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Genus

Genus (/ˈnəs/ pl.: genera /ˈɛnərə/) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.[1] In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

LifeDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. A family contains one or more genera. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
E.g. Panthera leo (lion) and Panthera onca (jaguar) are two species within the genus Panthera. Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae.

The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however,[2][3] including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful:

  1. monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. phylogenetic analysis should clearly demonstrate both monophyly and validity as a separate lineage).
  2. reasonable compactness – a genus should not be expanded needlessly.
  3. distinctness – with respect to evolutionarily relevant criteria, i.e. ecology, morphology, or biogeography; DNA sequences are a consequence rather than a condition of diverging evolutionary lineages except in cases where they directly inhibit gene flow (e.g. postzygotic barriers).

Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera.[4]

Etymology edit

The term "genus" comes from Latin genus, a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum, but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera".[5]

Use edit

The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms, where it is combined with the scientific name of a species: see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology).[6][7]

Use in nomenclature edit

The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes, which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists), plants (also including algae and fungi) and prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names, which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage.

Except for viruses, the standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf's scientific name is Canis lupus, with Canis (Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being the specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus, a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany.

When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus. Where species are further subdivided, the generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus. Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics.

The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example, the virus species "Salmonid herpesvirus 1", "Salmonid herpesvirus 2" and "Salmonid herpesvirus 3" are all within the genus Salmonivirus; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names "Everglades virus" and "Ross River virus" are assigned is Alphavirus.

As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in the form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as "Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus, also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply "Hibiscus L." (botanical usage).

The type concept edit

Each genus should have a designated type, although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this is the type species, and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed.

Categories of generic name edit

In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the "valid" (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question.

Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to the provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated.[8] According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for a taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question.

In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name. An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval.; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej.; a later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg.; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010.[8] In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is "correct name" or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split.

Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as a reference for designating currently[when?] accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature".

An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for the taxon is termed a synonym; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names.

A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for a long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758,[9] and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776.[10]

Identical names (homonyms) edit

Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example, the platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms). However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym. Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia, the name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800.

However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance,

A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG).[11]

Use in higher classifications edit

The type genus forms the base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis. However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores").

Numbers of accepted genera edit

The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of a total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year.[12] "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses[1] and prokaryotes,[13] while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi,[14] Index Nominum Algarum[15] and AlgaeBase[16] for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum[17] and the International Plant Names Index[18] for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus[19] and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names.

Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom:

 
Estimated accepted genus totals by kingdom - based on Rees et al., 2020

The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names; the values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes.

Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda, with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up the largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae).

By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently[when?] 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species,[20] also including genus names only (no species) for some groups.

Genus size edit

 
Number of reptile genera with a given number of species. Most genera have only one or a few species but a few may have hundreds. Based on data from the Reptile Database (as of May 2015).

The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles, which have about 1180 genera, the most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus, contains over 3,000 species.[21]

