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Nicolas Baudin

February 12, 2023

Nicolas Thomas Baudin (French: [nikɔla bodɛ̃]; 17 February 1754 – 16 September 1803) was a French explorer, cartographer, naturalist and hydrographer, most notable for his explorations in Australia and the southern Pacific.

Nicolas Baudin
Born17 February 1754
Saint-Martin-de-Ré, Île de Ré, France
Died16 September 1803(1803-09-16) (aged 49)
Mauritius
NationalityFrench
Occupation(s)explorer, cartographer, naturalist, hydrographer

Biography

 
Bust of Baudin in Albany, Western Australia

Early career

Born a commoner in Saint-Martin-de-Ré on the Île de Ré on 17 February 1754,[1] Nicolas Baudin joined the merchant navy as an apprentice (pilotin) at the age of 15; he was then "of average height with brown hair". He then joined the French East India Company at the age of 20 on Flamand. He returned from India on L'Étoile and arrived at Lorient.

At the beginning of 1778, he was to set sail from Nantes on Lion as second lieutenant. It was a ship equipped by his uncle, Jean Peltier Dudoyer, at the request of the Americans, which would become a privateer and be renamed Deane. At first the Minister for the Navy was against it, but he finally changed his mind and authorised the departure, as France had signed a treaty with the United States on 6 February. Since the atmosphere between the French and American crews on Lion became unbearable, Baudin was assigned by Lamotte-Picquet to Duc de Choiseul, a ship equipped by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. Officially it was heading for Saint-Domingue, but in fact the destination was Nova Scotia. However the vessel was shipwrecked at Liverpool, Nova Scotia.

Baudin was wounded, taken prisoner by the British on 24 April 1778 and interned in Halifax, Canada. After one month, he escaped with 10 other prisoners and hid among the friendly communities of Acadia. Appointed captain of the transport vessel Amphitrite, he was sunk by the English 60 leagues out to sea, rescued in a rowing boat and made his way to Cape Cod and then Boston. As captain of Revanche, 400 tons, equipped by Jeange and sons of Bordeaux, with 30 men and 12 cannon, he was retaken by the English outside Cap-Français, heading for Boston. He was taken to Jamaica as a prisoner, then exchanged at the request of the Comte d'Argout, the Governor of Saint-Domingue. He returned to France on board the frigate Minerve, under the command of Captain de Grimouard, who was later guillotined at Rochefort under the Convention.

Back in France, he was appointed captain at the admiralty of La Rochelle on 2 March 1780 and was to sail in merchant ships. At the age of 27 he was named captain of Apollon, a civilian frigate of 1,100 tons and 42 cannon, fitted out by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. He was to form part of the convoy which took the Legion of Luxembourg to strengthen the defence of the Dutch Cape Colony at the Cape of Good Hope. However, during a stopover in Brest, the Comte d'Hector decided he would appoint a man with more experience, Felix de Saint-Hilaire. Having returned to Nantes, and to the annoyance of Beaumarchais, the owner of the vessel, Baudin's uncle entrusted him with the command of Aimable Eugenie, a ship of 600 tons, to go to Saint-Domingue and then to the US. He went back to Bordeaux and left the Gironde on 12 December 1782. He was part of a convoy of five merchant vessels attacked by an English ship, Mediator. After a hard battle, Baudin escaped, but the two other ships owned by Beaumarchais were captured.

Reaching Saint-Domingue, the boat sank on 23 March 1783 at Puerto Plata, but the freight was saved. He negotiated for it and set off once again for Nantes on 23 April on Prince Royal, which he had bought on the spot. On 30 August he resold the boat, which in the meantime had become Union des 6 Frères, to Robert Pitot, a shipbuilder from the Isle de France who had just been freed from an English prison, and established himself as a trader in Bordeaux. The insurance company reimbursed Beaumarchais through his shipbuilder Peltier Dudoyer.

On 16 April 1784, Baudin left once more for Saint-Domingue on Comte d'Angevillier , 1,000 tons with eight cannon, and built by Jean Peltier. He was still accompanied by his brother Alexandre Baudin as first mate. They were now 29 and 27 years old. Baudin had a 25% stake in the voyage and they returned to Nantes on 8 December 1784.

On 21 April 1785, he wrote to Benjamin Franklin requesting a recommendation to be accepted as a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He signed his letter 'Commander of the private frigate Comte d'Angevilliers, Maison Peltier du Doyer quai de l'hôpital'.

On 22 July 1785, the Baudin brothers bought Caroline, a ship of 200 tons, built by the Thébaudière brothers. He was to take the last Acadians to Louisiana. He was a few months behind his brother Alexandre who was captain of Saint Remy, built by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. In La Nouvelle Orléans[2] local merchants contracted him to take a cargo of wood, salted meat, cod and flour to Isle de France (now Mauritius), which he did in Josephine (also called Pepita), departing New Orleans on 14 July 1786 and arriving at Isle de France on 27 March 1787.

In the course of the voyage, Josephine had called at Cap‑Français in Haiti to make a contract to transport slaves there from Madagascar; while in Haiti he also encountered the Austrian botanist Franz Josef Maerter, who apparently informed him that another Austrian botanist, Franz Boos, was at the Cape of Good Hope awaiting a ship to take him to Mauritius. Josephine called at the Cape and took Boos on board.[3] At Mauritius, Boos chartered Baudin to transport him and the collection of plant specimens he had gathered there and at the Cape back to Europe, which Baudin did, with Josephine arriving at Trieste on 18 June 1788.[4] The Imperial government in Vienna was contemplating organizing another natural-history expedition, to which Boos would be appointed, in which two ships would be sent to the Malabar and Coromandel coasts of India, the Persian Gulf, Bengal, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Cochin China, Tongking, Japan, and China. Baudin had been given reason to hope that he would be given command of the ships of this expedition.[5]

Austrian expeditions

Later in 1788, Baudin sailed on a commercial voyage from Trieste to Canton in Jardinière. He apparently arrived at Canton from Mauritius under the flag of the US, probably to avoid the possibility of having his ship seized by the Chinese for payment of the debts owed them by the Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste.[6] From there, he sent Jardinière under her second captain on a fur-trading venture to the north-west coast of America, but the ship foundered off Asuncion Island in the Northern Marianas Islands in late 1789.[7]

