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National Endowment for the Arts

January 01, 1970

The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence.[2] It was created in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government by an act of the U.S. Congress, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 29, 1965 (20 U.S.C. 951).[3] It is a sub-agency of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities, along with the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, and the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

National Endowment for the Arts
Agency overview
Formed1965
JurisdictionFederal government of the United States
HeadquartersConstitution Center, Washington, D.C.
Annual budget$162,250,000 USD (2020)
Agency executive
  • Maria Rosario Jackson, Chairman[1]
Websitearts.gov

The NEA has its offices in Washington, D.C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, as well as the Special Tony Award in 2016.[4] In 1985, the NEA won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Film Institute in the identification, acquisition, restoration and preservation of historic films.[5] In 2016 and again in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Television Academy in the Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series category.[6]

History and purpose edit

The National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President Lyndon B. Johnson under the general auspices of the Great Society. According to historian Karen Patricia Heath, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of knowledge, cultural or otherwise, for its own sake, nor did he have time for art appreciation or meeting with artists."[7]

The NEA is "dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all Americans; and providing leadership in arts education".[2]

Further information on the 1984 establishment of the: National Center for Film and Video Preservation

Grants edit

Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than $5 billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99.5 million as a result of pressure from conservative groups, including the American Family Association, who criticized the agency for using tax dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as Barbara DeGenevieve, Andres Serrano, Robert Mapplethorpe, and the performance artists known as the "NEA Four". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 million.[8] For FY 2010, the budget reached the level it was at during the mid-1990s at $167.5 million[9] but fell again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 million.[9]

Governance edit

The NEA is governed by a chairman nominated by the president to a four-year term and subject to congressional confirmation.[10] The NEA's advisory committee, the National Council on the Arts, advises the chairman on policies and programs, as well as reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative. This body consists of 14 individuals appointed by the President for their expertise and knowledge in the arts, in addition to six ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting capacity.[11]

Grantmaking edit

The NEA provides grants in the categories of arts projects, national initiatives, and partnership agreements. Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects for artist communities, arts education, dance, design, folk and traditional arts, literature, local arts agencies, media arts, museums, music, musical theater, opera, presenting (including multidisciplinary art forms), theater, and visual arts. The NEA also grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose and poetry.[citation needed]

The NEA offers partnerships for state, regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA's primary partners in serving the American people through the arts. Forty percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies and regional arts organizations. Additionally, the NEA awards three Lifetime Honors: NEA National Heritage Fellowships to master folk and traditional artists, NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates, and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to opera in the United States. The NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually by the President.[citation needed]

Relative scope of funding edit

Artist William Powhida has noted that "in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought almost a billion dollars in contemporary art at Christie's in New York." He further commented: "If you had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could probably double the NEA budget in two nights."[12]

Lifetime honors edit

The NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by awarding three lifetime achievement awards. The NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the art of jazz. The NEA National Heritage Fellowships are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American's folk and traditional arts. The National Medal of Arts is awarded by the President of the United States and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, support, and availability of the arts in the United States.[citation needed]

Controversy edit

1981 attempts to abolish edit

Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year period. Reagan's first director of the Office of Management and Budget, David A. Stockman, thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were "good [departments] to simply bring to a halt because they went too far, and they would be easy to defeat." Another proposal would have halved the arts endowment budget. However, these plans were abandoned when the President's special task force on the arts and humanities, which included close Reagan allies such as conservatives Charlton Heston and Joseph Coors, discovered "the needs involved and benefits of past assistance," concluding that continued federal support was important. Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981, and while the department's budget decreased from $158.8 million in 1981 to $143.5 million, by 1989 it was $169.1 million, the highest it had ever been.[13][14][15]

1989 objections edit

In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family Association held a press conference attacking what he called "anti-Christian bigotry," in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The work at the center of the controversy was Piss Christ, a photo of a plastic crucifix submerged in a vial of an amber fluid described by the artist as his own urine.[16] Republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al D'Amato began to rally against the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Club and Pat Buchanan joined the attacks. Republican representative Dick Armey, an opponent of federal arts funding, began to attack a planned exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe at the Corcoran Museum of Art that was to receive NEA support.[citation needed]

