Muslims (ethnic group)

For the nationality sometimes called "Chinese Muslims" or simply "Muslims" in China, see Hui people.

"Muslims" (Serbo-Croatian Latin and Slovene: Muslimani, Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic and Macedonian: Муслимани) is a designation for the ethnoreligious group of Serbo-Croatian-speaking Muslims and people of Muslim heritage, inhabiting mostly the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The term, adopted in the 1971 Constitution of Yugoslavia, groups together a number of distinct South Slavic communities of Islamic ethnocultural tradition. Prior to 1993, a vast majority of present-day Bosniaks self-identified as ethnic Muslims, along with some smaller groups of different ethnicity, such as Gorani and Torbeši. This designation did not include Yugoslav non-Slavic Muslims, such as Turks, some Romani people and majority of Albanians.^[7]

Muslims

Muslimani Муслимани
Flag used to represent various Muslim minorities in the former Yugoslavia
Total population
c. 60,000
Montenegro	20,537 (2011)^[1]
Serbia	13,011 (2022)^[2]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	12,101 (2013)^[3]
Slovenia	10,467 (2002)^[4]
Croatia	3,902 (2021)^[5]
North Macedonia	1,187 (2021)^[6]
Languages
Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian and Gora dialect
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Other mainly Muslim South Slavs (Bosniaks Croat Muslims Serb Muslims Gorani Torbeši Pomaks)

After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a majority of the Slavic Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted the Bosniak ethnic designation, and they are today constitutionally recognized as one of three constituent peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Approximately 100,000 people across the rest of the former Yugoslavia consider themselves to be Slavic Muslims, mostly in Serbia. They are constitutionally recognized as a distinct ethnic minority in Montenegro.^[8]

History

The Ottoman conquests led to many autochthonous inhabitants converting to Islam. Although nationalist ideologies appeared among South Slavs as early as the 19th century, as with the First and Second Serbian Uprising and the Illyrian movement, national identification was a foreign concept to the general population, which primarily identified itself by denomination and province.^[9] The emergence of modern nation-states forced the ethnically and religiously diverse Ottoman Empire to modernise, which resulted in the adoption of several reforms. The most significant of these were the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and Imperial Reform Edict of 1856. These gave non-Muslim subjects of the Empire equal status and strengthen their autonomous Millet communities.^[10]

There was a strong rivalry between South Slavic nationalisms. Vuk Karadžić, then the leading representative of Serbian nationalism, considered all speakers of the Štokavian dialect, regardless of religious affiliation, to be Serbs. Josip Juraj Strossmayer, the Croatian Catholic bishop and his People's Party advocated the idea of South Slavic unity, while Ante Starčević and his Party of Rights sought to restore the Croatian state on the basis of the historical right, considering Bosnian Muslims as Croats. In both Croatian and Serbian national ideology, the territory of the Bosnia vilayet was of great importance because both wanted to incorporate it into their future national states. From their point of view, Bosnian Muslims were Croats or Serbs who converted to Islam. In 1870, Bosnian Muslims made up 42.5 percent of the population of the Bosnia vilayet, while Orthodox were 41.7 and Catholics 14.5 percent. Which national state would get the territory of the Bosnia vilayet thus depended on who the Bosnian Muslims would favour, the Croats or the Serbs.^[11]

In Bosnia and Herzegovina at that time, the population did not identify with national categories, except for a few intellectuals from urban areas who claimed to be Croats or Serbs. The population of Bosnia and Herzegovina primarily identified itself by religion, using the terms Turk (for Muslims), Hrišćani (Christians) or Greeks (for the Orthodox) and "Kršćani" or Latins (for the Catholics). Furthermore, the Bosna vilayet particularly resisted the reforms, which culminated with the rebellion of Husein Gradaščević and his ayans in 1831. Reforms were introduced in Bosnia and Herzegovina only after Omer Pasha Latas forcibly returned the province to the sultan's authority in 1850. The reforms marked the loss of the influence of the ulama (the educated clergy), Sharia was no longer used outside of family matters, and a system of public education was introduced, in addition to religious education. The reforms marked the beginning of journalism and the establishment of modern political institutions, and ultimately the establishment of a provincial assembly in 1865, in which non-Muslims also sat.^[12]