Baudin made his way to Mauritius, where he purchased a replacement ship, Jardinière II, but this vessel was wrecked in a cyclone that struck Port Louis on 15 December 1789. Baudin embarked on the Spanish Royal Philippines Company ship, Placeres, which sailed from Port Louis for Cadiz in August 1790. Placeres called at the Cape of Good Hope where it took on board the large number of plant and animal specimens collected in South Africa for the Imperial palace at Schönbrunn by Georg Scholl, the assistant of Franz Boos. Because of the poor condition of the ship, Placeres had to put in at the island of Trinidad in the West Indies, where Scholl's collection of specimens was deposited.[8]

Baudin proceeded to Martinique, from where he addressed an offer to the Imperial government in Vienna to conduct to Canton commissioners who would be empowered to negotiate with the Chinese merchants there a settlement of the debts incurred by the Imperial Asiatic Company, which would enable the company to renew its trade with China. On its return voyage from Canton, the proposed expedition would call at the Cape of Good Hope to pick up Scholl and the remainder of his natural-history collection for conveyance to Schönbrunn.

After returning to Vienna in September 1791, Baudin continued to press his case for an expedition under the Imperial flag to the Indian Ocean and China, and in January 1792 he was granted a commission of captain in the Imperial navy for this purpose. A ship, called Jardinière, was acquired and the botanists Franz Bredemeyer and Joseph van der Schot appointed to the expedition. After delays caused by the outbreak of war between France and Austria (April 1792), Jardinière departed from the Spanish port of Málaga on 1 October 1792.[9] From the Cape of Good Hope Jardinière sailed across the Indian Ocean to the coast of New Holland (Australia), but two consecutive cyclones prevented the expedition from doing any work there and forced Baudin to take the ship to Bombay for repairs.

From Bombay the expedition proceeded to the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa, where it gathered botanical and zoological collections. The expedition came to an abrupt end in June 1794 when Jardinière went aground in a storm while attempting to enter Table Bay at the Cape of Good Hope. Baudin survived the wreck and made his way to the US, from where he went to France.[10] As the Cape had been occupied by the English in June 1795, Baudin went back to New England. On 23 November 1795, he set sail from New York as a passenger on board the American ship, Ocean, under the command of Captain Vredemburgh and also accompanied by General de Rochambeau, the Governor of Saint Lucia, the French Consul in Boston and a colonial trader from Saint-Domingue, Jean Baptiste Rivière de la Souchère (known as Souchère-Rivière). They arrived in Le Havre on 21 December 1795. Baudin believed that he was expected and offered his services and his talents. He wrote to the Minister to give notice of his imminent arrival in Paris. He would have been somewhat disappointed had he seen the little note at the top of the letter 'Could Bonneville please tell me if he knows Captain Baudin and for which mission he was responsible?' He managed to send Jardinière's cargo of natural history specimens to the island of Trinidad.

Belle Angélique Expedition

In Paris, Baudin visited Antoine de Jussieu at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris in March 1796 to suggest a botanical voyage to the Caribbean, during which he would recover the collection of specimens he had left in Trinidad. The museum and the French government accepted the proposal, and Baudin was appointed commander of an expedition in Belle Angélique, with four assigned botanists: René Maugé, André Pierre Ledru, Anselme Riedlé and Stanislas Levillain. Belle Angélique cleared Le Havre on 30 September 1796 for the Canary Islands, where the ship was condemned as unseaworthy. The expedition sailed from the Canaries in a replacement vessel, Fanny, and reached Trinidad in April 1797. The British, who had just captured the island from the Spanish in February 1797, refused to allow Baudin to recover the collection of natural-history specimens. Baudin took Fanny to St. Thomas and St. Croix, and then to Puerto Rico, specimens being collected in all three islands. At St Croix, Fanny was replaced by a newly purchased ship, renamed Belle Angelique.[11] The expedition returned to France in June 1798 with a large collection of plants, birds and insects, which was incorporated into Bonaparte's triumphal procession, on 27 July, celebrating his recent Italian victories.[12] On the recommendation of the Naval Minister to the Directory, Baudin was reinstated into the navy with the rank of Chief of Staff to Admiral Bruix, who at his request, granted to Marie-Etienne Peltier the command of a corsair, the Virginie. Baudin joined Bruix on Océan, on which Bruix was in charge of the squadron which resupplied Genoa.

New Holland Expedition

 
Model of Géographe, now exhibited at the Ernest Cognacq Museum in Saint-Martin-de-Ré in Charente-Maritime, France.

On 24 July 1798, at the suggestion of the Ministry of Marine, Baudin presented to the Assembly of Professors and Administrators of the National Museum of Natural History a plan for a hydrographic-survey expedition to the South Seas, which would include a search for fauna and flora that could be brought back for cultivation in France. The expedition would also have the aim of promoting the economic and commercial interests of France in the regions to be visited. The expedition would require two well-equipped ships, which would carry a team of astronomers, naturalists and scientific draughtsmen over whom Baudin as commander would have absolute authority. The first part of the voyage would be devoted to a thorough exploration of the coast of Chile and the collection of animal, bird and plant specimens suitable for acclimatization in France, followed by a survey of the coasts from Peru to Mexico. The expedition would then continue into the Pacific Ocean, including a visit to Tahiti and the Society Islands, and would be completed with a survey of the yet unexplored south-west coast of New Holland (Australia).[13] After considering this extensive proposal, the French government decided to proceed with an expedition confined to a survey of western and southern New Holland.

In October 1800, Baudin was selected by Bonaparte to lead what has become known as the Baudin expedition to map the coast of New Holland. He had two ships, Géographe and Naturaliste captained by Hamelin, and a suite of nine zoologists and botanists, including Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour. Baudin left Le Havre on 19 October 1800, stopped off in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, then sailed straight to the Ile de France arriving on 15 March 1801, 145 days later. The voyage, overlong with early rationing left sailors and scientists feeling discouraged, but the colony was happy to build up the crews in case of conflict and to make use of the new skills they brought with them. He reached Australia in May 1801, and would explore and map the western coast and a part of the little-known southern coast of the continent. The scientific expedition proved a great success, with more than 2,500 new species discovered. The French also met Aboriginal peoples and treated them with great respect.[citation needed]

Discussion of Baudin and Matthew Flinders' race to map Australia.

