The Naga conflict, also known as the Naga Insurgency, is an ongoing conflict fought between the ethnic Nagas and the governments of India in northeasternIndia. Nagaland, inhabited by the Nagas, is located at the tri-junction border of India on the West and South, north and Myanmar on the East.
"National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)", which wants an independent "greater Nagaland" to also include territory now in Myanmar, based on ethnicity; and the "Naga National Council (Adino)".[15][full citation needed]
The question of "Naga Sovereignty" was put to a plebiscite on 16 May 1951. To defend themselves, the Naga, after much deliberation, formed the armed wing of the NNC and came to be known as the NSG (Naga Safe Guards) under Kaito Sukhai.[16][additional citation(s) needed]
1946 saw the creation of the Naga National Council (NNC) under Phizo's leadership. The NNC leaders and the Governor of Assam, Sir Akbar Hydari, signed a nine-point agreement which granted Nagas rights over their lands and legislative and executive powers. The judicial capacity of Naga courts was empowered, and no law from the provincial or central legislatures could affect this agreement. Very significantly, the agreement included a clause demanding that the Nagas be brought into the same administrative unit at the earliest. However, one clause stipulates:[17]
The Governor of Assam as the agent of the Government of India will have a special responsibility for a period of ten years to ensure that due observance of this agreement to be extended for a further period, or a new agreement regarding the future of the Naga people to be arrived at.
The interpretation of this clause has been contested between the Nagas and the Indian Government. To Nagas, this clause meant independence from India at the end of the ten years. To the Indian Government, this clause meant making a new agreement after ten years if the present agreement did not address Naga issues sufficiently. Phizo rejected the nine-point agreement because the agreement fell short of dealing with the issue of Naga sovereignty.[18] Under Phizo's leadership, the NNC declared Naga independence on 14 August 1947, and, with success, propagated the idea of Naga sovereignty throughout the Naga tribes. A Naga plebiscite was organised on 16 May 1951.[19] The Naga struggle remained peaceful in the 1940s and early 1950s.[18]
The Naga insurgency, climaxing in 1956, was an armed ethnic conflict led by the Naga National Council (NNC), which aimed for the secession of Naga territories from India. The more radical sectors of the NNC created the Federal Government of Nagaland (FGN), which also included an underground Naga Army.[20]
The insurgency witnessed a new spark in 2021 when fourteen innocent citizens of Nagaland, returning to their homes after a day of work in the coal mines, were ambushed and killed by the Indian Army soldiers of the 21 Para Special Forces army unit.[21] The killings led to wide-ranging protests to hold the soldiers accountable and to ask for the repeal of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act. The Act, commonly known as AFSPA, was enacted in the state in 1958 by the central government of India, which authorises soldiers of the armed forces to shoot any suspected individual without formal orders from any superior civilian authority.[citation needed]
Rebel groupsedit
Several rebel groups have operated in Nagaland since the mid-twentieth century, including the following:
Naga National Council (Adino) – NNC (Adino): the oldest political Naga organisation, now led by the daughter of Naga rebel A.Z. Phizo.
National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah): formed on 31 January 1980 by Isak Chishi Swu, Thuingaleng Muivah and S. S. Khaplang ADAMANT. They want to establish a ‘Greater Nagaland’ (‘Nagalim’ or the People’s Republic of Nagaland) based on Mao Tse Tung’s model.
National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang): formed on 30 April 1988, its goal is to establish a ‘greater Nagaland’ based on ethnicity, comprising the Naga-dominated areas within India, and contiguous areas in Myanmar.
Naga Federal Government: separatist movement active in Nagaland during the 1970s. After its leader was captured and the headquarters destroyed, NFG's activities decreased.[22]
Naga Federal Army: separatist guerrilla organisation active in the 1970s. Several hundred members of NFA reportedly have received training in China.[22]
^"Government signs landmark Nagaland peace treaty with NSCN(I-M) in presence of PM Narendra Modi". The Economic Times. India. 3 August 2015. from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
^"April 26th, 2017". Morung Express. 26 April 2017.
^"National Socialist Council of Nagaland – Khaplang". from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
^ ab"Yearly Fatalities". SATP. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
^The India-Naga Conflict: A Long-Standing War with Few Prospects of Imminent Solution 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Katherine Phillips. Intern, Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit, London. CHRI News, verano de 2004.