On June 12, 1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that it did not want to "adversely affect the NEA's congressional appropriations." The Washington Project for the Arts later hosted the Mapplethorpe show. The cancellation was highly criticized and in September, 1989, the Director of the Corcoran gallery, Christina Orr-Cahill, issued a formal statement of apology saying, "The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy by removing itself from the political spotlight, has instead found itself in the center of controversy. By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition, we, the board of trustees and the director, have inadvertently offended many members of the arts community which we deeply regret. Our course in the future will be to support art, artists and freedom of expression."[17]

Democratic representative Pat Williams, chairman of the House subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization, partnered with Republican Tom Coleman to formulate a compromise bill to save the Endowment. The Williams-Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to expand access to the arts in rural and inner city areas, leave the obscenity determination to the courts, and altered the composition of the review panels to increase diversity of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of interest.[18] After fierce debate, the language embodied in the Williams-Coleman substitute prevailed and subsequently became law.[19]

Though this controversy inspired congressional debate about appropriations to the NEA, including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA-supported work and their grantmaking guidelines, efforts to defund the NEA failed.[20]

1990 performance artists vetoed edit

Main article: NEA Four

Conservative media continued to attack individual artists whose NEA-supported work was deemed controversial. The "NEA Four", Karen Finley, Tim Miller, John Fleck, and Holly Hughes, were performance artists whose proposed grants from the United States government's National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) were vetoed by John Frohnmayer in June 1990. Grants were overtly vetoed on the basis of subject matter after the artists had successfully passed through a peer review process. The artists won their case in court in 1993 and were awarded amounts equal to the grant money in question, though the case would make its way to the United States Supreme Court in National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley.[21] The case centered on subsection (d)(1) of 20 U.S.C. § 954 which provides that the NEA Chairperson shall ensure that artistic excellence and artistic merit are the criteria by which applications are judged. The court ruled in 524 U.S. 569 (1998), that Section 954(d)(1) is facially valid, as it neither inherently interferes with First Amendment rights nor violates constitutional vagueness principles.[citation needed]

1995–1997 congressional attacks edit

The 1994 midterm elections cleared the way for House Speaker Newt Gingrich to lead a renewed attack on the NEA. Gingrich had called for the NEA to be eliminated along with the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. While some in Congress attacked the funding of controversial artists, others argued the endowment was wasteful and elitist.[22] However, despite massive budget cutbacks and the end of grants to individual artists, Gingrich ultimately failed in his push to eliminate the endowment.[citation needed]

Proposed defunding edit

The budget outline submitted by then-president Donald Trump on March 16, 2017, to Congress would have eliminated all funding for the program.[23][24] Congress approved a budget that retained NEA funding. The White House budget proposed for fiscal year 2018 again called for elimination of funding, but Congress retained the funding for another year.[25]

Chairpersons edit

Nancy Hanks (1969–77) edit

Nancy Hanks, the second chairman, was appointed by President Richard Nixon, continuing her service under Gerald Ford. During her eight-year tenure, the NEA's funding increased from $8 million to $114 million.[citation needed]

According to Elaine A. King:

Nancy Hanks perhaps was able to accomplish her mission because she functioned as a benevolent art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political red-tape. From 1969 through 1977, under Hanks' administration, the Arts Endowment functioned like a fine piece of oiled machinery. Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the power of the lobby system. Although she had not had direct administrative experience in the federal government, some people were skeptical at the beginning of her term. Those in doubt underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to direct this complex cultural office. Richard Nixon's early endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several ways. The budget for the Arts Endowment not only increased but more federal funding became available for numerous programs within the agency.[39]