In April 1802, Baudin met Matthew Flinders, also engaged in charting the coastline, in Encounter Bay in present-day South Australia. Baudin then stopped at the British colony at Sydney for supplies, and from there he sent home Naturaliste, carrying all of the specimens that had been collected by both ships up to that time. According to recent research by academics from the University of Adelaide, during Baudin's expedition, François Péron, who had become the chief zoologist and intellectual leader of the mission, wrote a report for Bonaparte on ways to invade and capture the colony.[14]

Realising that Géographe could not venture into some of the shallow waters along the Australian coast that he was intending to survey, he bought a new ship, Casuarina, named after the wood it was made from, and placed it under the command of Louis de Freycinet, who would 15 years later make his own circumnavigation of the world in the corvette l'Uranie. He then headed back to Tasmania, before continuing along the southern and western coasts of Australia to Timor, mapping as he went. In very poor health, he then turned for home.

Death

Baudin died of tuberculosis at Mauritius on 16 September 1803, at the age of 49, apparently in the home of Madame Alexandrine Kerivel. Baudin's exact resting place is not known, but the historian Auguste Toussaint believed that he was interred in the Kerivel family vault. However, the historian Edward Duyker likes to think that Baudin was buried in Le Cimetière de l’Ouest in the district of Port Louis, "just a few hundred metres from the explorer’s certain love: the sea".[15]

These were his last wishes:

"He gives and bequeaths to citizen Augustin Baudin, his brother, currently in India, his silver marine watch, his night telescope and an 'Oriental Neptune'. He gives and bequeaths to Citizen Ronsin, wife of Citizen Louis Peltier, his porcelain from Saxony and Chantilly, consisting of three services, one of twelve cups, one of six and one of two pieces plus his gold watch. He names as the Executor of his will Citizen Louis Peltier (brother of Jean Peltier Dudoyer), Judge of the Court of Appeal of this colony, to whom he entrusts the execution of the present document wishing and expecting that his goods be distrained in accordance with usual custom."

Legacy

 
Nicolas Baudin Monument at Albany, Western Australia

Places and monuments

A number of monuments have been established around Australia, including eight at various locations around Western Australia.[16]

In Western Australia, there are many places that bear names from the French ships, sponsors and crew of Baudin's 1801–04 voyage and Louis de Freycinet's voyage in 1802–3, including:

In South Australia, the following places bear Baudin's name:

Animals

Six animals are named in his honour:

Film award

The Nicholas Baudin Award,[19] or Nicholas Baudin Prize,[20] is awarded at the Antipodean Film Festival in Saint Tropez, France, each year.[19]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dunmore 1992, pp. 16–17.
  2. ^ Carl A. Brasseaux, The Founding of New Acadia: The Beginnings of Acadian Life in Louisiana, 1765–1803, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1987, p109; William Dawson Gerrior, Acadian Awakenings: Louisiana, Port Royal Pub., 2003, pp.73, 104; Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l'île-de-France: ultime escale du capitaine Baudin, Port-Louis, Ile Maurice, 2003, p.33.
  3. ^ David K. Wetherbee, Further Contributions to the History of Zoology in Hispaniola, Shelburne, Massachusetts, 1987.
  4. ^ Sébastien Brunner (ed.), Correspondances intimes de l'Empereur Joseph II avec son ami le comte de Cobenzl et son premier ministre le prince de Kaunitz, Mainz, Kirchheim, 1871, p.75.Wiener Zeitung, 18 Juni 1788, p.1494
  5. ^ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l'île-de-France 1801, 1803 : ultime escale du capitaine Baudin, Port-Louis, Ile Maurice, 2003, pp.50–51; Sébastien Brunner (ed.), Correspondances intimes de l'Empereur Joseph II avec son Ami le Comte de Cobenzl et son Premier Ministre le Prince de Kaunitz, Mainz, Kirchheim, 1871, p.75.
  6. ^ Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 1635–1834, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1926, Vol.II, p.174.
  7. ^ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, "Contacts between Schönbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France (Mauritius) in the 18th Century", Mitteilungen des Oesterreichischen Staatsarchiv, No.35, 1982, pp.85–109, p.102; Frank Horner, The French reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia, 1801–1803, Melbourne University Press, 1987, p.26.
  8. ^ Gazeta de Madrid, 19 de Julio de 1791, p.501.
  9. ^ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, "Contacts between Schönbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France (Mauritius) in the 18th Century", Mitteilungen des Oesterreichischen Staatsarchiv, No.35, 1982, pp.85–109.
  10. ^ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, "Contacts between Schönbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France (Mauritius) in the 18th Century", Mitteilungen des Oesterreichischen Staatsarchiv, No.35, 1982, pp.85–109, p.102; Frank Horner, The French reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia, 1801–1803, Melbourne University Press, 1987, p.28.
  11. ^ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, "A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years: the role of the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle", Archives of Natural History, vol.18, 1991, pp. 352–355.
  12. ^ André Pierre Ledru, Voyage aux iles de Teneriffe, la Trinite, Saint-Thomas Sainte-Croix et Porto Ricco, Paris, Bertrand, 1810; Nicolas Baudin, Voyage aux Antilles de La Belle Angélique, édition établie et commentée par Michel Jangoux, préface du contre-amiral Georges Prud'homme, Paris, PUPS, coll. « Imago mundi-Textes », 2009.
  13. ^ Baudin aux Citoyens Professeurs et Adminitstrateurs du Museum nationale d’histoire naturelle à Paris, 6 Thermidor An VI [24 Juillet 1798], Archives nationales, Paris, AJXV 569, ff.178–179; cited in Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, "A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years: the role of the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle", Archives of Natural History, vol.18, 1991, pp.333–362, p.358.
  14. ^ Brice, Rebecca (11 December 2012). "Sacre bleu! French invasion plan for Sydney". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  15. ^ Duyker, E. (1999) In Search of Madame Kerivel and Baudin’s Last Resting Place. National Library of Australia News, vol. IX, no. 12, September, pp. 8–10.
  16. ^ "Terra Australis 2001, Western Australian Association Inc., Monuments Program Synopsis". Multicultural communities online. Retrieved 21 August 2015.[dead link]
  17. ^ a b Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Baudin", p. 19).
  18. ^ Schuchert, P. (2019). World Hydrozoa Database. Zanclea baudini Gershwin & Zeidler, 2003. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=285988 on 16 April 2019
  19. ^ a b "All the Awards from Festival des Antipodes". Rencontres Internationales du Cinéma des Antipodes. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  20. ^ "2021 Palmares". Rencontres Internationales du Cinéma des Antipodes. 25 May 2022. from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.

