrying which has nothing to do with the historical identity of the Apuan Alps 432 In 2018 following the diffusion of an email exchange between the historical activist Franca Leverotti member of Gruppo d intervento giuridico and at the time president of Italia Nostra and some public bodies a marble industrialist sued her for slander and defamation 433 but the court dismissed the proceedings claiming that what she reported was true 92 Following the same report a second complaint against her was made by the municipality of Vagli Sotto this time for damage to its image with a request for compensation of 5 5 million euros Solidarity towards it was expressed by No Cav protesters in front of the court 434 435 In 2022 at the end of a lengthy trial the Civil Court of Massa ruled that the claim was unfounded instead condemning former mayor Mario Puglia and the Municipality of Vagli Sotto to pay 6 700 000 each in court costs 436 The movement was then accused of creating a climate of hatred towards quarrymen and mining activities and of not wanting dialogue with the opposing side sometimes having aggressive attitudes 437 438 The No Cav people have rejected these accusations stating that the exact opposite would be true 439 In 2021 the movement Salviamo le Apuane proposed a hypothesis of mediation and solution of the environmental conflict of the Apuan Alps immediately picked up by the Europa Verde party 336 At times the movement has also been accused of alleged sabotage and ecoterrorist attacks 48 440 441 442 insults 443 444 threats 445 and other crimes 446 447 On 17 February 2021 the car of the president of the Regional Natural Park of the Apuan Alps Alberto Putamorsi caught fire in the night 315 316 In May 2020 the president s house had been raided as part of an investigation for corruption and rigged contracts 317 known journalistically as Sistema Vagli Vagli System named after the village of Vagli Sotto at the center of the investigation 318 and which had also involved the seizure of Cava Prispoli 319 320 Suspicions for the fire were directed towards both the marble world and environmentalists 321 In August 2021 there was an alleged attack on a quarry in Gorfigliano with some mechanical equipment set on fire during the night 440 441 448 an act from which environmentalists actually distanced themselves 449 450 and which is currently under investigation Accusations of violent or illegal actions have always been rejected by No Cav who have instead expressed solidarity with the victims 449 450 References edit a b c d Atlante Italiano dei Conflitti Ambientali La distruzione delle Alpi Apuane a causa dell estrazione del marmo La coop Levigliani non tutela il Corchia 14 July 2020 No Asse e No Cav il 15 assemblea al Museo Popolare della pineta a Viareggio in vista del corteo nazionale di Carrara a b c Le cave portano ricchezza Ma se siamo poveri e disoccupati 8 August 2020 Salviamo le Apuane protesta dei No Cav sul Carchio 18 May 2014 FERMATE LO SCEMPIO I NO CAV SUL MONTE CARCHIO L emergenza covid gela il corteo dei no cav Ora si va verso uno anzi due flash mob 13 October 2020 Quirinale Paolo Maddalena e il candidato dell ex M5S e Alternativa Italia 24 News Quirinale chi e Paolo Maddalena candidato dagli ex M5S 18 January 2022 Quirinale Paolo Maddalena e il candidato degli ex M5S e Alternativa c e Di Draghi dice Non attua la Costituzione e propone una moneta parallela all euro 16 January 2022 Quirinale chi e Paolo Maddalena candidato dagli ex M5S 17 January 2022 Colle gli ex grillini puntano sull uomo della moneta parallela 17 January 2022 Quirinale Paolo Maddalena il candidato lanciato dagli ex M5s contro Giuseppe Conte che vuole abolire l euro Chi e Paolo Maddalena il magistrato candidato al Quirinale dagli ex grillini 24 January 2022 a b Salviamo le Apuane i No Cav occupano il monte Carchio 18 May 2014 NASCE APUANE LIBERE LA PRIMA ORGANIZZAZIONE DI VOLONTARIATO PER TUTELARE LE ALPI APUANE 8 May 2021 CONFERENZA STAMPA DELL 8 MAGGIO 10 May 2021 Cave il voto sul piano del paesaggio slitta a venerdi 25 March 2015 Marmo e Apuane Un piano per L Ambiente il Marmo e la Montagna contro l escavazione di rapina 27 September 2014 Flash mob contemporaneo su trenta cime delle Apuane 2 July 2021 Grande successo per la manifestazione a difesa delle Alpi Apuane a b Illegalita e infrazioni sulle cave delle Apuane Presentata oggi a Firenze Apuane Libere