fbpx
Wikipedia

Cymothoe (butterfly)

August 25, 2023

Cymothoe is a genus of butterflies in the subfamily Limenitidinae, the admirals and relatives. They are known commonly as gliders.[1] The genus is distributed in the Afrotropical realm, where species are found mainly in forest habitat.[1] mainly in the Guinean Forests of West Africa and the Congolian forests.

Cymothoe
C. hobarti
female C. fumana
Ghana
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Tribe: Limenitidini
Genus: Cymothoe
Hübner, [1819]
Synonyms
  • Pallene Doubleday, [1848]
  • Eupithes Westwood, [1850]
  • Paradiadema Distant, [1880]

Description Edit

These are medium-large to large-size (wingspan 40-70 millimetres) often quite colourful butterflies. Species in this genus exhibit a number of different colours and patterns. Among the most remarkable are a number of species where the upperside is solid coloured bright red or orange. Another group is largely pale yellow; others deep ochreous yellow and chocolate brown or pure white.

Biology Edit

The larvae feed on various shrubs and trees. Recorded host genera include Rawsonia and Kiggelaria (Achariaceae), Fernandoa and Kigelia (Bignoniaceae), Vismia (Hypericaceae), Dovyalis (Salicaceae) and Rinorea (Violaceae). The adults spend most of their time in the canopy but also seek out sunlit spots between the trees and feed on decaying vegetation on the forest floor.

Taxonomy Edit

These butterflies exhibit sexual dimorphism. Individuals can also be variable within a species, especially females. The females of C. caenis, for example, are so variable that authorities have described 20 different forms of the species based on their differences.[1]

The sister genus is Harma. The type species of the genus is Papilio althea Cramer.

Species groups Edit

Defining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well-defined genera with a large number of recognized species. Cymothoe species are so arranged in assemblages called "species groups" but (not superspecies, but an informal phenetic arrangement). These may or may not be clades. As molecular phylogenetic studies continue, lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested, but consistent ranking remains a problem.

Species Edit

There are about 75 known species.[1]

Listed alphabetically within species groups:[2]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d Van Velzen, R., et al. (2009). A new hidden species of the Cymothoe caenis-complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from western Africa. Zootaxa 2197, 53-63.
  2. ^ "Cymothoe Hübner, [1819]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cymothoe.

