Moderate Party
The Moderate Party (Swedish: Moderata samlingspartiet [mʊdɛˈrɑ̌ːta ˈsâmːlɪŋspaˌʈiːɛt] ⓘ,[7] lit. 'Moderate Coalition Party'; M), commonly referred to as the Moderates (Moderaterna [mʊdɛˈrɑ̌ːtɛɳa] ⓘ), is a liberal-conservative[8] political party in Sweden. The party generally supports tax cuts, the free market, civil liberties and economic liberalism.[9] Internationally, it is a full member of the International Democrat Union[10] and the European People's Party.[11]
Moderate Party Moderata samlingspartiet | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | M |
| Leader | Ulf Kristersson |
| Secretary | Karin Enström |
| Parliamentary group leader | Mattias Karlsson |
| Founded | 17 October 1904 |
| Headquarters | Blasieholmsgatan 4A, Norrmalm, Stockholm |
| Student wing | Moderate Students (official) Confederation of Swedish Conservative and Liberal Students (unofficial) |
| Youth wing | Moderate Youth League |
| LGBT wing | Open Moderates |
| Membership (2022) | 49,768[1] |
| Ideology | Liberal conservatism |
| Political position | Centre-right[2][3] |
| European affiliation | European People's Party |
| International affiliation | International Democrat Union |
| European Parliament group | European People's Party |
| Nordic affiliation | Conservative Group |
| Colours |
|
| Slogan | Säkrare, grönare, friare ('Safer, Greener, Freer')[4] |
| Riksdag | 68 / 349 |
| European Parliament | 4 / 21 |
| County councils[5] | 339 / 1,597 |
| Municipal councils[6] | 2,435 / 12,780 |
| Website | |
| moderaterna | |
The party was founded in 1904 as the General Electoral League (Allmänna valmansförbundet [ˈâlːmɛnːa ˈvɑ̂ːlmansfœrˌbɵndɛt] ⓘ) by a group of conservatives in the Riksdag, the Swedish parliament. The party was later known as The Right (Högern [ˈhø̌ːɡɛɳ] ⓘ; 1938–1952) and Right Party (Högerpartiet [ˈhø̂ːɡɛrpaˌʈiːɛt] ⓘ; 1952–1969).[12] During this time, the party was usually called the Conservative Party outside of Sweden.
After holding minor posts in centre-right governments, the Moderates eventually became the leading opposition party to the Swedish Social Democratic Party and since then those two parties have dominated Swedish politics. After the 1991 Swedish general election, party leader Carl Bildt formed a minority government, the first administration since 1930 to be headed by a member of the party, which lasted three years. The party returned to government under leader and Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt, after the 2006 and 2010 general elections. In 2010, the party was the leading member of the Alliance, a centre-right coalition, along with the Centre Party (C), the Christian Democrats (KD) and the Liberal People's Party (L), and obtained its best result ever (30.1%), despite the coalition not being able to obtain majority.[13]
The current chairman of the party, Ulf Kristersson, was elected at a special party congress on 1 October 2017, following Anna Kinberg Batra's sudden resignation. Kinberg Batra had replaced Reinfeldt, Prime Minister from 2006 to 2014. Under Reinfeldt's leadership, the party moved more towards the centre.[14] Under Kristersson's leadership, the party moved back to the right and opened up to the Sweden Democrats (SD) following the 2018 Swedish general election.[3] Having formed in late 2021 an informal right-wing alliance with SD and former Alliance members, KD and L, with Kristersson as the prime ministerial candidate, the right-wing bloc obtained a narrow win in the 2022 Swedish general election.[15][16]
History edit
General Electoral League (1904–1938) edit
The party was founded on 17 October 1904 in a restaurant called Runan in Stockholm. The intention was to start a campaign organization in support of the group of Conservatives which had emerged in the Riksdag. During the 19th century conservatives had organised themselves in the Riksdag but there was no party to support them. The Swedish right was also threatened by the rise of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (founded in 1889) and the Liberals (1902). The party was called the General Electoral League (Swedish: Allmänna valmansförbundet).