l organizzazione di volontariato per la tutela delle Alpi Apuane 8 May 2021 Nasce Apuane Libere la prima organizzazione di volontariato per tutelare le Alpi Apuane 10 May 2021 Salviamo le Apuane Notizie Apuane le ruspe cancellano i monti 25 June 2014 Apuane le ruspe cancellano i monti 30 June 2014 Grande successo per la manifestazione a difesa delle Alpi Apuane a b Presidio contro la devastazione delle Apuane in Piazza dei Miracoli Fermiamo la devastazione delle Apuane Sabato oltre trenta associazioni in marcia 11 July 2022 Cave le Apuane a rischio distruzione flash mob ambientalista sul Ponte Vecchio 8 August 2020 a b Le Alpi Apuane e le cave di marmo l appello al Presidente della Repubblica 19 November 2015 Una petizione contro la distruzione delle Alpi Apuane 21 October 2013 a b Alpi Apuane petizione con narrazione incorporata dell editore di Transeuropa Milani RACCOGLIEREMO LE FIRME PER FAR APPILICARE LA COSTITUZIONE 15 February 2022 Al Giro d Italia portiamo la tragedia delle Alpi Apuane che scompaiono 21 May 2021 AL GIRO D ITALIA LA TRAGEDIA DELLE MONTAGNE CHE SCOMPAIONO 20 May 2021 La bandiera NoCav di Apuane Libere sventola sulla cima del Monte Bianco 23 July 2021 a b Le Alpi Apuane svettano sul Monte Bianco grazie a due attivisti Carrara gli ambientalisti bloccano i camion del marmo alla rotonda 10 June 2022 Ricorso europeo per difendere i valori naturalistici delle Alpi Apuane Dissequestro per la cava di Piastrabagnata il comitato fa ricorso 21 July 2021 a b Apuane Libere denuncia Fermate Cava Padulello 13 May 2021 Apuane Libere diffida la Regione Toscana 10 October 2021 Apuane Libere La Regione faccia chiudere tutte le cave nei territori di uso civico Apertura della cava alla Focolaccia Apuane libere scrive al ministro 18 August 2021 Apuane Tetti Europa Verde Il sequestro dell ennesima cava e indice di una responsabilita politica 24 March 2021 Il disastro delle Apuane denunciato all Europa intera PDF Il disastro apuano sul tavolo della Commissione Europea 18 September 2020 Caso cave di marmo delle Alpi Apuane al vaglio dell Ue 21 July 2014 Dossier all Onu sul disastro delle Apuane 19 September 2021 Fermiamo lo scempio sulle Alpi Apuane assemblea pubblica all ex Cat 12 December 2019 Bulgari ritiri lo spot Alle cave solo distruzione 25 February 2021 Polemica sullo spot Bulgari nelle Cave di marmo di Carrara Europa Verde chiede di ritirare il video 23 February 2021 a b Sea Shepherd su shooting nelle Apuane Ci siamo attivati con Got Bag che ha accolto le nostre rimostranze 18 February 2022 a b Sea Shepherd a Got Bag Uno sfregio alle Apuane La Nazione in Italian 20 February 2022 Retrieved 2 March 2022 a b Legambiente Carrara Come le cave Come le cave inquinano le sorgenti inquinano le sorgenti PDF Basta cave millecinquecento sfilano per le Apuane 4 January 2020 L estrattivismo selvaggio nelle Alpi Apuane 7 January 2020 Athamanta prima manifestazione nazionale a Carrara Fermiamo la devastazione delle Alpi Apuane Mega striscione per dire no alle cave 7 July 2020 Protesta in alta quota a difesa dell ambiente 10 August 2021 Le richieste degli ambientalisti June 2021 Legambiente Carrara CaveLegambiente Carrara Alpi Apuane No al maxi emendamento al piano paesaggistico della Toscana 20 February 2015 La maledizione del marmo apuano 9 January 2020 Firenze conferenza stampa per difendere le Alpi Apuane July 2014 a b c d Carrara il disastro continua Salviamo le Apuane dalla gruviera delle cave June 2020 CAI Note sulla Alpi Apuane PDF Apuane SOS Aronte manifestazione nazionale a Massa il CAI TAM dice Basta cave 3 January 2020 a b c d e f g h Lettera aperta al Presidente della Regione Toscana sulla sicurezza nelle cave delle Apuane 14 March 2016 Camminiamo sulle Apuane per salvare le Apuane Un Manifesto per le Alpi Apuane 17 May 2016 Il Fai chiama sulle Apuane Un patrimonio da salvare 20 March 2015 La mancata tutela del Parco delle Apuane 9 February 2013 Fridays for future contro il piano cave regionale a b Meno cave di marmo piu fiori di Athamanta sulle Alpi Apuane 21 October 2020 La lotta per difendere le Alpi Apuane non si ferma 23 October 2020 Il collettivo studentesco Tirtenla scende in piazza a difesa delle Alpi Apuane 8 June 2021 Il collettivo studentesco Tirtenla una realta che si batte per la tutela delle Alpi Apuane dal 2020 organizza l azione Un girotondo per le Alpi Apuane in Piazza Santa Maria Novella a Firenze