In flight, many of these butterflies have the habit of flapping their wings, so the (usually) bright upperside and the cryptic underside alternate for the observer, then gliding for prolonged distances, with the motionless wings held outstretched. The common names of some Limenitidinae – "aeroplanes", "clippers", or "gliders" – refer to this flight pattern.
The Biblidinae are sometimes merged here. The present subfamily is also sometimes included as a tribeLimenitidini in the Nymphalinae. But in fact, their closest living relatives seem to be the Heliconiinae.[1]
The Limenitidinae are traditionally divided into four tribes, of which the Parthenini are the most basal lineage and the others form a close-knit and more apomorphic radiation. While this basic layout is likely to be fairly correct, a few genera cannot be easily assigned to the three "modern" tribes and seem to be somewhat intermediate. In particular, the delimitation of the Limenitidini versus the Neptini is in need of more study.[2]
Genera and selected speciesedit
The genera of Limenitidinae, sorted per tribe in the presumed phylogenetic sequence and with some species also listed, are:[2]
^ abWahlberg & Brower (2007a), and see references in Savela (2008)
Referencesedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limenitidinae.
Wikispecies has information related to Limenitidinae.
Savela, Markku (2008): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms – Limenitidinae. Version of 31 August 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
Wahlberg, Niklas & Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2007a): Tree of Life Web Project – Limenitidinae. Version of 15 January 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
Wahlberg, Niklas & Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2007b): Tree of Life Web Project – Nymphalidae. Version of 19 February 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
External linksedit
November 02, 2023
limenitidinae, subfamily, butterflies, that, includes, admirals, relatives, common, names, many, species, genera, reference, military, ranks, namely, adoliadini, titles, nobility, count, duke, earl, marquis, reference, these, butterflies, large, size, bold, pa. The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or namely the Adoliadini titles of nobility e g count duke earl and marquis in reference to these butterflies large size bold patterns and dashing flight In particular the light stripe running lengthwise across the wings of many Limenitidini has reminded earlier authors of officers e g admiral commander commodore shoulder marks and epaulets LimenitidinaeTanaecia iapis Adoliadini Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder LepidopteraFamily NymphalidaeSubfamily LimenitidinaeBehr 1864TribesAdoliadini Limenitidini Neptini PartheniniAterica galene specimen Adoliadini Euphaedra xypete Adoliadini Hamanumida daedalus Adoliadini Tanaecia lepidea grey count from Adoliadini Adelpha syma of the Limenitidini is sometimes placed in LimenitisEurasian white admiral Limenitis camilla Limenitidini In flight many of these butterflies have the habit of flapping their wings so the usually bright upperside and the cryptic underside alternate for the observer then gliding for prolonged distances with the motionless wings held outstretched The common names of some Limenitidinae aeroplanes clippers or gliders refer to this flight pattern Contents 1 Systematics 1 1 Genera and selected species 2 Footnotes 3 References 4 External linksSystematics editThe Biblidinae are sometimes merged here The present subfamily is also sometimes included as a tribe Limenitidini in the Nymphalinae But in fact their closest living relatives seem to be the Heliconiinae 1 The Limenitidinae are traditionally divided into four tribes of which the Parthenini are the most basal lineage and the others form a close knit and more apomorphic radiation While this basic layout is likely to be fairly correct a few genera cannot be easily assigned to the three modern tribes and seem to be somewhat intermediate In particular