At first, the party was clearly nationalist and staunchly conservative. The importance of a strong defence was underlined and other societal institutions embraced by the party were the monarchy and the state of law. The party initially held ia protectionist view towards the economy; tariffs were widely supported as well as interventionist economical measures such as agricultural subsidies. In the defence policy crisis in 1914 (which overturned the parliamentary Liberal government), the party sided with King Gustav but stopped short of accepting a right-wing government by royal appointment, instead opting for an independent-conservative "war cabinet" under Hjalmar Hammarskjöld which was eventually overturned in favour of a Liberal-Social Democratic majority coalition government and thus the breakthrough of parliamentary rule, albeit reluctantly embraced by the right.
Arvid Lindman (often called "The Admiral") became influential in the party and served two terms as Prime Minister of Sweden, before and after the enactment of universal suffrage. In 1907, he proposed universal male suffrage to the parliament and in 1912 he was formally elected leader. But the party voted against universal suffrage and the party again voted against women's right to vote. It was only because the party was in the minority that Sweden was able to grant the right to vote for all, pushed through by the Liberals and the Social Democrats (the left), against the objections of the right. Although not one of the founders of the party and not a prominent ideologist, Lindman and his achievements as a leader are often appreciated as being of great importance to the new party. His leadership was marked by a consolidation of the Swedish right, and by transforming the party into a modern, effective, political movement. Lindman was a very pragmatic politician, but without losing his principles. He was a formidable negotiator and peace broker. For this, he was widely respected, even by his fiercest political opponents and when he resigned and left the parliament in 1935, the leader of the Social Democrats, Per Albin Hansson, expressed his "honest thanks over the battle lines".
From the beginning of the 20th century, social democracy and the labour movement rose to replace liberalism as the major political force for radical reforms. The Moderate Party intensified its opposition to socialism during the leadership of Lindman—the importance of continuance and strengthening national business were cornerstones. But at the same time, recent social issues gained significant political attention; by appeasing the working class, the party also hoped to reduce the threat of revolutionary tendencies. During the governments led by Lindman, several reforms for social progress were made, and it was his first government that initiated the public state pension.
In the 1920s, the Swedish right slowly started to move towards a classical liberal view on economic issues, mainly under the influence of the liberal economist Gustav Cassel, but the economic downturn following the Great Depression frustrated the possible liberal transition of their economic policy. Before that occurred the party gained its greatest success yet with 29.4% in the general election of 1928, often called the Cossack Election, on a clearly anti-socialist programme. The government later formed by the party did not accept the concept of the market economy but continued the protectionist policy by generous financial aid. The government also began complete regulation of agriculture. Production associations, with the objective to administer the regulations and running monopolies on imports, were also established during the period. All this made for a corporate control of the Swedish economy unsurpassed since the popularisation of liberalism at the end of the 19th century.[17] The government of Lindman fell in 1930 after the Social Democrats and the Freeminded People's Party had blocked a proposition for raised customs duty on grain.
The 1930s saw the party in conflict over how to relate to the rising threat of National Socialism and Fascism. Its loosely affiliated youth organisation, the National Youth League of Sweden (Swedish: Sveriges Nationella Ungdomsförbund) was openly pro-Nazi and set up uniformed "fighting groups" to combat political enemies on the streets.[citation needed] The mother party did not like this development, with Lindman clearly stating that pro-Nazi views were not to be accepted in the party, and in 1933 the National Youth League was separated from the party. While the party set up a new youth league, which came to be called Moderate Youth League or The Young Swedes (currently the largest youth league in Sweden in terms of membership), the core of the old one (in spite of some districts, such as Young Swedes-Gothenburg joining the new one) set up its own party—the National League of Sweden—which fought elections as an openly pro-Nazi party[citation needed] and temporarily gained parliamentary representation in the shape of three rightist MPs.
National Organization of the Right (1938–1952) edit
The party participated in the third cabinet of Per Albin Hansson during the Second World War. It was a grand coalition including all major parties, only excluding the Communist Party and the pro-Nazi Socialist Party, both parties being members of the parliament at this time.
In 1934, the Social Democrats formed a new government, and except for the World War II era, would stay in power until 1976. From having been a ruling party, the General Electoral League turned into a bastion of right-wing opposition, and in 1938 it was renamed the National Organization of the Right (Swedish: Högerns riksorganisation [ˈhøːɡɛɳʂ ˈrɪ̂ksɔrɡanɪsaˌɧuːn] ⓘ), a name that would stay until 1952. Outside Sweden, the party was typically called the Conservative Party.