References

  • Dunmore, John (1992). Who's Who in Pacific Navigation. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84488-X.

Further reading

  • Nicolas Baudin, Voyage aux Antilles de La Belle Angélique, édition établie et commentée par Michel Jangoux, préface du contre-amiral Georges Prud'homme, Paris, PUPS, coll. « Imago mundi-Textes », 2009.
  • Beck, Hanno. "Das Ziel der grossen Reise Alexander von Humboldts" (The Aim of Alexander von Humboldt's Great Expedition), Erdkunde, Bd. 12, H. 1 (Feb. 1958), pp. 42–50.
  • BERENGER, Jean. 'Joseph II et les Sciences naturelles', in Portés par l'air du temps: les voyages du Capitaine Baudin: Etudes sur le 18e siècle, vol.38, Bruxelles, Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 2010.
  • Bonnemains, J., Forsyth, E. and Smith, B. Baudin in Australian Waters: The Artwork of the French Voyage of Discovery to the Southern Lands 1800–1804 With a Descriptive Catalogue of Drawings and Paintings of Australian Subjects by C. –A. Lesueur and N.-M. Petit from the Lesueur Collection at the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Le Havre, France Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1988.
  • Bonnemains, J., Argentin, J.-M. and Marin, M. (eds) Mon voyage aux Terres Australes: Journal personnel du commandant Baudin, Éditions Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 2000.
  • Bouvier, R. & Maynial, E. Une Aventure dans les Mers Australes: L’Expédition du Commandant Baudin (1800–1803), Mercure de France, Paris, 1947.
  • Brown, A. J. Ill-starred Captains: Flinders and Baudin, Crawford House, Adelaide, 2000.
  • Cornel, C. (trans.) The Journal of Post Captain Nicolas Baudin, Adelaide, 1974.
  • De la Gironière, Muriel Proust. Nicolas Baudin, marin et explorateur ou le mirage de l'Australie: service historique de la Marine. Ministère de la défense, [Paris, France], 2001.
  • Duyker, E. In Search of Madame Kerivel and Baudin’s Last Resting Place, National Library of Australia News, vol. IX, no. 12, September 1999, pp. 8–10.
  • Duyker, E. François Péron: An Impetuous Life: Naturalist and Voyager, Miegunyah/Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 2006, ISBN 978-0-522-85260-8.
  • Jean Fornasiero, Lindl Lawton and John West-Sooby, The art of science: Nicolas Baudin's voyagers 1800–1804. Wakefield Press, Kent Town, South Australia, 2016.
  • Jean Fornasiero, Peter Monteath and John West-Sooby, Encountering Terra Australis: the Australian voyages of Nicholas Baudin and Matthew Flinders, Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, 2004. ISBN 1-86254-625-8.
  • Jean Fornasiero and John West-Sooby, "Naming and shaming: the Baudin expedition and the politics of nomenclature in the Terres Australes", in Anne M. Scott, Alfred Hiatt, Claire McIlroy and Christopher Wortham (eds.), European Perceptions of Terra Australis, Farnham, Ashgate, 2012, pp. 165–184.
  • Horner, F. The French Reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia 1801–1803, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1987 ISBN 0-522-84339-5.
  • Jangoux, Michel. Portés par l'air du temps: les voyages du Capitaine Baudin, Bruxelles, Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 2010.
  • Jangoux, Michel. 'Le voyage de la Belle Angélique : l’expédition aux Antilles de Nicolas Baudin (1796–1798)’ in Portés par l'air du temps: les voyages du Capitaine Baudin: Etudes sur le 18e siècle, vol.38, Bruxelles, Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 2010.
  • Jose, Arthur W., Nicolas Baudin. 1934.
  • R. Kingston, A not so Pacific voyage: the 'floating laboratory' of Nicolas Baudin, Endeavour, vol. XXXI, no. 4, December 2007, pp. 145–151. [1]
  • Ly-Tio-Fane, Madeleine. "A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years: the role of the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle", Archives of Natural History, vol.18, 1991, pp. 333–362.
  • Ly-Tio-Fane, Madeleine (1996). "Botanic gardens: connecting links in plant transfer between the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean regions", Harvard Papers in Botany, 8: 7–14.
  • Ly-Tio-Fane, Madeleine, Le Géographe et Le Naturaliste à L’Ile-de-France 1801, 1803, Ultime Escale du Captaine Baudin: Deuxième Partie, Le Voyage de Découvertes aux Terres australes, Collection Lesueur du Muséum d’histoire naturelle du Havre, Dossier 15: Catalogue établi Jacqueline Bonnemains commenté par Madeleine Ly-Tio-fane, MSM Limited, Port Louis [Mauritius], 2003.
  • Reynolds, Steve. Nicolas Baudin's Scientific Expedition to the Terres Australes, Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc.
  • Plomley, B. The Baudin Expedition and the Tasmanian Aborigines 1802, Blubber Head Press, Hobart, 1983
  • Rivas, Michèle. « Un navigateur-naturaliste d'origine poitevine célèbre en Australie, méconnu dans sa patrie: Nicolas Baudin (1754–1803)», Revue Historique du Centre-Ouest (Poitiers), tome V, 1er semestre 2006 pp. 73–112.
  • RIVAS, Michèle. 'Nicolas Baudin, M de Beaumarchais et la guerre d’indépendance des Etats-Unis d’Amérique', in Portés par l'air du temps: les voyages du Capitaine Baudin: Etudes sur le 18e siècle, vol.38, Bruxelles, Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 2010.
  • Starbuck, Nicole. Baudin, Napoleon and the Exploration of Australia, Routledge (London and New York), 2013.
  • de Langlais, Tugdual, Marie-Etienne Peltier, Capitaine corsaire de la République, Éd. Coiffard, 2017, 240 p. (ISBN 9782919339471).
  • Toft, Klaus. The Navigators – Flinders vs Baudin, Sydney, Duffy and Snellgrove, 2002. ISBN 1-876631-60-0