See also edit

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ www.whitehouse.gov
  2. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts. . Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  3. ^ "U.S.C. Title 20 - EDUCATION". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  4. ^ "The 2016 Tony Awards: Winners". Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  5. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts wins Honorary Oscar".
  6. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts: United States of Arts".
  7. ^ Karen Patricia Heath, "Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism." European Journal of American Culture 36.1 (2017): 5-22. online
  8. ^ [1][dead link]
  9. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History, NEA
  10. ^ Patricia Cohen (August 7, 2013) Vacancies Hamper Agencies for Arts New York Times.
  11. ^ National Council on the Arts 2010-12-16 at the Wayback Machine, nea.gov 2008-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Neda Ulaby (Director) (2014-05-15). "In Pricey Cities, Being A Bohemian Starving Artist Gets Old Fast". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
  13. ^ William H. Honan (May 15, 1988). "Book Discloses That Reagan Planned To Kill National Endowment for Arts". New York Times.
  14. ^ Gioia, Dana (17 February 2017). "For the umpteenth time, the National Endowment for the Arts deserves its funding". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  15. ^ "Frank Hodsoll, NEA chairman who championed arts under Reagan, dies at 78". Washington Post. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  16. ^ Paul Monaco (2000). Understanding Society, Culture, and Television. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 100. ISBN 978-0-275-97095-6.
  17. ^ Quigley, Margaret. "The Mapplethorpe Censorship Controversy". PublicEye.org/Political Research Associates. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  18. ^ Kresse, Mary Ellen (January 1, 1991). "Turmoil at the National Endowment for the Arts: Can Federally Funded Act Sur unded Act Survive the "Mapplethorpe Contr e the "Mapplethorpe Controversy" ?". Buffalo Law Review: 44 – via Digital Commons.
  19. ^ Parachini, Changed NEA Likely Even Without Content Rules, L.A. Times, Oct. 29, 1990 Online
  20. ^ C. Carr, Timeline of NEA 4 events, franklinfurnace.org
  21. ^ National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, 524 U.S. 569, (1998).
  22. ^ Hughes, Robert (August 7, 1995). . TIME. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  23. ^ Naylor, Brian (March 16, 2017). "Trump Budget Cuts Funding For Arts, Humanities Endowments And Corporation For Public Broadcasting". NPR. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  24. ^ McPhee, Ryan (March 16, 2017). "Trump Administration's Budget Proposal Eliminates National Endowment for the Arts". Playbill. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  25. ^ National Endowment for the Arts Update: Trump FY2018 Budget Proposal Calls for Elimination of NEA Funding
  26. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts Announces New Acting Chairman" 2009-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, NEA press release dated February 2, 2009 at NEA website.
  27. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Saving Federal Arts Funds: Selling Culture as an Economic Force," New York Times, February 16, 2009.
  28. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Producer Is Chosen to Lead Arts Endowment", New York Times, May 13, 2009.
  29. ^ Davi Napoleon, 2009-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, The Faster Times, June 13, 2009.
  30. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Rocco Landesman Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts", New York Times, August 7, 2009.
  31. ^ "Statement from National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Rocco Landesman". The National Endowment for the Arts. November 20, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  32. ^ . www.arts.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-05-03.
  33. ^ "Jane Chu confirmed as NEA Chairman after position had been vacant for a year". The Washington Post. July 12, 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  34. ^ "Jane Chu Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts". Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  35. ^ "Mary Anne Carter". NEA. 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  36. ^ "Mary Anne Carter Confirmed by Senate as Chairman of National Endowment for the Arts". NASAA. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  37. ^ "Maria Rosario Jackson". NEA. 2022-02-17.
  38. ^ "Senate confirms Biden's pick for the National Endowment for the Arts". NEA. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  39. ^ Elaine A. King,"Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, an Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).

Sources edit

  • Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4, 2018
  • National Endowment for the Arts (2000). . Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. OCLC 52401250. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-24.