After the Second World War, the party gradually lost support and the Liberals rose to become the second party after the Social Democrats.
Conservative Party (1952–1969) edit
At the beginning of the 1950s, the party re-emerged after being renamed the Rightist Party (Swedish: Högerpartiet); its name outside Sweden remained Conservative Party. Under the leadership of Jarl Hjalmarson (1950–1961) the party became an important voice against the rising levels of taxation and a defender of private ownership from, what the party saw as, the growing tendencies of state centralization.
The party had significant success in the elections during the 1950s and became the largest party of the opposition in 1958. But the next decade brought changes to the political climate of Sweden. The election of 1968 gave the Social Democrats an absolute majority in the parliament and reduced the Rightist Party to become the smallest party of opposition.
Moderate Party (1969–present) edit
By 1968, the dominance of the Social Democratic Party and 24 years of trailing the liberal People's Party among the opposition bloc had pushed the party to the edge of political relevance. Seeking to shed its ultra-conservative image, in 1969, the party changed its name to the Moderate Coalition Party (Swedish: Moderata Samlingspartiet, generally just referred to as Moderaterna) or just the Moderate Party.
In 1970, Gösta Bohman was elected leader of the Moderate Party. During his leadership the party continued its gradual movement from nationalist traditionalist conservatism towards internationalist liberal conservatism, calling for Swedish membership in the EEC since the 1960s and in practice adopting most policies affiliated with classical liberalism. It also adopted a much more liberal social outlook, which was seen as a key factor in the foundation of the Christian Democratic Gathering in 1964, a socially conservative party. Bohman proved a successful leader, and helped lead the non-socialist opposition to victory in the 1976 election.
The Moderate Party joined the government under Thorbjörn Fälldin, with Gösta Bohman as Minister of Economy. The non-socialist parties managed to remain in power until 1982 in different constellations, but the election of 1979 again made the Moderate Party become the second party after the Social Democrats, a position it has held since then. Gösta Bohman was in 1981 replaced by Ulf Adelsohn.
In 1986, Carl Bildt was elected leader of the party. A son-in-law of Bohman, he managed to lead the party to an election victory in 1991. The Moderate Party led a center-right coalition between 1991 and 1994, with Bildt serving as the first conservative Prime Minister since Arvid Lindman. The cabinet of Carl Bildt did much to reform the Swedish government: they cut taxes, cut public spending, introduced voucher schools, made it possible for counties to privatize health care, liberalised markets for telecommunications and energy, and privatised former publicly owned companies (further deregulations and privatisations were carried out by the following Social Democratic Cabinet of Göran Persson). The negotiations for membership with the European Union were also finalized.
The party gained votes in 1994, but the governing coalition lost its majority. While Bildt stayed on as the Moderate Party leader, failing to unite with the Greens, the non-socialist parties failed to return to government after the election in 1998 as well. Bo Lundgren replaced him and led the party in the disastrous general election of 2002, much owed to his alleged neoliberal stances, for which Lundgren continues to receive praise from younger members. Former head of the Moderate Youth Fredrik Reinfeldt was elected as the new party leader in 2003.
Prior to the 2006 general election, the Moderate Party adjusted its position in the political spectrum, moving towards the centre-right. To reflect these changes, the party's unofficial name was altered to The New Moderates (Swedish: De Nya Moderaterna [dɔm ˈnŷːa mʊdɛˈrɑ̌ːtɛɳa] ⓘ).[18] This has included focus on proactive measures against unemployment, lower taxes combined with reforms to strengthen the Swedish welfare state. The Moderate Party has since 2006 used the slogan "the Swedish Workers' Party", a slogan formerly synonymous with the Social Democrats.
In the 2006 general election, the Moderate Party enjoyed its best result since 1928 with 26.2% of the votes. The Moderate Party had formed the Alliance for Sweden, a political and electoral alliance, along with the Centre Party, the Liberal People's Party and the Christian Democrats prior to this election. After the election, the Alliance for Sweden was able to form a coalition government. Party leader Fredrik Reinfeldt took office as Prime Minister of Sweden on 6 October 2006 along with his cabinet. In the 2010 general election, the Moderate Party performed their best results, since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1919, with 30.1% of the votes. However, the minor parties in the Alliance performed relatively poorly, and the Reinfeldt cabinet continued in office as a minority government.