February 12, 2023
nicolas, baudin, nicolas, thomas, baudin, french, nikɔla, bodɛ, february, 1754, september, 1803, french, explorer, cartographer, naturalist, hydrographer, most, notable, explorations, australia, southern, pacific, born17, february, 1754saint, martin, Île, fran. Nicolas Thomas Baudin French nikɔla bodɛ 17 February 1754 16 September 1803 was a French explorer cartographer naturalist and hydrographer most notable for his explorations in Australia and the southern Pacific Nicolas BaudinBorn17 February 1754Saint Martin de Re Ile de Re FranceDied16 September 1803 1803 09 16 aged 49 MauritiusNationalityFrenchOccupation s explorer cartographer naturalist hydrographer Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early career 1 2 Austrian expeditions 1 3 Belle Angelique Expedition 1 4 New Holland Expedition 2 Death 3 Legacy 3 1 Places and monuments 3 2 Animals 3 3 Film award 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further readingBiography Edit Bust of Baudin in Albany Western Australia Early career Edit Born a commoner in Saint Martin de Re on the Ile de Re on 17 February 1754 1 Nicolas Baudin joined the merchant navy as an apprentice pilotin at the age of 15 he was then of average height with brown hair He then joined the French East India Company at the age of 20 on Flamand He returned from India on L Etoile and arrived at Lorient At the beginning of 1778 he was to set sail from Nantes on Lion as second lieutenant It was a ship equipped by his uncle Jean Peltier Dudoyer at the request of the Americans which would become a privateer and be renamed Deane At first the Minister for the Navy was against it but he finally changed his mind and authorised the departure as France had signed a treaty with the United States on 6 February Since the atmosphere between the French and American crews on Lion became unbearable Baudin was assigned by Lamotte Picquet to Duc de Choiseul a ship equipped by Jean Peltier Dudoyer Officially it was heading for Saint Domingue but in fact the destination was Nova Scotia However the vessel was shipwrecked at Liverpool Nova Scotia Baudin was wounded taken prisoner by the British on 24 April 1778 and interned in Halifax Canada After one month he escaped with 10 other prisoners and hid among the friendly communities of Acadia Appointed captain of the transport vessel Amphitrite he was sunk by the English 60 leagues out to sea rescued in a rowing boat and made his way to Cape Cod and then Boston As captain of Revanche 400 tons equipped by Jeange and sons of Bordeaux with 30 men and 12 cannon he was retaken by the English outside Cap Francais heading for Boston He was taken to Jamaica as a prisoner then exchanged at the request of the Comte d Argout the Governor of Saint Domingue He returned to France on board the frigate Minerve under the command of Captain de Grimouard who was later guillotined at Rochefort under the Convention Back in France he was appointed captain at the admiralty of La Rochelle on 2 March 1780 and was to sail in merchant ships At the age of 27 he was named captain of Apollon a civilian frigate of 1 100 tons and 42 cannon fitted out by Jean Peltier Dudoyer He was to form part of the convoy which took the Legion of Luxembourg to strengthen the defence of the Dutch Cape Colony at the Cape of Good Hope However during a stopover in Brest the Comte d Hector decided he would appoint a man with more experience Felix de Saint Hilaire Having returned to Nantes and to the annoyance of Beaumarchais the owner of the vessel Baudin s uncle entrusted him with the command of Aimable Eugenie a ship of 600 tons to go to Saint Domingue and then to the US He went back to Bordeaux and left the Gironde on 12 December 1782 He was part of a convoy of five merchant vessels attacked by an English ship Mediator After a hard battle Baudin escaped but the two other ships owned by Beaumarchais were captured Reaching Saint Domingue the boat sank on 23 March 1783 at Puerto Plata but the freight was saved He negotiated for it and set off once again for Nantes on 23 April on Prince Royal which he had bought on the spot On 30 August he resold the boat which in the meantime had become Union des 6 Freres to Robert Pitot a shipbuilder from the Isle de France who had just been freed from an English prison and established himself as a trader in Bordeaux The insurance company reimbursed Beaumarchais through his shipbuilder Peltier Dudoyer On 16 April 1784 Baudin left once more for Saint Domingue on Comte d Angevillier 1 000 tons with eight cannon and built by Jean Peltier He was still accompanied by his brother Alexandre Baudin as first mate They were now 29 and 27 years old Baudin had a 25 stake in the voyage and they returned to Nantes on 8 December 1784 On 21 April 1785 he wrote to Benjamin Franklin requesting a recommendation to be accepted as a member of the Society of the Cincinnati He signed his letter Commander of the private frigate Comte d Angevilliers Maison Peltier du Doyer quai de l hopital On 22 July 1785 the Baudin brothers bought Caroline a ship of 200 tons built by the Thebaudiere brothers He was to take the last Acadians to Louisiana He was a few months behind his brother Alexandre who was captain of Saint Remy built by Jean Peltier Dudoyer In La Nouvelle Orleans 2 local merchants contracted him to take a cargo of wood salted meat cod and flour to Isle de France now Mauritius which he did in Josephine also called Pepita departing New Orleans on 14 July 1786 and arriving at Isle de France on 27 March 1787 In the course of the voyage Josephine had called at Cap Francais in Haiti to make a contract to transport slaves there from Madagascar while in Haiti he also encountered the Austrian botanist Franz Josef Maerter who apparently informed him that another Austrian botanist Franz Boos was at the Cape of Good Hope awaiting a ship to take him to Mauritius Josephine called at the Cape and took Boos on board 3 At Mauritius Boos chartered Baudin to transport him and the collection of plant specimens he had gathered there and at the Cape back to Europe which Baudin did with Josephine arriving at Trieste on 18 June 1788 4 The Imperial government in Vienna was contemplating organizing another natural history expedition to which Boos would be appointed in which two ships would be sent to the Malabar and Coromandel coasts of India the Persian Gulf Bengal Ceylon Sumatra Java Borneo Cochin China Tongking Japan and China Baudin had been given reason to hope that he would be given command of the ships of this expedition 5 Austrian expeditions Edit Later in 1788 Baudin sailed on a commercial voyage from Trieste to Canton in Jardiniere He apparently arrived at Canton from Mauritius under the flag of the US probably to avoid the possibility of having his ship seized by the Chinese for payment of the debts owed them by the Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste 6 From there he sent Jardiniere under her second captain on a fur trading venture to the north west coast of America but the ship foundered off Asuncion Island in the Northern Marianas Islands in late 1789 7 Baudin made his way to Mauritius where he purchased a replacement ship Jardiniere II but this vessel was wrecked in a cyclone that struck Port Louis on 15 December 1789 Baudin embarked on the Spanish Royal Philippines Company ship Placeres which sailed from Port Louis for Cadiz in August 1790 Placeres called at the Cape of Good Hope where it took on board the large number of plant and animal specimens collected in South Africa for the Imperial palace at Schonbrunn by Georg Scholl the assistant of Franz Boos Because of the poor condition of the ship Placeres had to put in at the island of Trinidad in the West Indies where Scholl s collection of specimens was deposited 8 Baudin proceeded to Martinique from where he addressed an offer to the Imperial government in Vienna to conduct to Canton commissioners who would be empowered to negotiate with the Chinese merchants there a settlement of the debts incurred by the Imperial Asiatic Company which would enable the company to renew its trade with China On its return voyage from Canton the proposed expedition would call at the Cape of Good Hope to pick up Scholl and the remainder of his natural history collection for conveyance to Schonbrunn After returning to Vienna in September 1791 Baudin continued to press his case for an expedition under the Imperial flag to the Indian Ocean and China and in January 1792 he was granted a commission of captain in the Imperial navy for this purpose A ship called Jardiniere was acquired and the botanists Franz Bredemeyer and Joseph van der Schot appointed to the expedition After delays caused by the outbreak of war between France and Austria April 1792 Jardiniere departed from the Spanish port of Malaga on 1 October 1792 9 From the Cape of Good Hope Jardiniere sailed across the Indian Ocean to the coast of New Holland Australia but two consecutive cyclones prevented the expedition from doing any work there and forced Baudin to take the ship to Bombay for repairs From Bombay the expedition proceeded to the Persian Gulf the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa where it gathered botanical and zoological collections The expedition came to an abrupt end in June 1794 when Jardiniere went aground in a storm while attempting to enter Table Bay at the Cape of Good Hope Baudin survived the wreck and made his way to the US from where he went to France 10 As the Cape had been occupied by the English in June 1795 Baudin went back to New England On 23 November 1795 he set sail from New York as a passenger on board the American ship Ocean under the command of Captain Vredemburgh and also accompanied by General de Rochambeau the Governor of Saint Lucia the French Consul in Boston and a colonial trader from Saint Domingue Jean Baptiste Riviere de la Souchere known as Souchere Riviere They arrived in Le Havre on 21 December 1795 Baudin believed that he was expected and offered his services and his talents He wrote to the Minister to give notice of his imminent arrival in Paris He would have been somewhat disappointed had he seen the little note at the top of the letter Could Bonneville please tell me if he knows Captain Baudin and for which mission he was responsible He managed to send Jardiniere s cargo of natural history specimens to the island of Trinidad Belle Angelique Expedition Edit In Paris Baudin visited Antoine de Jussieu at the Museum National d Histoire Naturelle in Paris in March 1796 to suggest a botanical voyage to the Caribbean during which he would recover the collection of specimens he had left in Trinidad The museum and the French government accepted the proposal and Baudin was appointed commander of an expedition in Belle Angelique with four assigned botanists Rene Mauge Andre Pierre Ledru Anselme Riedle and Stanislas Levillain Belle Angelique cleared Le Havre on 30 September 1796 for the Canary Islands where the ship was condemned as unseaworthy The expedition sailed from the Canaries in a replacement vessel Fanny and reached Trinidad in April 1797 The British who had just captured the island from the Spanish in February 1797 refused to allow Baudin to recover the collection of natural history specimens Baudin took Fanny to St Thomas and St Croix and then to Puerto Rico specimens being collected in all three islands At St Croix Fanny was replaced by a newly purchased ship renamed Belle Angelique 11 The expedition returned to France in June 1798 with a large collection of plants birds and insects which was incorporated into Bonaparte s triumphal procession on 27 July celebrating his recent Italian victories 12 On the recommendation of the Naval Minister to the Directory Baudin was reinstated into the navy with the rank of Chief of Staff to Admiral Bruix who at his request granted to Marie Etienne Peltier the command of a corsair the Virginie Baudin joined Bruix on Ocean on which Bruix was in charge of the squadron which resupplied Genoa New Holland Expedition Edit Model of Geographe now exhibited at the Ernest Cognacq Museum in Saint Martin de Re in Charente Maritime France On 24 July 1798 at the suggestion of the Ministry of Marine Baudin presented to the Assembly of Professors and Administrators of the National Museum of Natural History a plan for a hydrographic survey expedition to the South Seas which would include a search for fauna and flora that could be brought back for cultivation in France The expedition would also have the aim of promoting the economic and commercial interests of France in the regions to be visited The expedition would require two well equipped ships which would carry a team of astronomers naturalists and scientific draughtsmen over whom Baudin as commander would have absolute authority The first part of the voyage would be devoted to a thorough exploration of the coast of Chile and the collection of animal bird and plant specimens suitable for acclimatization in France followed by a survey of the coasts from Peru to Mexico The expedition would then continue into the Pacific Ocean including a visit to Tahiti and the Society Islands and would be completed with a survey of the yet unexplored south west coast of New Holland Australia 13 After considering this extensive proposal the French government decided to proceed with an expedition confined to a survey of western and southern New Holland In October 1800 Baudin was selected by Bonaparte to lead what has become known as the Baudin expedition to map the coast of New Holland He had two ships Geographe and Naturaliste captained by Hamelin and a suite of nine zoologists and botanists including Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour Baudin left Le Havre on 