^"CREC - 1995-12-08 - PT1-PgE2319-3". Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^"CRECB - 2001-pt8 - Pg10496-2". Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^"Separate Zone for Kukis Shouldn't Touch an Inch of Naga Land". Deccan Chronicle. 23 August 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^"Terrorist Tag Angers NSCN". Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^"The Naga Nation and Its Struggle Against Genocide" (PDF). Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^"CREC - 1998-09-23 - PT1-PgE1782". Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^"The Myth of Zalengam Kukiland in Naga Ancestral Land". 23 August 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^"Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume", p. 253, by P. K. Mohanty.
^Comdt Jassal (Retd) (31 October 2002). . Archived from the original on 15 December 2004.
^Namrata Goswami (27 November 2014). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN978-1-134-51431-1.
^ abNamrata Goswami (27 November 2014). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN978-1-134-51431-1.
^Namrata Goswami (27 November 2014). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN978-1-134-51431-1.
^Namrata Goswami (27 November 2014). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response. Routledge. pp. 43–. ISBN978-1-134-51431-1.
^"India: Army Kills 14 Civilians in Nagaland". Human Rights Watch. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ abSchmid, A.P.; Jongman, A.J. (2005). Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature. Transaction Publishers. p. 572. ISBN9781412804691. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
External linksedit
Baptist Agenda for Peace in Nagalim, India 12 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
"A remote land of jungle, Jesus – and religious war", Daily Herald, 5 May 2003
"Peace talks an insult to Nagas", The Week, 9 February 2003.
, The Washington Diplomat, October 2003
"The most Baptist state in the world—Nagaland—is vying to become a powerhouse for cross-cultural missions", Christianity Today, 20 February.
"We want t penetrate China, Cambodia, Burma, Vietnam and Laos and Nepal with the Gospel"[permanent dead link], Christian Today (India), 29 August 2003.
"Nagas want solution, not election" 12 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America, February 1998
"Church Backs Terrorism in the North-East", Ind Pride
"Role of the Church – Charity or...?" 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Vanvasi Kalyan Parishad
"Nagaland 1954", On War
January 01, 1970
naga, conflict, naga, conflict, also, known, naga, insurgency, ongoing, conflict, fought, between, ethnic, nagas, governments, india, northeastern, india, nagaland, inhabited, nagas, located, junction, border, india, west, south, north, myanmar, east, naga, in. The Naga conflict also known as the Naga Insurgency is an ongoing conflict fought between the ethnic Nagas and the governments of India in northeastern India Nagaland inhabited by the Nagas is located at the tri junction border of India on the West and South north and Myanmar on the East Naga InsurgencyPart of Insurgency in Northeast IndiaState of NagalandDate11 September 1958 present 65 years 8 months and 2 days LocationNortheast India Nagaland Assam Manipur Arunachal Pradesh Myanmar Sagaing RegionStatusOngoing Low level insurgency NSCN signed a peace accord with the Government of India 1 Belligerents India Indian Armed Forces CRPF Border Security Force State of Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Police State of Assam Assam Police State of Nagaland Nagaland Police State of Manipur Manipur Police Manipur Rifles Myanmar Sagaing Region Tatmadaw BGF NSCN IM RNHPF 2013 17 NSCN K YA 2017 NSCN 1980 88 NSCN Dissidents 1988 NSCN K NS 2020 NSCN K AM 2023 NSCN K IS 2023 NNPG NSCN R 2015 NSCN NK 2011 NSCN K2 2017 Naga National Council FGN NNC A NPGN GDRN NSCN K 1988 2017 NSCN U 2007 ZUF MNPF MNRF Until 2013 UNPC Until 2013 NSCN R AC ANLFCommanders and leadersDroupadi Murmu President Narendra Modi Prime Minister Amit Shah Minister of Home Affairs Subrahmanyam Jaishankar Ministry of External Affairs