He is the longest-serving non–Social Democrat Prime Minister since Erik Gustaf Boström who left office in 1900.
In the 2014 European elections, the Moderate Party came in third place nationally with 13.6% of the vote, returning 3 MEPs.
In the 2014 general election, the Red-Green coalition outpolled Reinfeldt's incumbent Alliance coalition, prompting its resignation. The Social Democrat Stefan Löfven became Prime Minister on 3 October 2014. The Moderate Party performed reasonably well also in the 2014 election, making Reinfeldt its most successful leader with 3 of their 4 best election results since 1932.[citation needed] Anna Kinberg Batra was elected to succeed Reinfeldt as party leader on 10 January 2015. Ulf Kristersson succeeded Kinberg-Batra on 1 October 2017.
The Moderate Party made its worst election result since 2002 in the 2018 general election.[19] Ulf Kristersson announced that the party would "create a new Swedish Model" at the Moderate Party Congress on 5 April 2019 and also that the party would be phasing out the New Moderates name. The party also presented its new logo, the old M logo which was used between 1972 and 2006 was adopted again.[20] The change in logo was seen by analysts as a way to show that the party breaks with Reinfeldt's policies.[21] Ulf Kristersson was also critical to multiculturalism.[22]
Kristersson held a meeting in December 2019 with Jimmie Åkesson, leader of the Sweden Democrats, and said that he would cooperate with them in parliament. The anti-immigration party had previously been subject to a cordon sanitaire by all other parties, with Kristersson himself ruling out dialogue with them ahead of the 2018 elections. According to Ann-Cathrine Jungar of Södertörn University, this put Sweden in line with several other European countries in which centre-right and radical-right parties cooperate.[3]
In October 2022, the Tidö Agreement was formed, which led to the formation of the Kristersson Cabinet as Sweden's government.[23] On 18 October 2022, Ulf Kristersson became the new Prime Minister of Sweden.[24] Moderates formed a centre-right coalition with the Christian Democrats and the Liberals. The new government will be backed by the biggest right-wing party, Sweden Democrats (SD), meaning tougher immigration policies as a crucial part of a policy deal with the SD.[25] Soon after his appointment, new foreign minister, Tobias Billström of Moderate Party, announced that Sweden will renounce "feminist foreign policy", implemented by the previous left-wing government.[26]
Ideology and political positions edit
The Moderate Party states that its ideology is a mix of liberalism and conservatism, and corresponds to what is called liberal conservatism. As is common in European centre-right and conservative parties, the term liberalism in Sweden refers to the traditional meaning of classical liberalism rather than progressivism or social liberalism in countries such as Canada or the United States.
The party supports free markets and personal freedom and has historically been the essential force for privatisation, deregulation, lowering tax rates, and a reduction of the public-sector growth rate.[27] Other issues emphasized by the party are such as actions against violent crime and sex crime, increasing and promoting the value of working, and quality in the educational system. The party supports same-sex marriage in Sweden and Sweden's membership in the European Union. The Moderate Party considers itself as a "green-right" party.[28]
The party campaigned for changing currency to the euro in the 2003 referendum. As of 2013, the party was still in favor of the euro, but it expressed that the issue of a membership of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union and the eurozone would not be relevant until the member states have met certain strict requirements set up by the party in regard to budget deficits.[29]