L Accademia Apuana della Pace aderisce al presidio a difesa delle Apuane 9 June 2021 Nasce a Carrara il Circolo Arci Chico e Marielle La Trentuno Settembre contro il Comune di Massa Chi difende il marmo non difende le Apuane e l acqua 30 September 2021 Salviamo le Apuane Slow Food Toscana 28 March 2019 Abbiamo bisogno di futuro per questo i No Asse di Viareggio saranno presenti il 24 alla mobilitazione contro le cave di Carrara Un unico coro in piazza Basta cave Sit in contro il piano degli agri marmiferi 13 June 2021 a b Cave delle Cervaiole Club alpino italiano e Legambiente contro il nuovo piano estrattivo 28 May 2021 a b Bandiere Apuane al Vento testimonial d eccezione 4 July 2021 Carrara in difesa delle Alpi Apuane l appello di scrittori e intellettuali 7 September 2016 Appello alla Corte Costituzionale contro la privatizzazione e lo sfruttamento delle Alpi Apuane Asor Rosa spiega come e perche difendere le Apuane 8 November 2014 Asor Rosa Le Alpi Apuane rischiano il disastro 25 June 2014 Appello per salvare il Pizzo D Uccello Montagna simbolo delle Alpi Apuane Staino s cartoon on Salviamo le Apuane La petizione contro le cave conquista la Germania February 2014 Le Alpi Apuane L oro bianco delle Alpi Apuane 10 January 2017 PISA SE NON SARA CORTEO NAZIONALE SARA MOBILITAZIONE INTERGALATTICA 24 October 2020 Pietro Ichino a b c d e f g h i j Concessioni abusive cave di marmo e profitto cosi muoiono le Alpi Apuane 23 October 2020 a b c d e Salviamo le Apuane propone un piano per eliminare le cave a b c d Salviamo le Apuane Eros Tetti con Europa Verde 14 September 2020 a b Fossacava la cava romana piu grande in Europa ma Carrara non se ne accorge a b A Carrara la cava romana piu grande d Europa se si fossero ampliati gli scavi 4 March 2021 Abusi a Cava Romana il Ministero scrive a Regione e Comune 26 October 2018 Pronuncia di Compatibilita Ambientale n 4 del 5 maggio 2017 PDF Sara Bonci Carrara nell Ottocento situazione storico culturale di una citta nascosta PDF E giunta l ora di mettere un freno alla rapina ambientale delle cave L ultimo viaggio del Balzone 17 December 2016 Non solo marmo le miniere di manganese e la dogana della Gabellaccia Le Apuane tra misteri e segreti 18 April 2021 Miniere di argento vivo Corchia Park per vivere l esperienza della montagna in ogni su aspetto grotte turistiche miniere dell argento vivo escursioni arrampicate museo della pietra piegata museo lavorare liberi visite alle cave di marmo June 2023 Le miniere di ferro e le leggende dell oro della Tambura Le Apuane tra misteri e segreti 30 May 2021 Apuane geopark Miniere di Valle Buona Apuane geopark Jamesonite delle miniere di Fornovolasco PDF Acqua a Pietrasanta bevono e cucinano da 60 anni con il tallio Oltre mille abitanti a rischio contaminato uno su 2 2 August 2015 a b Ghezzi Lisa d Orazio Massimo Doveri Marco Lelli Matteo Petrini Riccardo Giannecchini Roberto 2019 Groundwater and potentially toxic elements in a dismissed mining area Thallium contamination of drinking spring water in the Apuan Alps Tuscany Italy Journal of Geochemical Exploration 197 84 92 Bibcode 2019JCExp 197 84G doi 10 1016 j gexplo 2018 11 009 hdl 11568 938218 S2CID 135352454 a b Alpi Apuane le montagne che scompaiono per cavare il marmo a b c Una firma per le Apuane 14 December 2020 Il Consiglio di Stato boccia gli ambientalisti le cave di marmo non danneggiano l ambiente esultano le aziende 25 August 2021 Le associazioni ambientaliste Nelle Aree Contigue di Cava non si scava se e presente zona di tutela 28 August 2021 Niente cave nella zona di protezione speciale 23 March 2022 Altronovecento Fondazione Micheletti Proposta di elenco di siti e di beni da inserire nel Parco archeologico delle Alpi Apuane di cui all art 114 commi 15 e 16 della legge 23 dicembre 2000 n 388 PDF a b Parco Archeologico delle Alpi Apuane breve storia di un occasione mancata PDF archeominerario La distruzione delle Alpi Apuane a causa dell estrazione del marmo a b Le Alpi Apuane nei nostri dentifrici Intervista a Eros Tetti 3 June 2020 a b c Piano Programma di Sviluppo Economico Alternativo per le Apuane PIPSEAA PDF Nella cava di Michelangelo La Stampa 23 March 2014 a b Apuane serrata delle imprese marmo Ma dossier denuncia Cave in area Unesco 30 June 2014 Carrara Comune occupato da due mesi Dopo alluvione sindaco deve lasciare 10 January 2015 Striscione contro i marmivori denunciata