New Flyer Low Floor
The New Flyer Low Floor was a line of low-floor transit buses available in 30' rigid, 35' rigid, 40' rigid, and 60' articulated lengths manufactured by New Flyer Industries between 1991 and 2014. In addition to the different available lengths, the buses were sold with a variety of prime movers, ranging from conventional diesel and CNG combustion engines to diesel-electric hybrid, gasoline hybrid, and hydrogen fuel cell. The New Flyer Low Floor was restyled in 2005, resulting in two distinct variants: the Low Floor Restyled (LFR), which largely replaced the conventional Low Floor for transit service, and the Low Floor Advanced (LFA), which was intended for bus rapid transit service. New Flyer introduced the Invero in 1999 with the intent that it would replace the Low Floor line, but few were sold; in 2008, New Flyer introduced the Xcelsior, and the Low Floor line was discontinued by 2014.
| New Flyer Low Floor | |
|---|---|
Top: New Flyer D40LF (1999) Middle: DE40LFR (2012) Bottom: DE60LFA (articulated, 2010) | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | New Flyer |
| Production | 1991–2013 (LF) 2006–2014 (LFR) 2005–2010 (LFA) |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Transit bus |
| Body style | Monocoque stressed-skin |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |
|
| Transmission | |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase |
|
| Length | over bumpers:
|
| Width | 102 in (2.59 m) |
| Height | 121 in (3.07 m) (diesel, over A/C) to 132 in (3.35 m) (CNG) |
| Curb weight |
|
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | New Flyer High Floor |
| Successor | New Flyer Invero New Flyer Xcelsior |
Design
| Motive power | Length | Model |
|---|---|---|
| C = compressed natural gas D = diesel DE = diesel-electric hybrid E = electric trolleybus F or H = hydrogen fuel cell GE = gasoline-electric hybrid HE = hydrogen-electric hybrid L = liquefied natural gas | 30 = 30 feet (9.1 m) 35 = 35 feet (11 m) 40 = 40 feet (12 m) 60 = 60 feet (18 m) articulated | LF = Low Floor LFR = Low Floor Restyled LFA (initially LF-BRT) = Low Floor Advanced |
For example, a New Flyer DE40LFR is a 40' (nominal) rigid Low Floor (Restyled) with diesel-electric hybrid power. Not all combinations of models, lengths, and powertrains were made.
| Power | Low Floor (LF) | Low Floor Restyled (LFR) | Low Floor Advanced (LFA) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30LF | 35LF | 40LF | 60LF | 30LFR | 35LFR | 40LFR | 60LFR | 35LFA | 40LFA | 60LFA | |
| C | |||||||||||
| D | |||||||||||
| DE | |||||||||||
| E | |||||||||||
| F/H | |||||||||||
| GE | |||||||||||
| HE | |||||||||||
| L | |||||||||||
The New Flyer Low Floor is based on the Den Oudsten B85/B86, a bus design initially introduced in 1984 by the Dutch company Den Oudsten. Den Oudsten purchased Flyer Industries in 1986, and the newly renamed New Flyer introduced the High Floor series with the D40HF in 1987. A B85 was sent to the United States for testing in 1988, and New Flyer subsequently developed and launched the Low Floor series with the D40LF, which began production in 1991 at the Grand Forks assembly plant.[6][7]
The first low-floor articulated buses (D60LF) were introduced by New Flyer in 1995. Other milestones include the first natural gas-powered buses (C/L40LF, 1994), the first hydrogen fuel cell buses (F40LF, 1994), the first diesel-electric hybrid buses (DE40LF, 1998), the first gasoline-electric hybrid buses (GE40LF, 2002), and the first hydrogen-electric hybrid bus (HE40LF, 2004).[8] One prototype Low Floor trolleybus was introduced in 2005, sold to Coast Mountain Bus Company as an E40LF model; since New Flyer were introducing their Low Floor Restyled series that year, production of Low Floor trolleybuses has been designated as E40LFR and E60LFR.