19 October 1800 stopped off in Santa Cruz de Tenerife then sailed straight to the Ile de France arriving on 15 March 1801 145 days later The voyage overlong with early rationing left sailors and scientists feeling discouraged but the colony was happy to build up the crews in case of conflict and to make use of the new skills they brought with them He reached Australia in May 1801 and would explore and map the western coast and a part of the little known southern coast of the continent The scientific expedition proved a great success with more than 2 500 new species discovered The French also met Aboriginal peoples and treated them with great respect citation needed source source source source source source source source source source source source source source track Discussion of Baudin and Matthew Flinders race to map Australia In April 1802 Baudin met Matthew Flinders also engaged in charting the coastline in Encounter Bay in present day South Australia Baudin then stopped at the British colony at Sydney for supplies and from there he sent home Naturaliste carrying all of the specimens that had been collected by both ships up to that time According to recent research by academics from the University of Adelaide during Baudin s expedition Francois Peron who had become the chief zoologist and intellectual leader of the mission wrote a report for Bonaparte on ways to invade and capture the colony 14 Realising that Geographe could not venture into some of the shallow waters along the Australian coast that he was intending to survey he bought a new ship Casuarina named after the wood it was made from and placed it under the command of Louis de Freycinet who would 15 years later make his own circumnavigation of the world in the corvette l Uranie He then headed back to Tasmania before continuing along the southern and western coasts of Australia to Timor mapping as he went In very poor health he then turned for home Death EditBaudin died of tuberculosis at Mauritius on 16 September 1803 at the age of 49 apparently in the home of Madame Alexandrine Kerivel Baudin s exact resting place is not known but the historian Auguste Toussaint believed that he was interred in the Kerivel family vault However the historian Edward Duyker likes to think that Baudin was buried in Le Cimetiere de l Ouest in the district of Port Louis just a few hundred metres from the explorer s certain love the sea 15 These were his last wishes He gives and bequeaths to citizen Augustin Baudin his brother currently in India his silver marine watch his night telescope and an Oriental Neptune He gives and bequeaths to Citizen Ronsin wife of Citizen Louis Peltier his porcelain from Saxony and Chantilly consisting of three services one of twelve cups one of six and one of two pieces plus his gold watch He names as the Executor of his will Citizen Louis Peltier brother of Jean Peltier Dudoyer Judge of the Court of Appeal of this colony to whom he entrusts the execution of the present document wishing and expecting that his goods be distrained in accordance with usual custom Legacy Edit Nicolas Baudin Monument at Albany Western Australia Places and monuments Edit A number of monuments have been established around Australia including eight at various locations around Western Australia 16 In Western Australia there are many places that bear names from the French ships sponsors and crew of Baudin s 1801 04 voyage and Louis de Freycinet s voyage in 1802 3 including Cape Peron Cape Naturaliste Cape Freycinet D Entrecasteaux National Park Cape Le Grand National Park Carnac Island Geographe Bay Geographe Busselton suburb Vasse Busselton suburb Vasse River Leschenault Bunbury suburb Esperance Hamelin Bay In South Australia the following places bear Baudin s name Baudin Beach on Kangaroo Island Baudin Rocks on the south east coast of the state Nicolas Baudin Island on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula citation needed Animals Edit Six animals are named in his honour Calyptorhynchus baudinii Lear 1832 Baudin s black cockatoo Smilisca baudinii A M C Dumeril amp Bibron 1841 common Mexican tree frog Hylidae Emoia baudini A M C Dumeril amp Bibron 1839 Baudin s emo skink Scincidae 17 Pseudemoia baudini Greer 1982 Bight Coast skink Scincidae 17 Zanclea baudini Gershwin amp Zeidler 2003 a jellyfish Zancleidae 18 Baudin pig a once feral landrace on Kangaroo IslandFilm award Edit The Nicholas Baudin Award 19 or Nicholas Baudin Prize 20 is awarded at the Antipodean Film Festival in Saint Tropez France each year 19 See also EditBaudin expedition to Australia European and American voyages of scientific exploration Freycinet Map of 1811Notes Edit Dunmore 1992 pp 16 17 Carl A Brasseaux The Founding of New Acadia The Beginnings of Acadian Life in Louisiana 1765 1803 Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press 1987 p109 William Dawson Gerrior Acadian Awakenings Louisiana Port Royal Pub 2003 pp 73 104 Madeleine Ly Tio Fane Le Geographe et le Naturaliste a l ile de France ultime escale du capitaine Baudin Port Louis Ile Maurice 2003 p 33 David K Wetherbee Further Contributions to the History of Zoology in Hispaniola Shelburne Massachusetts 1987 Sebastien Brunner ed Correspondances intimes de l Empereur Joseph II avec son ami le comte de Cobenzl et son premier ministre le prince de Kaunitz Mainz Kirchheim 1871 p 75 Wiener Zeitung 18 Juni 1788 p 1494 Madeleine Ly Tio Fane LeGeographeet leNaturalistea l ile de France 1801 1803 ultime escale du capitaine Baudin Port Louis Ile Maurice 2003 pp 50 51 Sebastien Brunner ed Correspondances intimes de l Empereur Joseph II avec son Ami le Comte de Cobenzl et son Premier Ministre le Prince de Kaunitz Mainz Kirchheim 1871 p 75 Hosea Ballou Morse The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635 1834 Oxford Clarendon Press 1926 Vol II p 174 Madeleine Ly Tio Fane Contacts between Schonbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France Mauritius in the 18th Century Mitteilungen des Oesterreichischen Staatsarchiv No 35 1982 pp 85 109 p 102 Frank Horner The French reconnaissance Baudin in Australia 1801 1803 Melbourne University Press 1987 p 26 Gazeta de Madrid 19 de Julio de 1791 p 501 Madeleine Ly Tio Fane Contacts between Schonbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France Mauritius in the 18th Century Mitteilungen des Oesterreichischen Staatsarchiv No 35 1982 pp 85 109 Madeleine Ly Tio Fane Contacts between Schonbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France Mauritius in the 18th Century Mitteilungen des Oesterreichischen Staatsarchiv No 35 1982 pp 85 109 p 102 Frank Horner The French reconnaissance Baudin in Australia 1801 1803 Melbourne University Press 1987 p 28 Madeleine Ly Tio Fane A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years the role of the Paris Museum d Histoire Naturelle Archives of Natural History vol 