Dr Sujoy Lal Thaosen Director General Anil Chauhan Chief of Defence Staff Manoj Pande Chief of the Army Staff R Hari Kumar Chief of the Naval Staff Vivek Ram Chaudhari Chief of the Air Staff Nitin Agarwal Director general of police Rajnath Singh Minister of Defence Giridhar Aramane Defence Secretary Myint Swe President Min Aung Hlaing Prime Minister Myat Kyaw Chief Minister Former Rajendra PrasadSarvepalli RadhakrishnanZakir HusainMohammad HidayatullahVarahagiri Venkata GiriFakhruddin Ali AhmedB D JattiNeelam Sanjiva ReddyZail SinghR VenkataramanShankar Dayal SharmaK R NarayananA P J Abdul KalamPratibha PatilPranab MukherjeeRam Nath KovindJawaharlal NehruGulzarilal NandaLal Bahadur ShastriMorarji DesaiCharan SinghIndira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi V P SinghChandra ShekharP V Narasimha RaoH D Deve GowdaInder Kumar GujralAtal Bihari VajpayeeManmohan SinghKailash Nath KatjuGovind Ballabh PantYashwantrao ChavanUma Shankar DikshitKasu Brahmananda ReddyHirubhai M PatelPrakash Chandra SethiShankarrao ChavanButa SinghMufti Mohammad SayeedMurli Manohar JoshiIndrajit GuptaL K AdvaniShivraj PatilP ChidambaramSushilkumar ShindeM C ChaglaDinesh SinghSwaran SinghShyam Nandan Prasad MishraBali Ram BhagatP Shiv ShankarN D TiwariVidya Charan ShuklaMadhav Singh SolankiSikander BakhtJaswant SinghYashwant SinhaNatwar SinghS M KrishnaSalman KhurshidSushma SwarajV G KanetkarImdad AliB B MishraN S SaxenaS M GhoshR C GopalP R RajgopalBirbal NathR N SheoporyS D ChowdhuryShival SwarupJ F RibeiroT G L IyerS D PandeyP G HarlarnkarKanwar Pal Singh GillS SubramanianD P N SinghS V M TripathiM B KaushalM N SabharwalTrinath MishraS C ChaubeJyoti Kumar SinhaS I S AhmedV K JoshiA S GillVikram SrivastavaK Vijay KumarPranay SahayDilip TrivediPrakash MishraK Durga PrasadR R BhatnagarAnand Prakash MaheshwariKuldiep SinghBipin RawatRajendrasinhji JadejaS M ShrinageshKodandera Subayya ThimayyaPran Nath ThaparJayanto Nath ChaudhuriParamasiva Prabhakar KumaramangalamSam ManekshawGopal Gurunath BewoorTapishwar Narain RainaOm Prakash MalhotraK V Krishna RaoArun Shridhar VaidyaKrishnaswamy SundarjiVishwa Nath SharmaSunith Francis RodriguesBipin Chandra JoshiShankar RoychowdhuryVed Prakash MalikSundararajan PadmanabhanNirmal Chander VijJ J SinghDeepak KapoorV K SinghBikram SinghDalbir Singh SuhagBipin RawatManoj Mukund NaravaneMark PizeyStephen Hope CarlillRam Dass KatariBhaskar Sadashiv SomanAdhar Kumar ChatterjiSardarilal Mathradas NandaSourendra Nath KohliJal CursetjiRonald Lynsdale PereiraOscar Stanley DawsonRadhakrishna Hariram TahilianiJayant Ganpat NadkarniLaxminarayan RamdasVijai Singh ShekhawatVishnu BhagwatSushil KumarMadhvendra SinghArun PrakashSureesh MehtaNirmal Kumar VermaDevendra Kumar JoshiRobin K DhowanSunil LanbaKarambir SinghSubroto MukerjeeAspy EngineerArjan SinghPratap Chandra LalOm Prakash MehraHrushikesh MoolgavkarIdris Hasan LatifDilbagh SinghLakshman Madhav Katre Denis La FontaineSurinder MehraNirmal Chandra SuriS K KaulSatish SareenAnil Yashwant TipnisSrinivasapuram KrishnaswamyShashindra Pal TyagiFali Homi MajorPradeep Vasant NaikNorman Anil Kumar BrowneArup RahaBirender Singh DhanoaR K S BhadauriaKhusro Faramurz RustamjiAshwini KumarSharawan TandonK Rama MurtiBirbal NathM C MisraH P BhatnagarT AnanthacharyPrakash SinghD K AryaArun BhagatA K TandonE N RammohanGurbachan Singh JagatAjay Raj SharmaRanjit Shekhar MooshaharyA K MitraM L KumawatRaman SrivastavaU K BansalSubhash JoshiD K PathakK K SharmaRajni Kant MishraV K JohriSurjeet Singh DeswalRakesh AsthanaPankaj Kumar SinghSujoy Lal ThaosenKailash Nath KatjuV K Krishna MenonYashwantrao ChavanSwaran SinghJagjivan RamBansi LalChidambaram SubramaniamShankarrao ChavanK C PantSharad PawarPramod MahajanMulayam Singh YadavGeorge FernandesJaswant SinghA K AntonyArun JaitleyManohar ParrikarNirmala SitharamanM K VellodiO Pulla ReddyP V R RaoA D PanditV ShankarHarish Chandra SarinK B LallGovind NarainD R KohliGian PrakashS BanerjeeJ A DaveK P A MenonP K KaulS M GhoshS K BhatnagarT N SeshanNaresh ChandraNarinder Nath VohraK A NambiarT K BanerjeeAjit KumarT R PrasadYogendra NarainSubir DuttaAjay PrasadAjai Vikram SinghShekhar DuttVijay SinghPradeep KumarShashi Kant SharmaR