Hybrid powertrains
The series hybrid powertrain is supplied by ISE Corporation, branded ThunderVolt. The ISE ThunderVolt system is modular, with several primary subsystems including a diesel, gasoline, or hydrogen-fueled auxiliary power unit (APU), traction motors and gearbox (supplied by Siemens under the ELFA brand), and energy storage (using either batteries or ultracapacitors).[9]
Gasoline
Emissions regulations developed by the South Coast Air Quality Management District prevented local transit agencies in southern California from purchasing new diesel-powered transit buses after 2002. Although most agencies responded by pursuing natural gas-powered buses, Long Beach Transit (LBT) conducted a cost analysis that concluded a gasoline-electric hybrid could meet emissions requirements and also be cost-effective. LBT went on to purchase 47 model year 2004 and 2005 GE40LF buses,[10] the first major purchase of the GE40LF.[9]
For the GE40LF delivered to LBT, the gasoline-electric hybrid APU uses a light-duty 6.8 L Ford Triton V-10 engine rated at 305 hp (227 kW) at 4,250 RPM and 405 lb⋅ft (549 N⋅m) at 3,250 RPM coupled to a 110 kW (150 hp) generator (145 kW (194 hp) peak). The electricity generated by the APU is stored in two banks of 144 ultracapacitors each. Stored power is sent to two three-phase asynchronous traction motors, each rated at 85 kW (114 hp) (150 kW (200 hp) peak) and 320 N⋅m (240 lb⋅ft) (450 N⋅m (330 lb⋅ft) peak), which drive the rear axle through a combining gearbox with a peak output torque of 4,860 N⋅m (3,580 lb⋅ft).[10]: 4 The Siemens ELFA traction motors and combining gearbox are the same in all ThunderVolt implementations.[9]
Hydrogen
ISE also built the ThunderVolt TB40-HICE, a prototype 40' hydrogen-electric hybrid Low Floor.[11] This prototype, designated HE40LF, was equipped with the ISE ThunderVolt series hybrid powertrain, using a Ford 6.8L V10 internal combustion engine modified to run on hydrogen, which was in turn coupled to a generator to provide energy for the traction motor and storage battery. It was tested by SunLine Transit Agency (who assigned it fleet number 550) and Winnipeg Transit in early 2005 in revenue service.[12] The derelict HE40LF was displayed by Ken Porter Auctions in early 2020 and presumably sold for scrap.[13]
Deployment
The first New Flyer Low Floor buses were delivered to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in 1992.[8] The first articulated Low Floor (D60LF), an ex-demo unit, was sold to Strathcona County Transit in Alberta in 1996.[14] That bus, which Strathcona designated 950, was retired and sold at auction in 2009 or 2010.[15]
Omnitrans, serving the city of San Bernardino, was the lead agency for the ISE ThunderVolt gasoline-electric hybrid powertrain deployed in the GE40LF.[16] Omnitrans procured two of the three testing prototypes; Long Beach Transit placed the first large-volume regular production order.[9]
Coast Mountain Bus Company designated their E40LF as TransLink 2101, which was unveiled at Stanley Park in 2005.[17] Although it is designated an E40LF, 2101 bears the updated front and rear fascias of the LFR "Restyled" models.[18]
H40LFR fuel cell vehicles
21 examples of the fuel cell 'restyled' variant designated H40LFR were operated by SunLine Transit Agency and BC Transit.[19] 20 H40LFR buses were built for BC Transit in 2010 at an estimated total cost of CA$89.5 million, including operating costs through 2014. They were meant to showcase fuel cell vehicles during the 2010 Winter Olympics.[20] After 2014, BC Transit announced plans to sell off their H40LFR buses, stating that operating costs were double that of conventional diesel-powered buses.[21]
Competition
References
- ^ (PDF). New Flyer Industries. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2004. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ (PDF). New Flyer Industries. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2004. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ (PDF). New Flyer Industries. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2003. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ (PDF). New Flyer Industries. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2004. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ (PDF). New Flyer Industries. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2006.
- ^ Brophy, Jim (June 12, 2016). "Bus Stop Classics: New Flyer D40LF – North America's First Low Floor Bus". Curbside Classics. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ^ Veerkamp, John. "Flyer, New Flyer and AMG transit buses". Coachbuilt. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ^ a b "About". New Flyer of America. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Information on ThunderVolt". Alternative Energy Magazine. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
- ^ a b Lammert, M. (June 2008). Long Beach Transit: Two-Year Evaluation of Gasoline-Electric Hybrid Transit Buses (PDF) (Report). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
- ^ "Hydrogen Workshop for Fleet Operators" (PDF). The National Hydrogen Association. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ SunLine Tests HHICE Bus in Desert Climate (PDF) (Report). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ Ex SunLine Transit Agency 2004 New Flyer HE40LF #550 on YouTube
- ^ Lo, Kevin. "Strathcona County Transit New Flyer". Kevin's Bus and Rail. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ^ Baker, Ken (August 18, 2014). "Strathcona County Transit 1995 New Flyer D60LF #950". barp.ca. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ^ Duerst, G; Simon, M C (May 2001). A series hybrid-electric drive system optimized for large transit buses. Bus and Paratransit Conference. Calgary, Canada: American Public Transportation System. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
- ^ Lo, Kevin. "New flyer E40LFR". Kevin's Bus and Rail. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ^ Parsons, Martin (May 29, 2016). "CMBC - Translink Vancouver 2006 New Flyer E40LFR #2101". barp.ca. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
- ^ "SunLine Leads the Way in Demonstrating Hydrogen-Fueled Technologies" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. January 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ "Hydrogen-powered buses at Olympics under scrutiny". CBC. January 8, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ "BC Transit's $90M hydrogen bus fleet to be sold off, converted to diesel". CBC. December 4, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
External links
- "New Flyer Industries Low Floor". Canadian Public Transit Discussion Board wiki. Retrieved December 11, 2018.