l Assemblea permanente 8 January 2019 Home Page Sito Ufficiale del Consiglio regionale della Toscana regione toscana regione toscana Un Manifesto per le Alpi Apuane 17 May 2016 a b Il manifesto delle Alpi Apuane 11 November 2016 a b UN MANIFESTO PER LE ALPI APUANE PDF Un Manifesto per le Alpi Apuane PDF Parco Alpi Apuane Prodotti Atlante dei Prodotti Tipici nei Parchi Parco Regionale delle Alpi Apuane Atlante dei Prodotti Tipici nei Parchi Parco Regionale delle Alpi Apuane Vino Citta del Vino Enoregioni italiane Apuane Lunigiana e Lucchesia a b L appello le Alpi Apuane in un Parco nazionale 21 December 2020 Salviamo le Apuane propone un piano per eliminare le cave 23 April 2021 No Cav a b Cai Toscana un parco culturale dedicato alle Alpi Apuane di Fosco Maraini 6 August 2021 Apuane terreno di scontro fra ambientalisti e cavatori 5 July 2021 Passo Sella su Apuane e cave e scontro tra manifestanti 4 July 2021 a b Lo scontro cavatori ambientalisti si accende sulle Apuane Spintonati e aggrediti verbalmente 5 July 2021 Scontro tra cavatori e ambientalisti Salviamo le Apuane No alla radicalizzazione delle parole 5 July 2021 No alle intimidazioni squadriste Per la salvaguardia della Apuane e una accorata riflessione su lavoro e ambiente Dossier all Onu sul disastro delle Apuane 19 September 2021 Le cave di marmo violano i diritti umani Salviamo le Apuane incontra la commissione Onu 28 September 2021 Alpi Apuane presentato dossier alla commissione diritti umani dell Onu Dopo la sentenza del Consiglio di Stato Regione ed enti devono salvaguardare le Apuane La Voce Apuana in Italian 7 January 2022 Retrieved 11 January 2022 Alpi Apuane il Consiglio di Stato la tutela ambientale prevale sul profitto Greenreport economia ecologica e sviluppo sostenibile in Italian 10 January 2022 Retrieved 11 January 2022 Quale futuro per le Cave delle Apuane Per il Consiglio di Stato l ambiente viene prima del profitto Montagna TV in Italian 12 January 2022 Retrieved 22 January 2022 a b Dobbiamo salvare le nostre montagne a b c Piccini Leonardo Di Lorenzo Tiziana Costagliola Pilario Galassi Diana Maria Paola 2019 Marble Slurry s Impact on Groundwater The Case Study of the Apuan Alps Karst Aquifers Water 11 12 2462 doi 10 3390 w11122462 hdl 2158 1207605 Doveri Marco Piccini Leonardo Menichini Matia 2019 Hydrodynamic and Geochemical Features of Metamorphic Carbonate Aquifers and Implications for Water Management The Apuan Alps NW Tuscany Italy Case Study Karst Water Environment The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Vol 68 pp 209 249 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 77368 1 8 ISBN 978 3 319 77367 4 Doveri Marco Stenni Barbara Petrini Riccardo Giannecchini Roberto Dreossi Giuliano Menichini Matia Ghezzi Lisa 2019 Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of waters in a past mining area of southern Apuan Alps Italy Hydrogeological characterization and implications on the fate of potentially toxic elements Journal of Geochemical Exploration 205 106338 Bibcode 2019JCExp 20506338D doi 10 1016 j gexplo 2019 106338 hdl 11568 1000123 S2CID 199092862 Doveri Marco Natali Stefano Franceschi Linda Menichini Matia Trifiro Sandra Giannecchini Roberto 2021 Carbonate aquifers threatened by legacy mining hydrodynamics hydrochemistry and water isotopes integrated approach for spring water management Journal of Hydrology 593 125850 Bibcode 2021JHyd 59325850D doi 10 1016 j jhydrol 2020 125850 S2CID 230571016 La denuncia i fanghi di Carrara abbandonati finiscono per inquinare fiumi e microhabitat a b Massa Arpat denuncia Corsi d acqua avvelenati dagli scarti del marmo 9 December 2014 a b c Apuane le montagne con i fiumi bianchi Per l inquinamento degli intoccabili del marmo Violazioni note ma continuano 19 December 2015 a b 168 15 Cave delle Apuane e marmettola ARPAT Agenzia regionale per la protezione ambientale della Toscana a b La marmettola avvelena i corsi d acqua delle Alpi Apuane che cosa si aspetta per intervenire 19 September 2016 Impatto ambientale la marmettola ARPAT Agenzia regionale per la protezione ambientale della Toscana Valanghe di marmettola e fanghi nel torrente Serra nuova denuncia di Apuane Libere 29 July 2021 Marmettola nei fiumi apuani l analisi di Arpat 3 October 2020 Ora la sorgente risulta inquinata da una cava di Vagli 24 March 2021 Dopo le piogge i fiumi delle Apuane di nuovo inquinati dalla