Further reading edit

  • Arian, Edward (1993). The Unfulfilled Promise: Public Subsidy of the Arts in America.
  • Benedict, Stephen, ed. (1991). Public Money and the Muse: Essays on Government Funding for the Arts.
  • Binkiewicz, Donna M. (2009). "Directions in arts policy history". Journal of Policy History. 21 (4): 424–430. doi:10.1017/S0898030609990157. S2CID 145674813.
  • Binkiewicz, Donna M. (2004). Federalizing the Muse: United States Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2878-5.
  • Cowen, Tyler (2009). Good and plenty: The creative successes of American arts funding. Princeton University Press.
  • Heath, Karen Patricia (2017). "Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism". European Journal of American Culture. 36 (1): 5–22. doi:10.1386/ejac.36.1.5_1. S2CID 164923622.
  • Jensen, Richard (1995). "The culture wars, 1965-1995: A historian's map". Journal of Social History. 29: 17–37. doi:10.1353/jsh/29.Supplement.17. JSTOR 3789064.
  • Kammen, Michael (1996). "Culture and the State in America". Journal of American History. 83 (3): 791–814. doi:10.2307/2945640. JSTOR 2945640.
  • King, Elaine A. (1986). Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force (Ph.D. dissertation). Northwestern University.
  • Levy, Alan Howard (1997). Government and the arts: Debates over federal support of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms. University Press of America.
  • Love, Jeffrey (1991). "Sorting out our roles: The state arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts". Journal of Arts Management and Law. 21 (3): 215–226. doi:10.1080/07335113.1991.9943137.
  • Lowell, Julia F. (2004). (PDF). Rand Corporation. ISBN 0-8330-3562-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-04.
  • Marquis, Alice Goldfarb (1995). Art lessons: Learning from the rise and fall of public arts funding.
  • National Endowment for the Arts (1986). National Endowment for the Arts: a brief history, 1965-2006: an excerpt --the beginning through the Hanks era.
  • Ottley, Gary; Hanna, Richard (2018). "Do consumers know enough to assess the true value of art? A study of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA". Journal of Public Affairs. 18 (2). doi:10.1002/pa.1654.
  • Schuster, J. Mark (2002). "Sub-national cultural policy--where the action is: Mapping state cultural policy in the United States". International Journal of Cultural Policy. 8 (2): 181–196. doi:10.1080/1028663022000009623. S2CID 143744753.
  • Uy, Michael Sy (2020). Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197510445.

Primary sources edit

  • Alexander, Jane. Command Performance: an Actress in the Theater of Politics. (Public Affairs, 2000) Chairman of the NEA 1993–1997
  • Biddle, Livingston. Our government and the arts: A perspective from the inside (1988), drafted NEA legislation; senior NEA official
  • Frohnmayer, John. Leaving Town Alive: Confessions of an Arts Warrior (1992) NEA Chairman 1989 to 1992
  • Straight, Michael. Nancy Hanks: an intimate portrait: the creation of a national commitment to the arts. (1988) Nancy Hanks was NEA Chairman 1969–77; Michael Straight was her deputy chairman.
  • National Endowment for the Arts. . Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.

External links edit

  • Official website
  • National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities in the Federal Register
  • publications by and about NEA online free
  • NEA Small Press Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