Which species are assigned to a genus is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance, the lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets.[22]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "ICTV Taxonomy". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 2017. from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  2. ^ Sigward, J. D.; Sutton, M. D.; Bennett, K. D. (2018). "How big is a genus? Towards a nomothetic systematics". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 183 (2): 237–252. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx059. hdl:10023/16213. from the original on 2019-05-30. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  3. ^ Gill, F. B.; Slikas, B.; Sheldon, F. H. (2005). "Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene". Auk. 122 (1): 121–143. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0121:POTPIS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86067032.
  4. ^ de la Maza-Benignos, Mauricio; Lozano-Vilano, Ma. de Lourdes; García-Ramírez, María Elena (December 2015). "Response paper: Morphometric article by Mejía et al. 2015 alluding genera Herichthys and Nosferatu displays serious inconsistencies". Neotropical Ichthyology. 13 (4): 673–676. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20150066.
  5. ^ Stuessy, T. F. (2009). Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data (2nd ed.). New York, New York, US: Columbia University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780231147125. from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  6. ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999). International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. ISBN 0-85301-006-4. from the original on 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  7. ^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. from the original on 2020-10-10. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  8. ^ a b D. L. Hawksworth (2010). Terms Used in Bionomenclature: The Naming of Organisms and Plant Communities : Including Terms Used in Botanical, Cultivated Plant, Phylogenetic, Phytosociological, Prokaryote (bacteriological), Virus, and Zoological Nomenclature. GBIF. pp. 1–215. ISBN 978-87-92020-09-3.
  9. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Physeter Linnaeus, 1758". www.marinespecies.org. from the original on 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2018-06-02.
  10. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Pecten O. F. Müller, 1776". www.marinespecies.org. from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2018-06-02.
  11. ^ "IRMNG: Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera". www.irmng.org. from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
  12. ^ Rees, Tony; Vandepitte, Leen; Vanhoorne, Bart; Decock, Wim (2020). "All genera of the world: an overview and estimates based on the March 2020 release of the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG)". Megataxa. 1 (2): 123–140. doi:10.11646/megataxa.1.2.3. from the original on 2021-03-22. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  13. ^ "LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature". bacterio.net. from the original on 2022-04-01. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
  14. ^ "Index Fungorum Home Page". indexfungorum.org. from the original on 2015-02-05. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
  15. ^ "Index Nominum Algarum: names of algae". Jepson Herbarium - University of California, Berkeley. from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  16. ^ "Algaebase :: Listing the World's Algae". algaebase.org. from the original on 2020-08-29. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  17. ^ "Index Nominum Genericorum (ING), Botany". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  18. ^ "International Plant Names Index". ipni.org. from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
  19. ^ . uBio. Archived from the original on 2021-12-23. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  20. ^ "2018 Annual Checklist". Catalogue of Life. from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
  21. ^ Frodin, David G. (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera". Taxon. 53 (3): 753–776. doi:10.2307/4135449. JSTOR 4135449.
  22. ^ Nicholson, K. E.; Crother, B. I.; Guyer, C.; Savage, J.M. (2012). "It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3477: 1–108. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3477.1.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.

External links edit

  • Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG): includes an estimated 95% of published genus names (accepted and unaccepted) in all groups (semi-continuously updated)
  • Nomenclator Zoologicus 2021-12-23 at the Wayback Machine: index of genus and subgenus names (accepted and unaccepted) in zoological nomenclature from 1758 to 2004
  • Index to Organism Names: includes zoological taxon names at all ranks (including genera) as continuously indexed for the Zoological Record
  • Index Nominum Genericorum (ING): a compilation of generic names (accepted and unaccepted) published for organisms covered by the ICN: International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (semi-continuously updated)
  • LPSN – List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature: includes all currently[when?] accepted Bacteria and Archaea genus names (continuously updated)
  • ICTV taxonomy releases: latest and historical lists of accepted virus names compiled by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), including all currently[when?] accepted virus genus names (updated via regular releases)