After Fredrik Reinfeldt became leader, the party slowly moved further towards the political centre and also adopted pragmatic views. The party abandoned several of its old key features such as a proportional income tax and increased military spending. Criticism of the labour laws, its former characteristic which was neoliberal, was changed towards conserving the Swedish model and a careful embracing of balance on the labour market.[30]
With the ascension of Anna Kinberg Batra as party leader, the party adjusted its position in the political spectrum and moved back towards the political right.[31] The party abandoned its previously liberal stance on immigration, notably manifested by Fredrik Reinfeldt's summer speech in 2014 in which he appealed for "open hearts" to meet the expected migrant waves. The party supports border controls and tougher rules for immigrants, including temporary residence permits, stricter requirements for family reunification and cuts in welfare benefits.[32][33] Swedish values was a recurring subject in Anna Kindberg Batra's speech at the Almedalen Week in 2016, and she said that immigrants should make efforts to learn the Swedish language and take part of Swedish societal orientation, or risk getting reduced benefits and harder to get permanent residence permits.[34] Since 2015, the party has taken up its demand for increased military spending, and has supported the re-introduction of mandatory military service, inactivated in Sweden under Fredrik Reinfeldt in 2010.[35][36]
The party is in favour of Swedish membership of NATO and supported Sweden's application for membership.[37] The party expressed a wish that a membership is applied for together with Finland which is what happened in May 2022.[38]
Voter base edit
Statistical changes in voter base edit
Socio-economic group and gender of voters | Percentage of which voting for the Moderates | |||||
| Groups/Gender | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2018 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue-collar workers | 7 | 16 | 19 | 13 | 14 | 14 |
| White-collar workers | 21 | 32 | 34 | 26 | 22 | 21 |
| Businessmen and farmers | 25 | 44 | 38 | 35 | 29 | 25 |
| Male | 16 | 31 | 32 | 25 | 21 | 21 |
| Female | 11 | 23 | 26 | 22 | 19 | 17 |
| Source: | [39] | |||||
Electoral history edit
Parliament (Riksdag) edit
| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1911 | 188,691 | 31.1 (#2) | 65 / 230 | Opposition | |
| Mar 1914 | 286,250 | 37.7 (#1) | 86 / 230 | 21 | Opposition |
| Sep 1914 | 268,631 | 36.7 (#1) | 86 / 230 | Opposition (1914–1917) | |
| Minority (1917) | |||||
| 1917 | 182,070 | 24.7 (#3) | 59 / 230 | 27 | Opposition |
| 1920 | 183,019 | 27.9 (#2) | 70 / 230 | 11 | Opposition |
| 1921 | 449,257 | 25.8 (#2) | 62 / 230 | 8 | Opposition (1921–1923) |
| Minority (1923–1924) | |||||
| 1924 | 461,257 | 26.1 (#2) | 65 / 230 | 3 | Opposition |
| 1928 | 692,434 | 29.4 (#2) | 73 / 230 | 8 | Minority (1928–1930) |
| Opposition (1930–1932) | |||||
| 1932 | 576,053 | 23.1 (#2) | 58 / 230 | 15 | Opposition |
| 1936 | 512,781 | 17.6 (#2) | 44 / 230 | 9 | Opposition (1936–1939) |
| Coalition (1939–1940) | |||||
| 1940 | 518,346 | 18.0 (#2) | 42 / 230 | 2 | Coalition |
| 1944 | 488,921 | 15.8 (#2) | 39 / 230 | 3 | Coalition (1944–1945) |
| Opposition (1945–1948) | |||||
| 1948 | 478,779 | 12.3 (#2) | 23 / 230 | 16 | Opposition |
| 1952 | 543,825 | 14.4 (#3) | 31 / 230 | 8 | Opposition |
| 1956 | 663,693 | 17.1 (#3) | 42 / 231 | 11 | Opposition |
| 1958 | 750,332 | 19.5 (#2) | 45 / 233 | 3 | Opposition |
| 1960 | 704,365 | 16.6 (#3) | 39 / 233 | 6 | Opposition |
| 1964 | 582,609 | 13.7 (#4) | 33 / 233 | 6 | Opposition |
| 1968 | 621,031 | 12.9 (#4) | 32 / 233 | 1 | Opposition |
| 1970 | 573,812 | 11.5 (#4) | 41 / 350 | 9 | Opposition |
| 1973 | 737,584 | 14.3 (#3) | 51 / 350 | 10 | Opposition |
| 1976 | 847,672 | 15.6 (#3) | 55 / 349 | 4 | Coalition (1976–1978) |