marmettola 18 September 2021 L inquinamento delle acque nelle Alpi Apuane a b Una terra dei fuochi sulle Alpi Apuane Giulio Milani racconta La Terra Bianca 9 September 2015 CAI Le risorse idriche delle aree carsiche toscane un bene prezioso da salvaguardare PDF Athamanta il cuore della montagna a b c Salviamo le Alpi Apuane un pezzo d Italia che si sta sgretolando 2 September 2012 L uomo di marmo fa a pezzi le Apuane 29 June 2014 UNA BOMBA ECOLOGICA DENTRO IL LAGO DI GRAMOLAZZO 22 September 2021 Cave duro attacco di Legambiente agli industriali Si spacciano per innovativi ma fanno solo greenwashing 9 January 2022 Athamanta Basta azioni di greenwashing dei proprietari di cava Come Davide contro Golia il piccolo tritone mette in ginocchio la cava 18 January 2015 Il tritone delle Apuane Legambiente Carrara Esplosivo dossier sulle cave apuane le osservazioni di Legambiente Gentili Rodolfo Sgorbati Sergio Baroni Carlo 2011 Plant Species Patterns and Restoration Perspectives in the Highly Disturbed Environment of the Carrara Marble Quarries Apuan Alps Italy Restoration Ecology 19 101 32 42 Bibcode 2011ResEc 19 32G doi 10 1111 j 1526 100X 2010 00712 x S2CID 84207182 Piante Parco Apuane Parco Alpi Apuane L Area Protetta Le Alpi Apuane Guida alle piante palustri del Parco delle Alpi Apuane Parcapuane La fauna ISPRA I caratteri naturalistici PDF Sos da Massa a rischio l oasi dei tritoni 20 February 2019 Il tritone apuano sbarca su National Geographic L approfondimento nel numero di giugno 25 May 2022 Societas Herpetologica Italica Scoperta colonia tritone alpestre in cava di marmo inattiva 7 June 2022 Scoperti altri esemplari di tritone alpestre apuano a Cava Crespina Ambiente da proteggere 7 June 2022 Scoperta dai volontari di Apuane Libere una nuova oasi per il tritone alpestre apuano ai piedi del Monte Sagro 7 June 2022 Avvistamento del gatto selvatico nelle Alpi Apuane 8 April 2022 Parco Regionale delle Alpi Apuane e Parco Nazionale Appennino Tosco Emiliano Siglata la convenzione per il WAC a b c d AFFETTAVANO IL MONTE CON L ACQUA DI SORGENTE PROSCIUGANDO UN FOSSO 19 November 2021 Qualita biologica nel Frigido e Carrione presente e passato ARPAT Agenzia regionale per la protezione ambientale della Toscana www arpat toscana it Retrieved 29 January 2022 Alpi Apuane Unesco Italia ALPI APUANE UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK 27 July 2021 Apuane cavita carsiche e infiltrazioni di marmettola il Parco sospende le lavorazioni in due cave 16 July 2021 Cavita carsiche contaminate il Parco delle Apuane sospende i lavori di un altra cava 10 June 2021 a b c Apuane nuovo esposto in procura Una cava ha cancellato un valico 22 October 2021 ENNESIMO SCEMPIO HENRAUX 6 June 2021 a b Cave chiuse abusi e ricorsi al Tar gli ambientalisti analizzano il nuovo Piano del Parco 5 December 2021 Danno ambientale nell antro del Corchia 2 July 2022 UNA BOMBA ECOLOGICA SOTTO IL MONTE BELGIA 31 May 2021 Legambiente Carrara La Regione protegga le sorgenti dalle cave di marmo Giannecchini Roberto Galanti Yuri d Amato Avanzi Giacomo Barsanti Michele 2016 Probabilistic rainfall thresholds for triggering debris flows in a human modified landscape Geomorphology 257 94 107 Bibcode 2016Geomo 257 94G doi 10 1016 j geomorph 2015 12 012 hdl 11568 769774 QUARRY WASTE AND SLOPE INSTABILITY PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF SOME CONTROLLING FACTORS IN THE CARRARA MARBLE BASIN ITALY PDF a b Le Alpi Apuane corrono il rischio di diventare montagne sbriciolate 30 November 2016 Apuane Libere Al Passo della Focolaccia commessi 16 reati penali a b c Dal marmo alla montagna Stregoneria capitalista estrattivismo ed ecologia nelle Alpi Apuane di Carlo Perazzo Altraparola Miseglia invasa dalla polvere Legambiente chiede interventi seri La Nazione in Italian 5 August 2023 Retrieved 31 August 2023 a b c d Rapporto Cave in Toscana male Apuane Campiglia Marittima e Isola d Elba Bene Prato 10 May 2021 Cava delle Cervaiole la ditta Henraux presenta il piano estrattivo allarme da Legambiente e Cai 28 May 2021 Alpi Apuane come le cave di marmo stravolgono la morfologia della montagna PRIMA 10 September 2015 Alpi Apuane come le cave di marmo stravolgono la morfologia della montagna DOPO 10 September 2015 Alpi Apuane i crinali scomparsi 18 October 2015 Regione Toscana Piano regionale cave Carrara vista dallo spazio Foto 28 March 2022 Dal Picco