genus, other, uses, disambiguation, genera, redirects, here, operating, system, genera, operating, system, genera, taxonomic, rank, above, species, below, family, used, biological, classification, living, fossil, organisms, well, viruses, binomial, nomenclatur. For other uses see Genus disambiguation Genera redirects here For the operating system see Genera operating system Genus ˈ dʒ iː n e s pl genera ˈ dʒ ɛ n er e is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses 1 In binomial nomenclature the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus The hierarchy of biological classification s eight major taxonomic ranks A family contains one or more genera Intermediate minor rankings are not shown E g Panthera leo lion and Panthera onca jaguar are two species within the genus Panthera Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera There are some general practices used however 2 3 including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful monophyly all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together i e phylogenetic analysis should clearly demonstrate both monophyly and validity as a separate lineage reasonable compactness a genus should not be expanded needlessly distinctness with respect to evolutionarily relevant criteria i e ecology morphology or biogeography DNA sequences are a consequence rather than a condition of diverging evolutionary lineages except in cases where they directly inhibit gene flow e g postzygotic barriers Moreover genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other analogous genera 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Use 2 1 Use in nomenclature 2 2 The type concept 2 3 Categories of generic name 2 4 Identical names homonyms 2 5 Use in higher classifications 3 Numbers of accepted genera 4 Genus size 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksEtymology editThe term genus comes from Latin genus a noun form cognate with gignere to bear to give birth to The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort 1656 1708 is considered the founder of the modern concept of genera 5 Use editThe scientific name or the scientific epithet of a genus is also called the generic name in modern style guides and science it is always capitalised It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature the system of naming organisms where it is combined with the scientific name of a species see Botanical name and Specific name zoology 6 7 Use in nomenclature edit Main articles Binomial nomenclature Taxonomy biology Author citation zoology and Author citation botany The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes which allow each species a single unique name that for animals including protists plants also including algae and fungi and prokaryotes bacteria and archaea is Latin and binomial in form this contrasts with common or vernacular names which are non standardized can be non unique and typically also vary by country and language of usage Except for viruses the standard format for a species name comprises the generic name indicating the genus to which the species belongs followed by the specific epithet which within that genus is unique to the species For example the gray wolf s scientific name is Canis lupus with Canis Latin for dog being the generic name shared by the wolf s close relatives and lupus Latin for wolf being the specific name particular to the wolf A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii The specific name is written in lower case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany When the generic name is already known from context it may be shortened to its initial letter for example C lupus in place of Canis lupus Where species are further subdivided the generic name or its abbreviated form still forms the leading portion of the scientific name for example Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies or as a botanical example Hibiscus arnottianus ssp immaculatus Also as visible in the above examples the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species and infraspecies where applicable are by convention written in italics The scientific names of virus species are descriptive not binomial in form and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus for example the virus species Salmonid herpesvirus 1 Salmonid herpesvirus 2 and Salmonid herpesvirus 3 are all within the genus Salmonivirus however the genus to which the species with the formal names Everglades virus and Ross River virus are assigned is Alphavirus As with scientific names at other ranks in all groups other than viruses names of genera may be cited with their authorities typically in the form author year in zoology and standard abbreviated author name in botany Thus in the examples above the genus Canis would be cited in full as Canis Linnaeus 1758 zoological usage while Hibiscus also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753 is simply Hibiscus L botanical usage The type concept edit See also Type genus Type species and Type specimen Each genus should have a designated type although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one In zoology this is the type species and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed Categories of generic name edit In zoological usage taxonomic names including those of genera are classified as available or unavailable Available names are those published in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature the earliest such name for any taxon for example a genus should then be selected as the valid i e current or accepted name for the taxon in question Consequently there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use Unavailable names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to the provisions of the ICZN Code e g incorrect original or subsequent spellings names published only in a thesis and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated 8 According to Glossary section of the zoological Code suppressed names per published Opinions of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for a taxon