January 01, 1970
national, endowment, arts, independent, agency, united, states, federal, government, that, offers, support, funding, projects, exhibiting, artistic, excellence, created, 1965, independent, agency, federal, government, congress, signed, president, lyndon, johns. The National Endowment for the Arts NEA is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence 2 It was created in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government by an act of the U S Congress signed by President Lyndon B Johnson on September 29 1965 20 U S C 951 3 It is a sub agency of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities along with the National Endowment for the Humanities the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities and the Institute of Museum and Library Services National Endowment for the ArtsAgency overviewFormed1965JurisdictionFederal government of the United StatesHeadquartersConstitution Center Washington D C Annual budget 162 250 000 USD 2020 Agency executiveMaria Rosario Jackson Chairman 1 Websitearts wbr gov The NEA has its offices in Washington D C It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995 as well as the Special Tony Award in 2016 4 In 1985 the NEA won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Film Institute in the identification acquisition restoration and preservation of historic films 5 In 2016 and again in 2017 the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Television Academy in the Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series category 6 Contents 1 History and purpose 2 Grants 3 Governance 4 Grantmaking 4 1 Relative scope of funding 5 Lifetime honors 6 Controversy 6 1 1981 attempts to abolish 6 2 1989 objections 6 3 1990 performance artists vetoed 6 4 1995 1997 congressional attacks 6 5 Proposed defunding 7 Chairpersons 7 1 Nancy Hanks 1969 77 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Citations 9 2 Sources 10 Further reading 10 1 Primary sources 11 External linksHistory and purpose editThe National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President Lyndon B Johnson under the general auspices of the Great Society According to historian Karen Patricia Heath Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of knowledge cultural or otherwise for its own sake nor did he have time for art appreciation or meeting with artists 7 The NEA is dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts both new and established bringing the arts to all Americans and providing leadership in arts education 2 Further information on the 1984 establishment of the National Center for Film and Video PreservationGrants editBetween 1965 and 2008 the agency has made in excess of 128 000 grants totaling more than 5 billion From the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between 160 and 180 million In 1996 Congress cut the NEA funding to 99 5 million as a result of pressure from conservative groups including the American Family Association who criticized the agency for using tax dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as Barbara DeGenevieve Andres Serrano Robert Mapplethorpe and the performance artists known as the NEA Four Since 1996 the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of 146 21 million 8 For FY 2010 the budget reached the level it was at during the mid 1990s at 167 5 million 9 but fell again in FY 2011 with a budget of 154 million 9 Governance editThe NEA is governed by a chairman nominated by the president to a four year term and subject to congressional confirmation 10 The NEA s advisory committee the National Council on the Arts advises the chairman on policies and programs as well as reviewing grant applications fundraising guidelines and leadership initiative This body consists of 14 individuals appointed by the President for their expertise and knowledge in the arts in addition to six ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non voting capacity 11 Grantmaking editThe NEA provides grants in the categories of arts projects national initiatives and partnership agreements Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects for artist communities arts education dance design folk and traditional arts literature local arts agencies media arts museums music musical theater opera presenting including multidisciplinary art forms theater and visual arts The NEA also grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose and poetry citation needed The NEA offers partnerships for state regional federal international activities and design The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA s primary partners in serving the American people through the arts Forty percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies and regional arts organizations Additionally the NEA awards three Lifetime Honors NEA National Heritage Fellowships to master folk and traditional artists NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to opera in the United States The NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts awarded annually by the President citation needed Relative scope of funding edit Artist William Powhida has noted that in one single auction wealthy collectors bought almost a billion dollars in contemporary art at Christie s in New York He further commented If you had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could probably double the NEA budget in two nights 12 Lifetime honors editThe NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts It does this by awarding