Falcovaia alle Cave Cervaiole Apertura della cava alla Focolaccia Apuane libere scrive al ministro 18 August 2021 Chiudere subito la Cava Focolaccia Apuane Libere Al Passo della Focolaccia commessi 16 reati penali La Gazzetta di Massa e Carrara RISPARMIATE QUEL CHE RESTA DEL PASSO DELLA FOCOLACCIA 21 August 2021 No CAV Sui Sentieri della Distruzione 10 June 2014 Escursioni Apuane Monte Carchio La montagna uccisa TUTELA Apuane Libere 16 April 2021 No cac ca Tetti Europa Verde pronti a referendum su caccia e cave 11 September 2020 Meno soldi ai parchi Una stupidita tipicamente italiana 8 July 2021 L escavazione distrugge le Apuane 4 June 2012 Le Alpi Apuane sono il nuovo grande affaire ambientale italiano Scomodo in Italian Retrieved 22 January 2022 APUANE ALPI in Enciclopedia Treccani Linea Gotica i Sentieri di Pace sulle Alpi Apuane 26 January 2022 Il Parco delle Apuane e la Linea Gotica Il terribile agosto del 1944 a nord delle Alpi Apuane Sulle Alpi Apuane lassu dove combatterono i soldati brasiliani 26 November 2016 a b Garfagnana la casa di Fosco Maraini nelle Apuane diventera un museo 3 December 2021 Importanti reperti archeologici giacciono ancora alle cave a rischio la loro conservazione 25 June 2021 Siti archeologici devastati da nuove cave fermiamo la distruzione sistemica 9 August 2021 GIU LE BENNE DALLA SETTECENTESCA VIA VANDELLI 26 August 2021 Aronte simbolo delle Apuane Lo scempio della Cava Filone Fondone 17 December 2019 Il ministero della Cultura salva il Bivacco Aronte bene di interesse storico e artistico 14 April 2021 Un Aronte e per sempre 23 April 2021 Nasce il comitato Monte Costa No cave Comune Seravezza Cronaca Cronaca Seravezza Politica Seravezza Versiliatoday it 21 November 2017 COMITATO MONTE COSTA Cava dietro Palazzo Mediceo il Parco dice no Regione Toscana Piano regionale cave CAI Le Alpi Apuane Le montagne irripetibili PDF Legambiente Carrara Strada dei marmi la galleria del frastuonoLegambiente Carrara Rifondazione Comunista A Fornello i cittadini lamentano il via vai continuo di camion Colonnata crolla la strada della Piana E il terzo cedimento in otto mesi 3 December 2018 a b Carrara Strada dei marmi e dei debiti Pedaggio per coprire i costi Mai pagato 4 May 2015 a b Gruppo di Studio sui costi esterni del marmo I COSTI ESTERNI DEL MARMO PDF a b Finitela di sbranare le Apuane 25 September 2020 Il tunnel del marmo 27 December 2012 UN TUNNEL SOTTO LE APUANE SARA LA NOSTRA VAL DI SUSA 16 June 2021 A Carrara la crisi del marmo divide tutti grandi imprenditori e ambientalisti Carrara e il marmo le ricadute economiche a b La lenta scomparsa delle Alpi Apuane a causa delle cave di marmo 9 February 2015 Il marmo di Michelangelo svenduto dagli industriali 19 May 2015 Marmo di Carrara costi e benefici delle cave da chiudere Il prezzo dell oro bianco Il marmo bianco di Carrara naviga in blocco verso l estero Sempre meno lavoro in cava Ma e scontro sull importanza del settore Il prezzo dell oro bianco Mitologie dell estrattivismo Natura e lavoro fra le Alpi Apuane 31 December 2019 Alpi Apuane il paesaggio e un bene costituzionale 15 March 2021 Prosegue lo sciopero dei cavatori Sciopero lavoratori del marmo la sindaca Arrighi prenda posizione a b In cava si muore 4 May 2016 a b Morire di marmo ecco cosa succede dentro le cave di Carrara 31 May 2019 a b VersiliaProduce Apuane di sangue La procura troppe illegalita Giubilaro non c e sicurezza DOSSIER CAVE 11 February 2020 Zibechi Raul May 2016 La maledizione dell estrattivismo CNS Ecologia Politica 6 5 DAL MARMO ALLA MONTAGNA Stregoneria capitalista ed ecologia nelle Alpi Apuane Marmo Carrara i Bin Laden si comprano le cave Con loro piu posti di lavoro 18 July 2014 Famiglia Bin Laden diventa socia cave marmo di Carrara 30 July 2014 Carrara la famiglia Bin Laden investe nelle cave di marmo 30 July 2014 Il marmo di Carrara adesso e dei Bin Laden la Cpc Marble dei parenti di Osama ha acquistato le cave amate dagli artisti August 2014 La famiglia Bin Laden si compra il marmo di Carrara Manette arabe arrestato Bakr Bin Laden capo della Marmi Carrara 7 November 2017 a b Carrara il marmo che divora le Apuane via 4 mln di tonn di montagna l anno 17 December 2020 Il Grand Tour di Dickens tra i marmi di Carrara Alpi Apuane e cave quale futuro 28 February 2021 Basta con la monocultura del marmo puntiamo sul turismo ambientale 4 August 2020 Fattori Toscana a Sinistra