K MathurG Mohan KumarSanjay MitraAjay KumarNe WinSan YuSein LwinMaung MaungSaw MaungThan ShweSein WinMaung Maung KhaTun TinSaw MaungThan ShweKhin NyuntSoe WinThein SeinHtin KyawWin MyintTha AyeMyint NaingThuingaleng MuivahStrength200 000 1995 2 15 000 NSCN IM 2017 3 2 000 NSCN K 2007 4 Casualties and losses2000 2024 191 killed 5 2000 2024 605 killed241 Surrendered2350 Arrested 5 100 000 300 000 total killed 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 National Socialist Council of Nagaland Khaplang which wants an independent greater Nagaland to also include territory now in Myanmar based on ethnicity and the Naga National Council Adino 15 full citation needed The question of Naga Sovereignty was put to a plebiscite on 16 May 1951 To defend themselves the Naga after much deliberation formed the armed wing of the NNC and came to be known as the NSG Naga Safe Guards under Kaito Sukhai 16 additional citation s needed Contents 1 History 2 Rebel groups 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory edit1946 saw the creation of the Naga National Council NNC under Phizo s leadership The NNC leaders and the Governor of Assam Sir Akbar Hydari signed a nine point agreement which granted Nagas rights over their lands and legislative and executive powers The judicial capacity of Naga courts was empowered and no law from the provincial or central legislatures could affect this agreement Very significantly the agreement included a clause demanding that the Nagas be brought into the same administrative unit at the earliest However one clause stipulates 17 The Governor of Assam as the agent of the Government of India will have a special responsibility for a period of ten years to ensure that due observance of this agreement to be extended for a further period or a new agreement regarding the future of the Naga people to be arrived at The interpretation of this clause has been contested between the Nagas and the Indian Government To Nagas this clause meant independence from India at the end of the ten years To the Indian Government this clause meant making a new agreement after ten years if the present agreement did not address Naga issues sufficiently Phizo rejected the nine point agreement because the agreement fell short of dealing with the issue of Naga sovereignty 18 Under Phizo s leadership the NNC declared Naga independence on 14 August 1947 and with success propagated the idea of Naga sovereignty throughout the Naga tribes A Naga plebiscite was organised on 16 May 1951 19 The Naga struggle remained peaceful in the 1940s and early 1950s 18 The Naga insurgency climaxing in 1956 was an armed ethnic conflict led by the Naga National Council NNC which aimed for the secession of Naga territories from India The more radical sectors of the NNC created the Federal Government of Nagaland FGN which also included an underground Naga Army 20 The insurgency witnessed a new spark in 2021 when fourteen innocent citizens of Nagaland returning to their homes after a day of work in the coal mines were ambushed and killed by the Indian Army soldiers of the 21 Para Special Forces army unit 21 The killings led to wide ranging protests to hold the soldiers accountable and to ask for the repeal of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act The Act commonly known as AFSPA was enacted in the state in 1958 by the central government of India which authorises soldiers of the armed forces to shoot any suspected individual without formal orders from any superior civilian authority citation needed Rebel groups editSeveral rebel groups have operated in Nagaland since the mid twentieth century including the following Naga National Council a political organisation active in the late 1940s and early 1950s which became separatist under Angami Zapu Phizo Naga National Council Adino NNC Adino the oldest political Naga organisation now led by the daughter of Naga rebel A Z Phizo National Socialist Council of Nagaland Isak Muivah formed on 31 January 1980 by Isak Chishi Swu Thuingaleng Muivah and S S Khaplang ADAMANT They want to establish a Greater Nagaland Nagalim or the People s Republic of Nagaland based on Mao Tse Tung s model