The revolt of the Bosnian ayans and the attempted formulation of provincial identity in the 1860s are often portrayed as the first signs of a Bosnian national identity. However, Bosnian national identity beyond confessional borders was rare, and the strong Bosnian identity of individual ayans or Franciscans expressed at that time was a reflection of regional affiliation, with a strong religious aspect. Christians identified more with the Croatian or Serbian nation. For Muslims, identity was more related to the defence of local privileges, but it did not call into question the allegiance to the Ottoman Empire. The use of the term "Bosniak" at that time did not have a national meaning, but a regional one. When Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, national identification was still a foreign concept to Bosnian Muslims.^[12]

After World War II, in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Bosnian Muslims continued to be treated as a religious group instead of an ethnic one.^[13] Aleksandar Ranković and other Serb communist members opposed the recognition of Bosniak nationality.^[14] Muslim members of the communist party continued in their efforts to get Tito to support their position for recognition.^[14][15][16] Nevertheless, in a debate that went on during the 1960s, many Bosnian Muslim communist intellectuals argued that the Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina are in fact a distinct native Slavic people that should be recognized as a nation. In 1964, the Fourth Congress of the Bosnian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia assured their Bosnian Muslim membership the Bosnian Muslims' right to self-determination will be fulfilled, thus prompting the recognition of Bosnian Muslims as a distinct nation at a meeting of the Bosnian Central Committee in 1968, however not under the Bosniak or Bosnian name, as opted by the Bosnian Muslim communist leadership.^[13][17] As a compromise, the Constitution of Yugoslavia was amended to list "Muslims" in a national sense; recognizing a constitutive nation, but not the Bosniak name. The use of Muslim as an ethnic denomination was criticized early on, especially on account of motives and reasoning, as well as disregard of this aspect of Bosnian nationhood.^[18] Following the downfall of Ranković, Tito had also changed his view and stated that recognition of Muslims and their national identity should occur.^[14] In 1968 the move was protested in the Serbia and by Serb nationalists such as Dobrica Ćosić.^[14] The change was opposed by the Macedonian branch of the Yugoslav Communist Party.^[14] They viewed Macedonian speaking Muslims as Macedonians and were concerned that statewide recognition of Muslims as a distinct nation could threaten the demographic balance of the Macedonian republic.^[14]

Sometimes other terms, such as Muslim with capital M were used, that is, "musliman" was a practicing Muslim while "Musliman" was a member of this nation (Serbo-Croatian uses capital letters for names of peoples but small for names of adherents).

The election law of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, recognizes the results from 1991 population census as results referring to Bosniaks.^[19][20]

Population

 

Ethnic Muslims in Montenegro, according to latest (2011) census

• In Serbia, according to the 2011 census there were 22,301 Muslims by nationality, 145,278 Bosniaks as well as few Serb Muslims (ethnic Serbs who are Muslims (adherents of Islam) by their religious affiliation).^[21]
• In Montenegro census of 2011, 20,537 (3.3%) of the population declared as Muslims by nationality; while 53,605 (8.6%) declared as Bosniaks; while 175 (0.03%) Muslims by confession declared as Montenegrin Muslims.^[22] Muslims and Bosniaks are considered as a two separate ethnic groups, and both of them have their own separate National Councils. Also to mention, many Muslims consider themselves as Montenegrins of Islamic faith. National Council of Muslims of Montenegro insists their mother tongue is Montenegrin.^[23]
• In 2002 Slovenia census, 21,542 persons identified as Bosniaks (thereof 19,923 Bosniak Muslims); 8,062 as Bosnians (thereof 5,724 Bosnian Muslims), 2,804 were Slovenian Muslims. while 9,328 chose Muslims by nationality.^[24]
• In North Macedonia, the census of 2021 registered 16,042 (0,87%) Bosniaks and 1,187 (0.13%) Muslims by ethnicity.^[25] There are also 455 identified as Macedonian Muslims, separate of the 4,178 Torbeši, a minority religious group within the community of ethnic Macedonians who are Muslims by religious affiliation. It is also important to note that most Torbeši were declared as Muslims by nationality prior to 1990.
• In Croatia, according to the census of 2011 there were 6,704 Muslims by nationality, 27,959 Bosniak Muslims, 9,594 Albanian Muslims, 9,647 Croat Muslims and 5,039 Muslim Roma. The Bosniaks of Croatia are the largest minority practicing Islam in Croatia.^{[26][27][28][29]}

See also

• Bosniaks
• Gorani people
• Serb Muslims
• Croat Muslims
• Torbeši
• Bulgarian Muslims
• Pomaks
• Cultural Muslims