three lifetime achievement awards The NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the art of jazz The NEA National Heritage Fellowships are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American s folk and traditional arts The National Medal of Arts is awarded by the President of the United States and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence growth support and availability of the arts in the United States citation needed Controversy edit1981 attempts to abolish edit Upon entering office in 1981 the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three year period Reagan s first director of the Office of Management and Budget David A Stockman thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were good departments to simply bring to a halt because they went too far and they would be easy to defeat Another proposal would have halved the arts endowment budget However these plans were abandoned when the President s special task force on the arts and humanities which included close Reagan allies such as conservatives Charlton Heston and Joseph Coors discovered the needs involved and benefits of past assistance concluding that continued federal support was important Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981 and while the department s budget decreased from 158 8 million in 1981 to 143 5 million by 1989 it was 169 1 million the highest it had ever been 13 14 15 1989 objections edit In 1989 Donald Wildmon of the American Family Association held a press conference attacking what he called anti Christian bigotry in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano The work at the center of the controversy was Piss Christ a photo of a plastic crucifix submerged in a vial of an amber fluid described by the artist as his own urine 16 Republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al D Amato began to rally against the NEA and expanded the attack to include other artists Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Club and Pat Buchanan joined the attacks Republican representative Dick Armey an opponent of federal arts funding began to attack a planned exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe at the Corcoran Museum of Art that was to receive NEA support citation needed On June 12 1989 The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition saying that it did not want to adversely affect the NEA s congressional appropriations The Washington Project for the Arts later hosted the Mapplethorpe show The cancellation was highly criticized and in September 1989 the Director of the Corcoran gallery Christina Orr Cahill issued a formal statement of apology saying The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy by removing itself from the political spotlight has instead found itself in the center of controversy By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition we the board of trustees and the director have inadvertently offended many members of the arts community which we deeply regret Our course in the future will be to support art artists and freedom of expression 17 Democratic representative Pat Williams chairman of the House subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization partnered with Republican Tom Coleman to formulate a compromise bill to save the Endowment The Williams Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to expand access to the arts in rural and inner city areas leave the obscenity determination to the courts and altered the composition of the review panels to increase diversity of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of interest 18 After fierce debate the language embodied in the Williams Coleman substitute prevailed and subsequently became law 19 Though this controversy inspired congressional debate about appropriations to the NEA including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA supported work and their grantmaking guidelines efforts to defund the NEA failed 20 1990 performance artists vetoed edit Main article NEA Four Conservative media continued to attack individual artists whose NEA supported work was deemed controversial The NEA Four Karen Finley Tim Miller John Fleck and Holly Hughes were performance artists whose proposed grants from the United States government s National Endowment for the Arts NEA were vetoed by John Frohnmayer in June 1990 Grants were overtly vetoed on the basis of subject matter after the artists had successfully passed through a peer review process The artists won their case in court in 1993 and were awarded amounts equal to the grant money in question though the case would make its way to the United States Supreme Court in National Endowment for the Arts v Finley 21 The case centered on subsection d 1 of 20 U S C 954 which provides that the NEA Chairperson shall ensure that artistic excellence and artistic merit are the criteria by which applications are judged The court ruled in 524 U S 569 1998 that Section 954 d 1 is facially valid as it neither inherently interferes with First Amendment rights nor violates constitutional vagueness principles citation needed 1995 1997 congressional attacks edit The 1994 midterm elections cleared the way for House Speaker Newt Gingrich to lead a renewed attack on the NEA Gingrich had called for the NEA to be eliminated along with the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting While some in Congress attacked the funding of controversial artists others argued the endowment was wasteful and elitist 