Basta con la devastazione delle Alpi Apuane 7 August 2020 Verso un futuro sostenibile per le Alpi Apuane F Baroni PDF a b La devastazione delle Alpi Apuane Corte costituzionale Decisioni Le cave antiche restano private la Consulta da ragione al Governo 24 October 2016 Perche le cave Apuane devono essere pubbliche 19 September 2016 Cave no alla loro privatizzazione 5 September 2016 La proposta di legge sui beni estimati arriva in Parlamento una disputa di quasi 300 anni verso la fine La Voce Apuana in Italian 16 October 2021 Retrieved 30 January 2022 La Cassazione l usucapione sugli agri marmiferi non c e 17 October 2018 Niente escavazione nei territori di uso civico Apuane Libere La Regione ha sbagliato ora paghi di tasca propria 9 October 2021 Apuane Libere diffida la Regione Toscana a b A Carrara sulle tracce del marmo della discordia a b Il saccheggio delle Alpi Apuane ridotte a dentifricio 28 October 2013 The Marble Quarries of Carrara Scientific American Materie prime il marmo singhiozza A Carrara sospese sei cave caos ricorsi Tessuti trattati con il marmo Fili Pari unisce e innova due eccellenze italiane A 26 anni inventa un nuovo tessuto con la polvere di marmo La startup veronese che trasforma il marmo in un caldo tessuto Cave le aziende sconfitte Il Tar si alla resa del 30 Piano cave promosso dal Tar Respinto il ricorso degli industriali Piano Cave Tar boccia il ricorso delle ditte Quando la mafia conquisto le cave 16 January 2017 Quando Gardini si compro la Imeg e la Sam L esplosione e una lunga scia di sangue Il mistero irrisolto dell omicidio Dazzi MARMO IN BORSA ANELLO TRA ANDREANI FRANCHI E MAFIA Mafia ora basta con i silenzi allarme alle cave 16 July 2012 a b c d Mafia e corruzione in Toscana nel rapporto anche il nero alle cave 13 December 2017 Esclusiva cave finale con il botto 29 December 2014 La Mafia nelle Cave Sequestrata una cava di marmo nell ambito dell inchiesta Sistema Vagli 31 March 2021 Il pianeta marmo ecco cosa succede dentro le cave di Carrara 31 May 2019 Sistema Vagli sequestrata Cava Prispola per corruzione Contributi mancanti stop all escavazione 15 August 2021 Cave di marmo qualcuno teme l antimafia Salviamo le Apuane minacciato Eros Tetti 4 November 2019 Minacce telefoniche all ambientalista Tetti di Carrara 7 November 2019 Mi hanno sabotato il fuoristrada Attivista denuncia Svitati i bulloni 7 10 March 2018 Il mio furgone sabotato paura per Sandro Manfredi 11 March 2018 Solidarieta a Sandro Manfredi 12 March 2018 Successo della manifestazione in solidarieta a Sandro Manfredi e del convegno sulla presenza della mafia sul territori a b Fivizzano notte di paura a fuoco l auto del presidente del Parco delle Apuane 18 February 2021 a b A Fivizzano incendiate 2 auto del presidente del parco delle Apuane 18 February 2021 a b Perquisita la casa di Putamorsi ma lui non e tra gli indagati 26 May 2020 a b Vagli appalti pilotati per 2 milioni e mezzo 26 May 2020 a b Sistema Vagli il giudice ha sequestrato la cava Prispola 31 March 2021 a b Vagli sequestrata cava Provento di corruzione 31 March 2021 a b A fuoco le auto del presidente del Parco delle Apuane 20 February 2021 REPORT SU MASSA CARRARA 2020 14 January 2020 Cave in un libro la tragica antologia di centinaia di morti June 2017 Tragedie in cava Frana Apuane nove morti negli ultimi dieci anni 14 April 2016 Incidente sul lavoro Frana in una cava sulle Apuane 14 April 2016 Frana costone di 2000 tonnellate in una cava di Carrara morti i due operai travolti dalle rocce 14 April 2016 a b Cave morti e infortuni dal 2006 Lavoro in cava dati sulla sicurezza inquietanti L infortunio grave puo essere davvero dietro l angolo 18 December 2021 Incidente cave Carrara 6 morti in 2 anni I sindacati E come un bollettino di guerra le sanzioni non bastano 14 April 2016 La sicurezza nelle cave di marmo ignorata dalla Regione Toscana 19 November 2021 Morti sul lavoro 8 ore di sciopero nel distretto del marmo UN PATTO INTERGENERAZIONALE PER SALVARE LE ALPI APUANE 13 October 2020 Il futuro delle Apuane oltre il marmo Eros Tetti Europa Verde Apuane Fattori inesperto della materia a b Europa Verde Sosteniamo la proposta di Salviamo le Apuane 30 July 2021 Occorre chiudere le cave e riconvertire le istituzioni ci aiutino 22 July 2021 a b Salviamo le Apuane Chiudere le cave di marmo La petizione a quota 4 600 firme 10 November 2013 a b Marmo le cave di Carrara e il