however the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question In botany similar concepts exist but with different labels The botanical equivalent of zoology s available name is a validly published name An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom inval a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom rej a later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom illeg for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth 2010 8 In place of the valid taxon in zoology the nearest equivalent in botany is correct name or current name which can again differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as a reference for designating currently when accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy or in the case of prokaryotes relegated to a status of names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature An available zoological or validly published botanical name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted current valid name for the taxon is termed a synonym some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names such as misspellings names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code and rejected or suppressed names A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms the latter case generally if the genus has been known for a long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one For example the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus 1758 9 and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O F Muller 1776 10 Identical names homonyms edit Within the same kingdom one generic name can apply to one genus only However many names have been assigned usually unintentionally to two or more different genera For example the platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 these two names are thus synonyms However the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793 A name that means two different things is a homonym Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia the name could not be used for both Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800 However a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name or the name of a taxon in another rank in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called homonyms Although this is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom For instance Anura is the name of the order of frogs but also is the name of a non current genus of plants Aotus is the generic name of both golden peas and night monkeys Oenanthe is the generic name of both wheatears and water dropworts Prunella is the generic name of both accentors and self heal and Proboscidea is the order of elephants and the genus of devil s claws The name of the genus Paramecia an extinct red alga is also the plural of the name of the genus Paramecium which is in the SAR supergroup which can also lead to confusion A list of generic homonyms with their authorities including both available validly published and selected unavailable names has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera IRMNG 11 Use in higher classifications edit The type genus forms the base for higher taxonomic ranks such as the family name Canidae Canids based on Canis However this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora Carnivores Numbers of accepted genera editThe numbers of either accepted or all published genus names is not known precisely Rees et al 2020 estimate that approximately 310 000 accepted names valid taxa may exist out of a total of c 520 000 published names including synonyms as at end 2019 increasing at some 2 500 published generic names per year 12 Official registers of taxon names at all ranks including genera exist for a few groups only such as viruses 1 and prokaryotes 13 while for others there are compendia with no official standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi 14 Index Nominum Algarum 15 and AlgaeBase 16 for algae Index Nominum Genericorum 17 and the International Plant Names Index 18 for plants in general and ferns through angiosperms respectively and Nomenclator Zoologicus 19 and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names Totals for both all names and estimates for accepted names as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera IRMNG are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al 2020 cited above The accepted names estimates are as follows broken down by kingdom nbsp Estimated accepted genus totals by kingdom based on Rees et al 2020 Animalia 239 093 accepted genus names 55 350 Plantae 28 724 7 721 Fungi 10 468 182 Chromista 11 114 1 268 Protozoa 3 109 1 206 Bacteria 3 433 115 Archaea 140 0 Viruses 851 0 The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists uncertain names not researched therein in addition to known accepted names the values quoted are the mean of accepted names alone all uncertain names treated as unaccepted and accepted uncertain names all uncertain names treated as accepted with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes Within Animalia the largest phylum is Arthropoda with 151 697 33 160 accepted genus names of which 114 387 27 654 are insects class Insecta Within Plantae Tracheophyta vascular plants make up the largest component with 23 236 5 379 accepted genus names of which 20 845 4 494 are angiosperms superclass Angiospermae By comparison the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life estimated gt 90 complete for extant species in the main contains currently when 175 363 accepted genus names for 1 744 204 living and 59 284 extinct species 20 also including genus names only no species for some groups Genus size edit nbsp Number of reptile genera with a given number of species Most genera have only one or a few species but a few may have hundreds Based on data from the Reptile Database as of May 2015 The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups For instance among non avian reptiles which have about 1180 genera the most gt 300 have only 1 species 360 have between 2 and 4 species 260 have 5 10 species 200 have 11 50 species and only 