| Opposition (1978–1979) | |||||
| 1979 | 1,108,406 | 20.3 (#2) | 73 / 349 | 18 | Coalition |
| 1982 | 1,313,337 | 23.6 (#2) | 86 / 349 | 13 | Opposition |
| 1985 | 1,187,335 | 21.3 (#2) | 76 / 349 | 10 | Opposition |
| 1988 | 983,226 | 18.3 (#2) | 66 / 349 | 10 | Opposition |
| 1991 | 1,199,394 | 21.9 (#2) | 80 / 349 | 14 | Coalition |
| 1994 | 1,243,253 | 22.4 (#2) | 80 / 349 | 0 | Opposition |
| 1998 | 1,204,926 | 22.9 (#2) | 82 / 349 | 2 | Opposition |
| 2002 | 791,660 | 15.1 (#2) | 55 / 349 | 27 | Opposition |
| 2006 | 1,456,014 | 26.2 (#2) | 97 / 349 | 42 | Coalition |
| 2010 | 1,791,766 | 30.1 (#2) | 107 / 349 | 10 | Coalition |
| 2014 | 1,403,630 | 23.3 (#2) | 84 / 349 | 23 | Opposition |
| 2018 | 1,284,698 | 19.8 (#2) | 70 / 349 | 14 | Opposition |
| 2022 | 1,237,428 | 19.1 (#3) | 68 / 349 | 2 | Coalition |
European Parliament edit
Organization edit
The party is organised on national, county and municipal level. Currently the party has around 600 local party associations and 26 county or city associations[40] Each county or city association sends delegates to the party congress, which is held every third year.[41] The 200 congress delegates elect a party chairman, two deputy party chairmen, and members of the party board.[41] The party board appoints a party secretary.[41]
In December 2009, the party's reported membership was 55,612 people, the second largest membership after the Social Democrats.[42]
Affiliated organizations edit
The Moderate Party has the following affiliated groups and organizations:
- Moderate Youth League (Moderata ungdomsförbundet, MUF), organizes young members
- Moderate Seniors (Moderata seniorer [mʊdɛˈrɑ̌ːta sɛnɪˈǒːrɛr] ⓘ), organizes senior members
- Moderate Women (Moderatkvinnorna), organizes female members
- Open Moderates (Öppna moderater Swedish pronunciation: [ˈœ̂pːna mʊdɛˈrɑ̌ːtɛr]), organizes LGBT members
Leaders edit
Chairpersons edit
- Gustaf Fredrik Östberg, 1904–1905[43]
- Axel G. Svedelius, 1905–1906[43]
- Hugo Tamm, 1907[43]
- Gustaf Fredrik Östberg, 1908–1912[43]
- Arvid Lindman, 1912–1935[43]
- Gösta Bagge, 1935–1944[43]
- Fritiof Domö, 1944–1950[43]
- Jarl Hjalmarson, 1950–1961[43]
- Gunnar Heckscher, 1961–1965[43]
- Yngve Holmberg, 1965–1970[43]
- Gösta Bohman, 1970–1981[43]
- Ulf Adelsohn, 1981–1986[43]
- Carl Bildt, 1986–1999[43]
- Bo Lundgren, 1999–2003[43]
- Fredrik Reinfeldt, 2003–2015[43]
- Anna Kinberg Batra, 2015–2017[43]
- Ulf Kristersson, 2017–present[43]
First deputy party chairpersons (since 1935) edit
- Bernhard Johansson, 1935
- Martin Skoglund, 1935–1956
- Leif Cassel, 1956–1965
- Gösta Bohman, 1965–1970
- Staffan Burenstam Linder, 1970–1981
- Lars Tobisson, 1981–1999
- Chris Heister, 1999–2003
- Gunilla Carlsson, 2003–2015
- Peter Danielsson, 2015–2019
- Elisabeth Svantesson, 2019–present
Second deputy party chairpersons (since 1935) edit
- Karl Magnusson, 1935
- Fritiof Domö, 1935–1944
- Jarl Hjalmarson, 1944–1950
- Knut Ewerlöf, 1950–1958
- Gunnar Heckscher, 1958–1961
- Rolf Eliasson, 1961–1965
- Yngve Nilsson, 1965–1970
- Eric Krönmark, 1970–1981
- Ella Tengbom-Velander, 1981–1986
- Ingegerd Troedsson, 1986–1993
- Gun Hellsvik, 1993–1999
- Gunilla Carlsson, 1999–2003
- Kristina Axén Olin, 2003–2009
- Beatrice Ask, 2009–2015
- Elisabeth Svantesson, 2015–2019
- Anna Tenje, 2019–present
Party secretaries (since 1949) edit
- Gunnar Svärd, 1949–1961
- Yngve Holmberg, 1961–1965
- Sam Nilsson, 1965–1969
- Bertil af Ugglas, 1969–1974
- Lars Tobisson, 1974–1981
- Georg Danell, 1981–1986
- Per Unckel, 1986–1991
- Gunnar Hökmark, 1991–1999
- Johnny Magnusson, 1999–2003
- Sven Otto Littorin, 2003–2006
- Per Schlingmann, 2006–2010
- Sofia Arkelsten, 2010–2012
- Kent Persson, 2012–2015
- Tomas Tobé, 2015–2017
- Anders Edholm, 2017
- Gunnar Strömmer, 2017–2022[44]
- Karin Enström, 2022–present[45]
National ombudsmen (1909–1965) edit
- Gustaf Gustafsson, 1909–1913
- Karl Hammarberg, 1913–1915
- Jonas Folcker, 1915–1920