the delimitation of the Limenitidini versus the Neptini is in need of more study 2 Genera and selected species edit The genera of Limenitidinae sorted per tribe in the presumed phylogenetic sequence and with some species also listed are 2 Tribe Parthenini Reuter 1896 Bhagadatta Moore 1898 Parthenos clippersTribe Adoliadini Doubleday 1845 Abrota Moore 1857 Bassarona Moore 1897 marquises dukes Bassarona durga blue duke Bassarona iva grand duke Bassarona recta redtail marquis Bassarona teuta banded marquis Dophla Moore 1880 dukes Dophla evelina redspot duke Euthalia barons dukes Euthaliopsis Neervoort van de Poll 1896 Lexias archdukes Neurosigma Butler 1868 Tanaecia Butler 1869 counts Tanaecia cocytus lavender count Tanaecia julii common earl Tanaecia lepidea grey count Tanaecia pelea Malay viscount Aterica Boisduval 1833 forest glade nymphs Bebearia Hemming 1960 Catuna Kirby 1871 pathfinders Crenidomimas Karsch 1894 Cynandra Schatz 1887 brilliant nymph Euphaedra Hubner 1819 typical foresters figeaters Euptera Staudinger 1891 Euriphene Boisduval 1847 Euryphaedra Staudinger 1891 Euryphura Staudinger 1891 Euryphurana Hecq 1992 noble commander Hamanumida Hubner 1819 guineafowl Harmilla Aurivillius 1892 elegant forester Pseudargynnis Karsch 1892 false fritillary Pseudathyma Staudinger 1891 false sergeantsTribe Limenitidini Behr 1864 Adelpha Hubner 1819 sisters sometimes included in Limenitis Adelpha basiloides Adelpha bredowii Mexico sister Adelpha californica California sister formerly in A bredowii Adelpha eulalia Arizona sister formerly in A bredowii Adelpha fessonia band celled sister Auzakia Moore 1898 Auzakia danava commodore Lelecella Hemming 1939 Limenitis admirals Litinga Moore 1898 Parasarpa Moore 1898 Parasarpa dudu white commodore Parasarpa zayla bicolor commodore Patsuia Moore 1898 Sumalia Moore 1898 Sumalia daraxa green commodore Sumalia zulema scarce white commodore Moduza Moore 1881 commanders sometimes included in Limenitis Moduza procris commander Tarattia Moore 1898 Athyma sergeants Pandita Moore 1857 Tacola Moore 1898 nbsp Neptis pryeri pryeri Neptini Tribe Neptini Newman 1870 Aldania Moore 1896 Lasippa Moore 1898 Neptis typical sailers Pandassana Moore 1898 might belong in Neptis Pantoporia Hubner 1819 lascars Pantoporia assamica Assam lascar Pantoporia bieti Tytler s lascar Pantoporia hordonia common lascar Pantoporia karwara Karwar lascar Pantoporia paraka Perak lascar Pantoporia sandaka extra lascar Phaedyma Felder 1861 aeroplanes Phaedyma shepherdi common aeroplane nbsp Pseuodoneptis coenobita is sometimes placed in the Limenitidini It resembles Neptis species but probably due to mimicry rather than parallel evolutionIncertae sedis Cymothoe Hubner 1819 Limenitidini or Neptini typical gliders Cymothoe caenis Cymothoe hobarti Hobart s red glider Cymothoe sangaris Harma Doubleday 1848 angular glider Limenitidini or Neptini Kumothales Overlaet 1940 Limenitidini Lamasia Moore 1898 Limenitidini Lebadea Felder 1861 Limenitidini or Parthenini Lebadea martha knight Pseudacraea false acraeas Limenitidini Pseudoneptis Snellen 1882 blue sailers Limenitidini Chalinga Moore 1898 Seokia Sibatani 1943 Limenitidini or Chalingini Footnotes edit Wahlberg amp Brower 2007a b a b Wahlberg amp Brower 2007a and see references in Savela 2008 References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limenitidinae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Limenitidinae Savela Markku 2008 Markku Savela s Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms Limenitidinae Version of 31 August 2008 Retrieved 7 April 2009 Wahlberg Niklas amp Brower Andrew V Z 2007a Tree of Life Web Project Limenitidinae Version of 15 January 2007 Retrieved 7 April 2009 Wahlberg Niklas amp Brower Andrew V Z 2007b Tree of Life Web Project Nymphalidae Version of 19 February 2007 Retrieved 7 April 2009 External links editChecklist Nymphalidae Classification of Nymphalidae Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Limenitidinae amp oldid 931255887 Genera and selected species, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