18 1991 pp 352 355 Andre Pierre Ledru Voyage aux iles de Teneriffe la Trinite Saint Thomas Sainte Croix et Porto Ricco Paris Bertrand 1810 Nicolas Baudin Voyage aux Antilles de La Belle Angelique edition etablie et commentee par Michel Jangoux preface du contre amiral Georges Prud homme Paris PUPS coll Imago mundi Textes 2009 Baudin aux Citoyens Professeurs et Adminitstrateurs du Museum nationale d histoire naturelle a Paris 6 Thermidor An VI 24 Juillet 1798 Archives nationales Paris AJXV 569 ff 178 179 cited in Madeleine Ly Tio Fane A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years the role of the Paris Museum d Histoire Naturelle Archives of Natural History vol 18 1991 pp 333 362 p 358 Brice Rebecca 11 December 2012 Sacre bleu French invasion plan for Sydney ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Duyker E 1999 In Search of Madame Kerivel and Baudin s Last Resting Place National Library of Australia News vol IX no 12 September pp 8 10 Terra Australis 2001 Western Australian Association Inc Monuments Program Synopsis Multicultural communities online Retrieved 21 August 2015 dead link a b Beolens Bo Watkins Michael Grayson Michael 2011 The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press xiii 296 pp ISBN 978 1 4214 0135 5 Baudin p 19 Schuchert P 2019 World Hydrozoa Database Zanclea baudini Gershwin amp Zeidler 2003 Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http www marinespecies org aphia php p taxdetails amp id 285988 on 16 April 2019 a b All the Awards from Festival des Antipodes Rencontres Internationales du Cinema des Antipodes Retrieved 26 May 2022 2021 Palmares Rencontres Internationales du Cinema des Antipodes 25 May 2022 Archived from the original on 25 May 2022 Retrieved 26 May 2022 References EditDunmore John 1992 Who s Who in Pacific Navigation Carlton Victoria Australia Melbourne University Press ISBN 0 522 84488 X Further reading EditNicolas Baudin Voyage aux Antilles de La Belle Angelique edition etablie et commentee par Michel Jangoux preface du contre amiral Georges Prud homme Paris PUPS coll Imago mundi Textes 2009 Beck Hanno Das Ziel der grossen Reise Alexander von Humboldts The Aim of Alexander von Humboldt s Great Expedition Erdkunde Bd 12 H 1 Feb 1958 pp 42 50 BERENGER Jean Joseph II et les Sciences naturelles in Portes par l air du temps les voyages du Capitaine Baudin Etudes sur le 18e siecle vol 38 Bruxelles Editions de l Universite de Bruxelles 2010 Bonnemains J Forsyth E and Smith B Baudin in Australian Waters The Artwork of the French Voyage of Discovery to the Southern Lands 1800 1804 With a Descriptive Catalogue of Drawings and Paintings of Australian Subjects by C A Lesueur and N M Petit from the Lesueur Collection at the Museum d Histoire Naturelle Le Havre France Oxford University Press Melbourne 1988 Bonnemains J Argentin J M and Marin M eds Mon voyage aux Terres Australes Journal personnel du commandant Baudin Editions Imprimerie Nationale Paris 2000 Bouvier R amp Maynial E Une Aventure dans les Mers Australes L Expedition du Commandant Baudin 1800 1803 Mercure de France Paris 1947 Brown A J Ill starred Captains Flinders and Baudin Crawford House Adelaide 2000 Cornel C trans The Journal of Post Captain Nicolas Baudin Adelaide 1974 De la Gironiere Muriel Proust Nicolas Baudin marin et explorateur ou le mirage de l Australie service historique de la Marine Ministere de la defense Paris France 2001 Duyker E In Search of Madame Kerivel and Baudin s Last Resting Place National Library of Australia News vol IX no 12 September 1999 pp 8 10 Duyker E Francois Peron An Impetuous Life Naturalist and Voyager Miegunyah Melbourne University Press Melbourne 2006 ISBN 978 0 522 85260 8 Jean Fornasiero Lindl Lawton and John West Sooby The art of science Nicolas Baudin s voyagers 1800 1804 Wakefield Press Kent Town South Australia 2016 Jean Fornasiero Peter Monteath and John West Sooby Encountering Terra Australis the Australian voyages of Nicholas Baudin and Matthew Flinders Kent Town South Australia Wakefield Press 2004 ISBN 1 86254 625 8 Jean Fornasiero and John West Sooby Naming and shaming the Baudin expedition and the politics of nomenclature in the Terres Australes in Anne M Scott Alfred Hiatt Claire McIlroy and Christopher Wortham eds European Perceptions of Terra Australis Farnham Ashgate 2012 pp 165 184 Horner F The French Reconnaissance Baudin in Australia 1801 1803 Melbourne University Press Melbourne 1987 ISBN 0 522 84339 5 Jangoux Michel Portes par l air du temps les voyages du Capitaine Baudin Bruxelles Editions de l Universite de Bruxelles 2010 Jangoux Michel Le voyage de la Belle Angelique l expedition aux Antilles de Nicolas Baudin 1796 1798 in Portes par l air du temps les voyages du Capitaine Baudin Etudes sur le 18e siecle vol 38 Bruxelles Editions de l Universite de Bruxelles 2010 Jose Arthur W Nicolas Baudin 1934 R Kingston A not so Pacific voyage the floating laboratory of Nicolas Baudin Endeavour vol XXXI no 4 December 2007 pp 145 151 1 Ly Tio Fane Madeleine A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years the role of the Paris Museum d Histoire Naturelle Archives of Natural History vol 18 1991 pp 333 362 Ly Tio Fane Madeleine 1996 Botanic gardens connecting links in plant transfer between the Indo Pacific and Caribbean regions Harvard Papers in Botany 8 7 14 Ly Tio Fane Madeleine Le Geographe et Le Naturaliste a L Ile de France 1801 1803 Ultime Escale du Captaine Baudin Deuxieme Partie Le Voyage de Decouvertes aux Terres australes Collection Lesueur du Museum d histoire naturelle du Havre Dossier 15 Catalogue etabli Jacqueline Bonnemains commente par Madeleine Ly Tio fane MSM Limited Port Louis Mauritius 2003 Reynolds Steve Nicolas Baudin s Scientific Expedition to the Terres Australes Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc 2 Plomley B The Baudin Expedition and the Tasmanian Aborigines 1802 Blubber Head Press Hobart 1983 Rivas Michele Un navigateur naturaliste d origine poitevine celebre en Australie meconnu dans sa patrie Nicolas Baudin 1754 1803 Revue Historique du Centre Ouest Poitiers tome V 1er semestre 2006 pp 73 112 RIVAS Michele Nicolas Baudin M de Beaumarchais et la guerre d independance des Etats Unis d Amerique in Portes par l air du temps les voyages du Capitaine Baudin Etudes sur le 18e siecle vol 38 Bruxelles Editions de l Universite de Bruxelles 2010 Starbuck Nicole Baudin Napoleon and the Exploration of Australia Routledge London and New York 2013 de Langlais Tugdual Marie Etienne Peltier Capitaine corsaire de la Republique Ed Coiffard 2017 240 p ISBN 9782919339471 Toft Klaus The Navigators Flinders vs Baudin Sydney Duffy and Snellgrove 2002 ISBN 1 876631 60 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nicolas Baudin amp oldid 1121981462, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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