- Lennart Kolmodin, 1920–1949
- Nils Hellström, 1949–1965
Prime Ministers edit
- Christian Lundeberg, 1905[43]
- Arvid Lindman, 1906–1911[43]
- Carl Swartz, 1917[43]
- Ernst Trygger, 1923–1924[43]
- Arvid Lindman, 1928–1930[43]
- Carl Bildt, 1991–1994[43]
- Fredrik Reinfeldt, 2006–2014[43]
- Ulf Kristersson, 2022–present[46]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Since 2019
References edit
- ^ "Den största ökningen av medlemmar i Moderaterna sedan 1985". Moderaterna (in Swedish). 17 February 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^
- Petrakis, Panagiotis E.; Kostis, Pantelis C.; Valsamis, Dionysis G. (4 January 2014). European Economics and Politics in the Midst of the Crisis: From the Outbreak of the Crisis to the Fragmented European Federation. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642413445.
- "Swedish election: Vote begins amid anti-immigration surge". BBC News. 9 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- Weekly Graphs. "Elections in Sweden – 9th of September". V-Dem. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- Susanne Wixe (9 September 2018). "This is what's happened in Sweden last night". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- Ulla Engberg (5 June 2018). "Sweden Democrats' leader pleased with the latest poll results". Gruppsida. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- Krishnadev Calamur (8 September 2018). "Why Sweden's Far Right Is on the Rise". The Atlantic. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- Susanne Wixe (9 September 2018). "This is what's happened in Sweden last night". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- ^ a b c Milne, Richard (5 December 2019). "Mainstream Swedish party open to working with once-spurned nationalists". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ "Säkrare, grönare, friare – hundratals moderater utvecklar politiken". Moderaterna (in Swedish). 1 February 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
- ^ "2014: Val till landstingsfullmäktige - Valda" 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Valmyndigheten (in Swedish). 28 September 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ "2014: Val till kommunfullmäktige - Valda" 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Valmyndigheten (in Swedish). 26 September 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ "The Moderate Youth League". Moderata Ungdomsförbundet (MUF). Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^
- Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Sweden". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
- Peter Viggo Jakobsen (2006). Nordic Approaches to Peace Operations: A New Model in the Making?. Taylor & Francis. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-415-38360-8.
- Anja Timm (2008). "Practices of Transparency: exporting Swedish business culture to the Baltic states". In Christina Garsten; Monica Lindh De Montoya (eds.). Transparency in a New Global Order: Unveiling Organizational Visions. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-84844-135-4.
- Björn Wittrock (2012). "The Making of Sweden". In Johann Pall Arnason; Bjorn Wittrock (eds.). Nordic Paths to Modernity. Berghahn Books. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-85745-270-2.
- Hariz Halilovich (2013). Places of Pain: Forced Displacement, Popular Memory and Trans-local Identities in Bosnian War-torn Communities. Berghahn Books. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-85745-777-6.
- ^ Klaus Misgeld; Karl Molin (2010). Creating Social Democracy: A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden. Penn State Press. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-271-04344-9.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
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External links edit
- Official website
- at the Parliament of Sweden's website