External links Edit

August 25, 2023
cymothoe, butterfly, cymothoe, genus, butterflies, subfamily, limenitidinae, admirals, relatives, they, known, commonly, gliders, genus, distributed, afrotropical, realm, where, species, found, mainly, forest, habitat, mainly, guinean, forests, west, africa, c. Cymothoe is a genus of butterflies in the subfamily Limenitidinae the admirals and relatives They are known commonly as gliders 1 The genus is distributed in the Afrotropical realm where species are found mainly in forest habitat 1 mainly in the Guinean Forests of West Africa and the Congolian forests CymothoeC hobartifemale C fumanaGhanaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder LepidopteraFamily NymphalidaeTribe LimenitidiniGenus CymothoeHubner 1819 SynonymsPallene Doubleday 1848 Eupithes Westwood 1850 Paradiadema Distant 1880 Contents 1 Description 2 Biology 3 Taxonomy 4 Species groups 5 Species 6 References 7 External linksDescription EditThese are medium large to large size wingspan 40 70 millimetres often quite colourful butterflies Species in this genus exhibit a number of different colours and patterns Among the most remarkable are a number of species where the upperside is solid coloured bright red or orange Another group is largely pale yellow others deep ochreous yellow and chocolate brown or pure white Biology EditThe larvae feed on various shrubs and trees Recorded host genera include Rawsonia and Kiggelaria Achariaceae Fernandoa and Kigelia Bignoniaceae Vismia Hypericaceae Dovyalis Salicaceae and Rinorea Violaceae The adults spend most of their time in the canopy but also seek out sunlit spots between the trees and feed on decaying vegetation on the forest floor Taxonomy EditThese butterflies exhibit sexual dimorphism Individuals can also be variable within a species especially females The females of C caenis for example are so variable that authorities have described 20 different forms of the species based on their differences 1 The sister genus is Harma The type species of the genus is Papilio althea Cramer Species groups EditDefining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well defined genera with a large number of recognized species Cymothoe species are so arranged in assemblages called species groups but not superspecies but an informal phenetic arrangement These may or may not be clades As molecular phylogenetic studies continue lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested but consistent ranking remains a problem Species EditThere are about 75 known species 1 Listed alphabetically within species groups 2 The oemilius species group Cymothoe oemilius Doumet 1859 The hyarbita species group Cymothoe hyarbita Hewitson 1866 Cymothoe reinholdi Plotz 1880 The lucasi species group Cymothoe egesta Cramer 1775 Cymothoe lucasii Doumet 1859 Cymothoe megaesta Staudinger 1889 Cymothoe owassae Schultze 1916 Unknown species group Cymothoe orphnina Karsch 1894 The lurida species group Cymothoe colmanti Aurivillius 1898 Cymothoe hypatha Hewitson 1866 Cymothoe lurida Butler 1871 Unknown species group Cymothoe cyclades Ward 1871 Cymothoe fontainei Overlaet 1952 Cymothoe heliada Hewitson 1874 Cymothoe herminia Grose Smith 1887 Cymothoe hesiodina Schultze 1908 Cymothoe hesiodotus Staudinger 1889 Cymothoe howarthi Rydon 1981 Cymothoe isiro Rydon 1981 Cymothoe ochreata Grose Smith 1890 Cymothoe sassiana Schouteden 1912 Cymothoe weymeri Suffert 1904 The fumana species group Cymothoe fumana Westwood 1850 Cymothoe haynae Dewitz 1886 Unknown species group Cymothoe althea Cramer 1776 Cymothoe amenides Hewitson 1874 Cymothoe capella Ward 1871 Cymothoe caprina Aurivillius 1897 Cymothoe consanguis Aurivillius 1896 Cymothoe coranus Grose Smith 1889 Cymothoe eris Aurivillius 1896 The caenis species group Cymothoe alcimeda Godart 1824 Cymothoe alticola Libert amp Collins 1997 Cymothoe caenis Drury 1773 Cymothoe jodutta Westwood 1850 Cymothoe teita van Someren 1939 Unknown species group Cymothoe adela Staudinger 1889 Cymothoe altisidora Hewitson 1869 Cymothoe amaniensis Rydon 1980 Cymothoe angulifascia Aurivillius 1897 Cymothoe aubergeri Plantrou 1977 Cymothoe aurivillii Staudinger 1899 Cymothoe beckeri Herrich Schaffer 1853 Cymothoe collarti Overlaet 1942 Cymothoe collinsi Rydon 1980 Cymothoe cottrelli Rydon 1980 Cymothoe dujardini Viette 1971 Cymothoe indamora Hewitson 1866 Cymothoe lambertoni Oberthur 1923 Cymothoe magambae Rydon 1980 Cymothoe melanjae Bethune Baker 1926 Cymothoe vumbui Bethune Baker 1926 Cymothoe zenkeri Richelmann 1913 Cymothoe zombana Bethune Baker 1926 The sangaris species group Cymothoe anitorgis Hewitson 1874 Cymothoe aramis Hewitson 1865 Cymothoe coccinata Hewitson 1874 Cymothoe euthalioides Kirby 1889 Cymothoe harmilla Hewitson 1874 Cymothoe hobarti Butler 1900 Cymothoe magnus Joicey amp Talbot 1928 Cymothoe ogova Plotz 1880 Cymothoe sangaris Godart 1824 Unknown species group Cymothoe arcuata Overlaet 1945 Cymothoe crocea Schultze 1917 Cymothoe distincta Overlaet 1944 Cymothoe excelsa Neustetter 1912 Cymothoe haimodia Grose Smith 1887 Cymothoe hartigi Belcastro 1990 Cymothoe mabillei Overlaet 1944 Cymothoe meridionalis Overlaet 1944 Cymothoe preussi Staudinger 1889 Cymothoe radialis Gaede 1916 Cymothoe rebeli Neustetter 1912 Cymothoe reginaeelisabethae Holland 1920References Edit a b c d Van Velzen R et al 2009 A new hidden species of the Cymothoe caenis complex Lepidoptera Nymphalidae from western Africa Zootaxa 2197 53 63 Cymothoe Hubner 1819 at Markku Savela s Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cymothoe External links EditSeitz A Die Gross Schmetterlinge der Erde 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter Plate XIII 34 et seq Cymothoe types Royal Museum for Central Africa images Images representing Cymothoe at EOL Images representing Cymothoe at Consortium for the Barcode of Life Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cymothoe butterfly amp oldid 1166027377, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.