falso conflitto ambiente occupazione August 2016 Le ferite sulle Alpi Apuane salgono sempre piu in alto Corriere della Sera La montagna scomparsa 20 April 2018 Le Alpi Apuane e l estrazione selvaggia March 2014 Apuane se a essere tutelate sono le lobby e non le montagne July 2014 Parliamo del disastro sulle Alpi Apuane senza paura 25 September 2019 I monti non ricrescono salviamo le Alpi Apuane 21 September 2016 La terra dei fuochi in Toscana 11 July 2015 Carrara il marmo che divora le Apuane via 4 milioni di tonnellate di montagna ogni anno 14 April 2016 Basta cave demoliamo e ricostruiamo 12 May 2021 Il Parco archeologico fantasma previsto dalla legge e mai istituito 21 October 2020 Le Alpi Apuane e il carbonato di calcio Il business del marmo che divora le montagne cosi scompaiono le Alpi Apuane 26 April 2015 Ambiente allarme Apuane il marmo mangia 4 mln tonn di alpi l anno 18 December 2020 Ambiente il marmo delle Alpi Apuane una ricchezza a canone basso Scheda 18 December 2020 Le Alpi Apuane sventrate Il marmo di Carrara una maledizione Le Alpi Apuane in pericolo Guarda il documentario completo Supercarrara l arte di distruggere le Alpi Apuane parte I 14 April 2014 Il David va alla guerra l arte di distruggere le Alpi Apuane parte II 21 April 2014 Alpi Apuane distrutte Un luogo comune Il direttore dell Associazione Industriali Massa Carrara risponde ad Artribune 5 May 2014 Artemagazine Carrara e le minacce ambientali delle Alpi Apuane introduzione L inquinamento delle acque nelle Alpi Apuane Carrara e il rischio idrogeologico Sentieri marmorei sulle Alpi Apuane 7 January 2010 Le storiche cave di marmo verso la chiusura I dentifrici e le cave di marmo di Carrara 8 October 2010 Michaelangelo s Marble Is Being Sold Cheap by Industrialists Newsweek 27 March 2015 La piu importante testata giornalistica al mondo per le Apuane Newsweek Tuscan landscape set to be blown up for marble TheGuardian com 15 July 2005 Pistolesi Alice Pelliccia Monica 23 March 2023 Brave newt world the species swimming against the tide of Italian marble TheGuardian com Le marbre de Carrare broie du noir Le Monde fr 30 November 2018 Italie a Carrare la nouvelle bataille du marbre 23 July 2021 Conservation vs economy the marble quarries of Carrara DW Documentary YouTube Re Italy s White Gold Apuan Alps in Danger from Marble Mining Watch the full documentary ARTE Retrieved 2 February 2022 A Carrara sulle tracce del marmo della discordia 11 September 2018 Il Der Spiegel e Salviamo le Apuane Il caso Apuane il piu grande disastro ambientale d Europa La Germania parla ancora del disastro Apuano COSA C E SOTTO LE NUVOLE Trento Film Festival TrentoFilmFestival in finale il documentario sulle Apuane 10 December 2013 AUT OUT Trento Film Festival ATTUALITA Le cave tra i disastri planetari del film Anthropocene 29 August 2019 Cave Cavem Carie Carie The Pill Magazine Carie Premiere Online Streaming April 27th Carie oggi alle 21 la premiere del film di Marzio Nardi Federico Ravassard e Achille Mauri Online il documentario CARIE Uomini di pietra guarda la nuova serie dal 12 novembre su discovery UOMINI DI PIETRA Forti critiche del mondo ambientalista al documentario Uomini di Pietra 26 November 2020 Documentario Uomini di Pietra le associazioni ambientaliste attaccano Il Cai contro Uomini di pietra Cosi esaltate la distruzione 4 January 2021 Uomini di Pietra possibile seconda stagione a Carrara Athamanta La distruzione non e atto eroico 16 February 2021 L ira degli ambientalisti per la serie tv sul marmo Spot sulla distruzione della nostra natura 18 November 2021 Uomini di pietra gli eroi delle cave 27 November 2021 Raffaella Castagnoli CAVE HOMINEM Apuan Carbonate Photographs and text by Andrea Foligni 1 3 andrea foligni fotografie Andrea Foligni Italy Whiter acqua bianca con Andrea Foligni a Londra gli effetti della marmettola Acqua bianca Whiter cosi il disastro apuano si fa contemporary issue 1st Place White Gold by Luca Locatelli Le foto piu belle dell anno sono di tre italiani Tutti i vincitori del Sony 2018 20 April 2018 Locatelli Luca Anderson Sam 26 July 2017 The Majestic Marble Quarries of Northern Italy The New York Times Le maestose cave di marmo del Nord Italia 25 December 2021 Le cave apuane sul New York Times 27 July 2017 La fotografia di Primoz Bizjak in mostra a Carrara 12 September 2018 link, 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