22 However despite massive budget cutbacks and the end of grants to individual artists Gingrich ultimately failed in his push to eliminate the endowment citation needed Proposed defunding edit The budget outline submitted by then president Donald Trump on March 16 2017 to Congress would have eliminated all funding for the program 23 24 Congress approved a budget that retained NEA funding The White House budget proposed for fiscal year 2018 again called for elimination of funding but Congress retained the funding for another year 25 Chairpersons edit1965 1969 Roger L Stevens appointed by Lyndon B Johnson 1969 1977 Nancy Hanks appointed by Richard M Nixon 1977 1981 Livingston L Biddle Jr appointed by Jimmy Carter 1981 1989 Frank Hodsoll appointed by Ronald Reagan 1989 1992 John Frohnmayer appointed by George H W Bush 1993 1997 Jane Alexander appointed by Bill Clinton 1998 2001 Bill Ivey appointed by Bill Clinton 2002 Michael P Hammond appointed by George W Bush 2002 2003 Eileen Beth Mason Acting Chairman appointed by George W Bush 2003 2009 Dana Gioia appointed by George W Bush 2009 Patrice Walker Powell Acting Chairman appointed by Barack Obama 26 27 2009 2012 Rocco Landesman appointed by Barack Obama 28 29 30 2012 2014 Joan Shigekawa Acting Chairman 31 2014 2018 32 R Jane Chu appointed by Barack Obama 33 34 2019 2021 35 Mary Anne Carter appointed by Donald Trump 36 2021 37 Maria Rosario Jackson appointed by Joe Biden 38 Nancy Hanks 1969 77 edit Nancy Hanks the second chairman was appointed by President Richard Nixon continuing her service under Gerald Ford During her eight year tenure the NEA s funding increased from 8 million to 114 million citation needed According to Elaine A King Nancy Hanks perhaps was able to accomplish her mission because she functioned as a benevolent art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political red tape From 1969 through 1977 under Hanks administration the Arts Endowment functioned like a fine piece of oiled machinery Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the power of the lobby system Although she had not had direct administrative experience in the federal government some people were skeptical at the beginning of her term Those in doubt underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to direct this complex cultural office Richard Nixon s early endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several ways The budget for the Arts Endowment not only increased but more federal funding became available for numerous programs within the agency 39 See also editNational Endowment for the Humanities National Heritage Fellowship National Medal of Arts winners NEA Jazz Masters New York City Department of Cultural AffairsReferences editCitations edit www whitehouse gov a b National Endowment for the Arts About Us Archived from the original on September 1 2006 Retrieved March 13 2009 U S C Title 20 EDUCATION www govinfo gov Retrieved 2020 10 02 The 2016 Tony Awards Winners Retrieved June 14 2016 National Endowment for the Arts wins Honorary Oscar National Endowment for the Arts United States of Arts Karen Patricia Heath Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance President Lyndon Johnson the National Endowment for the Arts and Great Society liberalism European Journal of American Culture 36 1 2017 5 22 online 1 dead link a b National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History NEA Patricia Cohen August 7 2013 Vacancies Hamper Agencies for Arts New York Times National Council on the Arts Archived 2010 12 16 at the Wayback Machine nea gov Archived 2008 11 06 at the Wayback Machine Neda Ulaby Director 2014 05 15 In Pricey Cities Being A Bohemian Starving Artist Gets Old Fast All Things Considered NPR Retrieved 2014 05 31 William H Honan May 15 1988 Book Discloses That Reagan Planned To Kill National Endowment for Arts New York Times Gioia Dana 17 February 2017 For the umpteenth time the National Endowment for the Arts deserves its funding Los Angeles Times Retrieved February 20 2017 Frank Hodsoll NEA chairman who championed arts under Reagan dies at 78 Washington Post Retrieved February 20 2017 Paul Monaco 2000 Understanding Society Culture and Television Greenwood Publishing Group pp 100 ISBN 978 0 275 97095 6 Quigley Margaret The Mapplethorpe Censorship Controversy PublicEye org Political Research Associates Retrieved 2 October 2009 Kresse Mary Ellen January 1 1991 Turmoil at the National Endowment for the Arts Can Federally Funded Act Sur unded Act Survive the Mapplethorpe Contr e the Mapplethorpe Controversy Buffalo Law Review 44 via Digital Commons Parachini Changed NEA Likely Even Without Content Rules L A Times Oct 29 1990 Online C Carr Timeline of NEA 4 events franklinfurnace org National Endowment for the Arts v Finley 524 U S 569 1998 Hughes Robert August 7 1995 Pulling the Fuse on Culture TIME Archived from the original on October 9 2009 Retrieved October 3 2009 Naylor Brian March 16 2017 Trump Budget Cuts Funding For Arts Humanities Endowments And Corporation For Public Broadcasting NPR Retrieved March 20 2017 McPhee Ryan March 16 2017 Trump Administration s Budget Proposal Eliminates National Endowment for the Arts Playbill Retrieved March 20 2017 National Endowment for the Arts Update Trump FY2018 Budget Proposal Calls for Elimination of NEA Funding National Endowment for the Arts Announces New Acting Chairman Archived 2009 04 04 at the Wayback Machine NEA press release dated February 2 2009 at NEA website Robin Pogrebin Saving Federal Arts