National Socialist Council of Nagaland Khaplang formed on 30 April 1988 its goal is to establish a greater Nagaland based on ethnicity comprising the Naga dominated areas within India and contiguous areas in Myanmar Naga Federal Government separatist movement active in Nagaland during the 1970s After its leader was captured and the headquarters destroyed NFG s activities decreased 22 Naga Federal Army separatist guerrilla organisation active in the 1970s Several hundred members of NFA reportedly have received training in China 22 See also editNagaland Peace Accord List of massacres in Nagaland Asymmetric warfare National Liberation Front of Tripura People s warReferences edit Government signs landmark Nagaland peace treaty with NSCN I M in presence of PM Narendra Modi The Economic Times India 3 August 2015 Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 Retrieved 18 December 2016 Uppsala conflict data expansion Non state actor information Codebook pp 81 82 April 26th 2017 Morung Express 26 April 2017 National Socialist Council of Nagaland Khaplang Archived from the original on 25 February 2017 Retrieved 18 December 2016 a b Yearly Fatalities SATP Retrieved 12 May 2024 The India Naga Conflict A Long Standing War with Few Prospects of Imminent Solution Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Katherine Phillips Intern Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit London CHRI News verano de 2004 CREC 1995 12 08 PT1 PgE2319 3 Retrieved 29 March 2024 CRECB 2001 pt8 Pg10496 2 Retrieved 29 March 2024 Separate Zone for Kukis Shouldn t Touch an Inch of Naga Land Deccan Chronicle 23 August 2023 Retrieved 29 March 2024 Terrorist Tag Angers NSCN Retrieved 29 March 2024 The Naga Nation and Its Struggle Against Genocide PDF Retrieved 29 March 2024 CREC 1998 09 23 PT1 PgE1782 Retrieved 29 March 2024 NSCN Live Journal Retrieved 29 March 2024 The Myth of Zalengam Kukiland in Naga Ancestral Land 23 August 2023 Retrieved 29 March 2024 Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India In Five Volume p 253 by P K Mohanty Comdt Jassal Retd 31 October 2002 The Truth And Naga Issue Archived from the original on 15 December 2004 Namrata Goswami 27 November 2014 Indian National Security and Counter Insurgency The Use of Force Vs Non violent Response Routledge p 47 ISBN 978 1 134 51431 1 a b Namrata Goswami 27 November 2014 Indian National Security and Counter Insurgency The Use of Force Vs Non violent Response Routledge p 48 ISBN 978 1 134 51431 1 Namrata Goswami 27 November 2014 Indian National Security and Counter Insurgency The Use of Force Vs Non violent Response Routledge p 45 ISBN 978 1 134 51431 1 Namrata Goswami 27 November 2014 Indian National Security and Counter Insurgency The Use of Force Vs Non violent Response Routledge pp 43 ISBN 978 1 134 51431 1 India Army Kills 14 Civilians in Nagaland Human Rights Watch 8 December 2021 Retrieved 4 January 2022 a b Schmid A P Jongman A J 2005 Political Terrorism A New Guide To Actors Authors Concepts Data Bases Theories And Literature Transaction Publishers p 572 ISBN 9781412804691 Retrieved 14 December 2014 External links editBaptist Agenda for Peace in Nagalim India Archived 12 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine A remote land of jungle Jesus and religious war Daily Herald 5 May 2003 Peace talks an insult to Nagas The Week 9 February 2003 Religious Fervor May Dominate Emerging Indian State of Nagalim The Washington Diplomat October 2003 The most Baptist state in the world Nagaland is vying to become a powerhouse for cross cultural missions Christianity Today 20 February We want t penetrate China Cambodia Burma Vietnam and Laos and Nepal with the Gospel permanent dead link Christian Today India 29 August 2003 Nagas want solution not election Archived 12 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America February 1998 Church Backs Terrorism in the North East Ind Pride Role of the Church Charity or Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Vanvasi Kalyan Parishad Nagaland 1954 On War Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Naga Conflict amp oldid 1223676256, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