Footnotes

1. "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011" (PDF). Monstat.org. July 12, 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
2. "2022 Serbian census" (PDF).
3. "Popis 2013 BiH". popis.gov.ba. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
4. verska, jezikovna in narodna sestava (2002) od statistični urad republike Slovenije
5. "Census of population, households and dwellings in 2021 – population of Republic of Croatia". Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
6. "1. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, 2021 - first dataset" (PDF). State Statistical Office of North Macedonia. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
7. Dimitrova 2001, pp. 94–108.
8. Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, pp. 137–157.
9. Bougarel 2017, p. 7.
10. Bougarel 2017, pp. 7–8.
11. Bougarel 2017, p. 9.
12. Bougarel 2017, p. 10.
13. Banac 1988, pp. 287–288.
14. Bećirević, Edina (2014). Genocide on the Drina River. Yale University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780300192582.
15. Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Indiana University Press. p. 286. ISBN 0-253-34656-8. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
16. Sancaktar, Caner (1 April 2012). "Historical Construction and Development of Bosniak Nation". Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations. 11: 1–17. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
17. Kostić, Roland (2007). Kostic, Roland 2007. Ambivalent Peace: External Peacebuilding, Threatened Identity and Reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Report No. 78, Department of Peace and Conflict Research and the Programme for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Uppsala University, Sweden, p.65. Ambivalent Peace. ISBN 9789150619508.
18. Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod. ISBN 9958-815-00-1
19. "Election law of Bosnia and Herzegovina" (PDF).
20. "CONSTITUTION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA" (PDF). The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
21. 2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia
22. "MONTENEGRO STATISTICAL OFFICE, RELEASE, No: 83, 12 July 2011, Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011, p. 6" (PDF). Retrieved 18 May 2018.
23. Kurpejović 2018, pp. 48, 73, 102, 143–144.
24. "Population by religion and ethnic affiliation, Slovenia, 2002 Census". Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
25. "1. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, 2021 - first dataset" (PDF). State Statistical Office of North Macedonia. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
26. Population by ethnicity – 2001 Croatian Census (in Croatian)
27. "SAS Output". dzs.hr. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
28. "Central Bureau of Statistics". dzs.hr. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
29. "4. Population by ethnicity and religion". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Croatian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2012-12-17.

References

• Bougarel, Xavier (2017). Islam and Nationhood in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Surviving Empires. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781350003590.

Further reading

• Banac, Ivo (1988) [1984]. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (2. ed.). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801494931.
• Ćerić, Salim (1968). Muslimani srpskohrvatskog jezika. Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
• Dimitrova, Bohdana (2001). "Bosniak or Muslim? Dilemma of one Nation with two Names" (PDF). Southeast European Politics. 2 (2): 94–108.
• Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro: Local Specificities and Dynamics of This Process". East European Politics and Societies and Cultures. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874.
• Donia, Robert J.; Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994). Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9781850652120.
• Džaja, Srećko M. (2002). Die politische Realität des Jugoslawismus (1918-1991): Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Bosnien-Herzegowinas. München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. ISBN 9783486566598.
• Džaja, Srećko M. (2004). Politička realnost jugoslavenstva (1918-1991): S posebnim osvrtom na Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Sarajevo-Zagreb: Svjetlo riječi. ISBN 9789958741357.
• Jović, Dejan (2013). "Identitet Bošnjaka/Muslimana". Politička Misao: Časopis za Politologiju. 50 (4): 132–159.
• Kurpejović, Avdul (2006). Slovenski muslimani zapadnog Balkana. Podgorica: Matica muslimanska Crne Gore.
• Kurpejović, Avdul (2008). Muslimani Crne Gore: Značajna istorijska saznanja, dokumenta, institucije, i događaji. Podgorica: Matica muslimanska Crne Gore.
• Kurpejović, Avdul (2011). Kulturni i nacionalni status i položaj Muslimana Crne Gore. Podgorica: Matica muslimanska Crne Gore.
• Kurpejović, Avdul (2014). Analiza nacionalne diskriminacije i asimilacije Muslimana Crne Gore. Podgorica: Matica muslimanska Crne Gore. ISBN 9789940620035.
• Kurpejović, Avdul (2018). Ko smo mi Muslimani Crne Gore (PDF). Podgorica: Matica muslimanska Crne Gore.
• Velikonja, Mitja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9781603447249.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muslims (ethnic group).

• Central Organization of Muslims in Montenegro (official pages)
• The Voice of Muslims in Montenegro (official pages)