27 genera have more than 50 species However some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each The largest flowering plant genus Astragalus contains over 3 000 species 21 Which species are assigned to a genus is somewhat arbitrary Although all species within a genus are supposed to be similar there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera There is much debate among zoologists whether enormous species rich genera should be maintained as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species Hence many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera For instance the lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its 400 species to smaller more manageable subsets 22 See also editList of the largest genera of flowering plantsReferences edit a b ICTV Taxonomy International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2017 Archived from the original on March 20 2020 Retrieved May 29 2018 Sigward J D Sutton M D Bennett K D 2018 How big is a genus Towards a nomothetic systematics Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 2 237 252 doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlx059 hdl 10023 16213 Archived from the original on 2019 05 30 Retrieved 2018 12 22 Gill F B Slikas B Sheldon F H 2005 Phylogeny of titmice Paridae II Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene Auk 122 1 121 143 doi 10 1642 0004 8038 2005 122 0121 POTPIS 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 86067032 de la Maza Benignos Mauricio Lozano Vilano Ma de Lourdes Garcia Ramirez Maria Elena December 2015 Response paper Morphometric article by Mejia et al 2015 alluding genera Herichthys and Nosferatu displays serious inconsistencies Neotropical Ichthyology 13 4 673 676 doi 10 1590 1982 0224 20150066 Stuessy T F 2009 Plant Taxonomy The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data 2nd ed New York New York US Columbia University Press p 42 ISBN 9780231147125 Archived from the original on 2023 04 06 Retrieved 2023 03 19 International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature London The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature ISBN 0 85301 006 4 Archived from the original on 2021 09 03 Retrieved 2023 11 10 International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants Melbourne Code IAPT Taxon org 2012 Archived from the original on 2020 10 10 Retrieved 2023 11 10 a b D L Hawksworth 2010 Terms Used in Bionomenclature The Naming of Organisms and Plant Communities Including Terms Used in Botanical Cultivated Plant Phylogenetic Phytosociological Prokaryote bacteriological Virus and Zoological Nomenclature GBIF pp 1 215 ISBN 978 87 92020 09 3 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Physeter Linnaeus 1758 www marinespecies org Archived from the original on 2017 07 09 Retrieved 2018 06 02 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Pecten O F Muller 1776 www marinespecies org Archived from the original on 2018 08 10 Retrieved 2018 06 02 IRMNG Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera www irmng org Archived from the original on 2016 11 17 Retrieved 2016 11 17 Rees Tony Vandepitte Leen Vanhoorne Bart Decock Wim 2020 All genera of the world an overview and estimates based on the March 2020 release of the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera IRMNG Megataxa 1 2 123 140 doi 10 11646 megataxa 1 2 3 Archived from the original on 2021 03 22 Retrieved 2020 04 02 LPSN List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature bacterio net Archived from the original on 2022 04 01 Retrieved 2018 06 01 Index Fungorum Home Page indexfungorum org Archived from the original on 2015 02 05 Retrieved 2018 06 01 Index Nominum Algarum names of algae Jepson Herbarium University of California Berkeley Archived from the original on 2020 08 07 Retrieved 2020 09 06 Algaebase Listing the World s Algae algaebase org Archived from the original on 2020 08 29 Retrieved 2020 09 06 Index Nominum Genericorum ING Botany Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Archived from the original on 2016 03 03 Retrieved 2019 06 07 International Plant Names Index ipni org Archived from the original on 2020 05 02 Retrieved 2020 09 06 Nomenclator Zoologicus uBio Archived from the original on 2021 12 23 Retrieved 2018 02 24 2018 Annual Checklist Catalogue of Life Archived from the original on 2020 11 11 Retrieved 2018 07 07 Frodin David G 2004 History and concepts of big plant genera Taxon 53 3 753 776 doi 10 2307 4135449 JSTOR 4135449 Nicholson K E Crother B I Guyer C Savage J M 2012 It is time for a new classification of anoles Squamata Dactyloidae PDF Zootaxa 3477 1 108 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3477 1 1 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 10 09 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Genus Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera IRMNG includes an estimated 95 of published genus names accepted and unaccepted in all groups semi continuously updated Nomenclator Zoologicus Archived 2021 12 23 at the Wayback Machine index of genus and subgenus names accepted and unaccepted in zoological nomenclature from 1758 to 2004 Index to Organism Names includes zoological taxon names at all ranks including genera as continuously indexed for the Zoological Record Index Nominum Genericorum ING a compilation of generic names accepted and unaccepted published for organisms covered by the ICN International Code of Nomenclature for Algae Fungi and Plants semi continuously updated LPSN List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature includes all currently when accepted Bacteria and Archaea genus names continuously updated ICTV taxonomy releases latest and historical lists of accepted virus names compiled by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV including all currently when accepted virus genus names updated via regular releases Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Genus amp oldid 1220532484 Generic name, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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