Funds Selling Culture as an Economic Force New York Times February 16 2009 Robin Pogrebin Producer Is Chosen to Lead Arts Endowment New York Times May 13 2009 Davi Napoleon Mr Landesman Goes to Washington Archived 2009 07 13 at the Wayback Machine The Faster Times June 13 2009 Robin Pogrebin Rocco Landesman Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts New York Times August 7 2009 Statement from National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Rocco Landesman The National Endowment for the Arts November 20 2012 Retrieved October 20 2013 Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4 2018 NEA www arts gov Archived from the original on 2018 05 03 Jane Chu confirmed as NEA Chairman after position had been vacant for a year The Washington Post July 12 2014 Retrieved 21 July 2014 Jane Chu Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts Retrieved June 12 2014 Mary Anne Carter NEA 2017 04 04 Retrieved 2020 06 15 Mary Anne Carter Confirmed by Senate as Chairman of National Endowment for the Arts NASAA Retrieved 2019 08 06 Maria Rosario Jackson NEA 2022 02 17 Senate confirms Biden s pick for the National Endowment for the Arts NEA Retrieved 2022 02 17 Elaine A King Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States 1965 1978 The National Endowment for the Arts an Influential Force Ph D Dissertation Northwestern University 1986 Sources edit Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4 2018 National Endowment for the Arts 2000 The National Endowment for the Arts 1965 2000 A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts Washington DC National Endowment for the Arts OCLC 52401250 Archived from the original on 2008 05 17 Retrieved 2008 05 24 Further reading editArian Edward 1993 The Unfulfilled Promise Public Subsidy of the Arts in America Benedict Stephen ed 1991 Public Money and the Muse Essays on Government Funding for the Arts Binkiewicz Donna M 2009 Directions in arts policy history Journal of Policy History 21 4 424 430 doi 10 1017 S0898030609990157 S2CID 145674813 Binkiewicz Donna M 2004 Federalizing the Muse United States Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts 1965 1980 University of North Carolina Press ISBN 0 8078 2878 5 Cowen Tyler 2009 Good and plenty The creative successes of American arts funding Princeton University Press Heath Karen Patricia 2017 Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance President Lyndon Johnson the National Endowment for the Arts and Great Society liberalism European Journal of American Culture 36 1 5 22 doi 10 1386 ejac 36 1 5 1 S2CID 164923622 Jensen Richard 1995 The culture wars 1965 1995 A historian s map Journal of Social History 29 17 37 doi 10 1353 jsh 29 Supplement 17 JSTOR 3789064 Kammen Michael 1996 Culture and the State in America Journal of American History 83 3 791 814 doi 10 2307 2945640 JSTOR 2945640 King Elaine A 1986 Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States 1965 1978 The National Endowment for the Arts and Influential Force Ph D dissertation Northwestern University Levy Alan Howard 1997 Government and the arts Debates over federal support of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms University Press of America Love Jeffrey 1991 Sorting out our roles The state arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts Journal of Arts Management and Law 21 3 215 226 doi 10 1080 07335113 1991 9943137 Lowell Julia F 2004 State Arts Agencies 1965 2003 Whose Interests to Serve PDF Rand Corporation ISBN 0 8330 3562 2 Archived from the original PDF on 2020 08 04 Marquis Alice Goldfarb 1995 Art lessons Learning from the rise and fall of public arts funding National Endowment for the Arts 1986 National Endowment for the Arts a brief history 1965 2006 an excerpt the beginning through the Hanks era Ottley Gary Hanna Richard 2018 Do consumers know enough to assess the true value of art A study of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA Journal of Public Affairs 18 2 doi 10 1002 pa 1654 Schuster J Mark 2002 Sub national cultural policy where the action is Mapping state cultural policy in the United States International Journal of Cultural Policy 8 2 181 196 doi 10 1080 1028663022000009623 S2CID 143744753 Uy Michael Sy 2020 Ask the Experts How Ford Rockefeller and the NEA Changed American Music Oxford University Press ISBN 9780197510445 Primary sources edit Alexander Jane Command Performance an Actress in the Theater of Politics Public Affairs 2000 Chairman of the NEA 1993 1997 Biddle Livingston Our government and the arts A perspective from the inside 1988 drafted NEA legislation senior NEA official Frohnmayer John Leaving Town Alive Confessions of an Arts Warrior 1992 NEA Chairman 1989 to 1992 Straight Michael Nancy Hanks an intimate portrait the creation of a national commitment to the arts 1988 Nancy Hanks was NEA Chairman 1969 77 Michael Straight was her deputy chairman National Endowment for the Arts The National Endowment for the Arts 1965 2000 A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts Washington DC National Endowment for the Arts Archived from the original on 2008 05 17 External links editOfficial website National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities in the Federal Register publications by and about NEA online free NEA Small Press Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title National Endowment for the Arts amp oldid 1205519118, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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